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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Unifying The Visible And Passive Infrared Bands: Homogeneous And Heterogeneous Multi-Spectral Face Recognition, Nnamdi C. Osia Jan 2017

Unifying The Visible And Passive Infrared Bands: Homogeneous And Heterogeneous Multi-Spectral Face Recognition, Nnamdi C. Osia

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Face biometrics leverages tools and technology in order to automate the identification of individuals. In most cases, biometric face recognition (FR) can be used for forensic purposes, but there remains the issue related to the integration of technology into the legal system of the court. The biggest challenge with the acceptance of the face as a modality used in court is the reliability of such systems under varying pose, illumination and expression, which has been an active and widely explored area of research over the last few decades (e.g. same-spectrum or homogeneous matching). The heterogeneous FR problem, which deals with …

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Geotechnical Laboratory Testing For 2-D Fem Analysis Of Geomorphic And Planar Sloped Caps And Covers For Sustainable Mine Refuse Deposition, Sun Hee Park Jan 2017

Geotechnical Laboratory Testing For 2-D Fem Analysis Of Geomorphic And Planar Sloped Caps And Covers For Sustainable Mine Refuse Deposition, Sun Hee Park

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis reports the findings of the application of Geomorphic Landform Design principles to the Royal Scot abandoned coarse coal refuse (CCR) pile located in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The Royal Scot facility has many environmental concerns including severe erosion, acid-mine/rock drainage, and sediment transport. A cap and cover system is proposed to be implemented which incorporates the GLD principles. A two-layer cap and cover system will be used to reclaim the site and return it back to a stable state and reduce the production of acid-mine drainage. The system is composed of a hydraulic barrier composed of compacted CCR, …

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Finite Element Simulation Of Large-Scale Confined Inflatable Structures, Iole Pecora Jan 2017

Finite Element Simulation Of Large-Scale Confined Inflatable Structures, Iole Pecora

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The protection of transportation tunnels is one of the top priorities of transportation and government entities. Transportation tunnels have been identified as particularly vulnerable to different threats such as propagation of toxic gasses, or smoke originated by human activities or flooding originated by extreme climatic events such as hurricanes and severe weather. Finding solutions to minimize the consequences of disastrous events has become critical to increase the resiliency of tunnel systems. The implementation of large-scale inflatable structures at specific locations of the tunnel system for containing the propagation of flooding or gases is now possible. When a threat happens, a …

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Improving Seeding And Mulching Specifications In West Virginia And Creating A Materials Estimate Tool, Forrest N. Pritt Jan 2017

Improving Seeding And Mulching Specifications In West Virginia And Creating A Materials Estimate Tool, Forrest N. Pritt

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Vegetation is established following construction through various seeding and mulching practices. Environmental permits in West Virginia require a minimum of 70% of ground cover by area for release of a construction site. The West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH), like many other states, has specifications for temporary and permanent seeding and mulching practices. This research critically evaluated the best management practices (BMPs) utilized in the WVDOH specifications, developed recommended revisions to the specifications, and created supplemental materials for future application.;Recommended revisions to the WVDOH include: topsoil, improved soil tests, rolled erosion control products (RECPs), biological growth stimulants (BGSs), hydraulic growth …

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Developing And Implementing New Algorithms Into The Lamodel Program For Numerical Analysis Of Multiple Seam Interactions, Mehdi Rajaeebaygi Jan 2017

Developing And Implementing New Algorithms Into The Lamodel Program For Numerical Analysis Of Multiple Seam Interactions, Mehdi Rajaeebaygi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Analysis of incidents in underground mining reveals that ground falls, including roof and rib falls, is one of the major sources of injuries and fatalities, however the number of accidents has reduced significantly during recent years (MSHA 2015). For instance, in 2005, around 60% of total fatalities in underground mining were associated with ground falls. This percentage has dropped to 37% in 2015 (MSHA 2015). This significant reduction in underground incidents may be caused by several reasons such as: using advanced technology, advance in computer science, new policies on safety, etc. Development of mathematical methods such as finite element and …

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Radio Transients And Their Environments, Kaustubh Rajwade Jan 2017

Radio Transients And Their Environments, Kaustubh Rajwade

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The interstellar medium is the principal ingredient for star formation and hence, it is necessary to study the properties of the interstellar medium. Radio sources in our Galaxy and beyond can be used as a probe of the intervening medium. In this dissertation, I present an attempt to use radio transients like pulsars and fast radio bursts and their interactions with the environment around them to study interstellar medium. We show that radio emission from pulsars is absorbed by dense ionized gas in their surroundings, causing a turnover in their flux density spectrum that can be used to reveal information …

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Prediction Of Maximum Scour Depth Using Scaled Down Bridge Model In A Laboratory, Rupayan Saha Jan 2017

Prediction Of Maximum Scour Depth Using Scaled Down Bridge Model In A Laboratory, Rupayan Saha

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recently, United States faced catastrophic flooding in West Virginia, Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and the flooding resulted in several bridge failures. Among them, Bridge scour is one of the main causes of many bridge failures, and leads to financial losses as well as loss of life. Since 1960, a lot of scour research has been completed and several estimation methods were already in the hand of hydraulic engineers. However, scouring is still a challenging topic. Currently, the issues of scour are once again rising because the occurrence of extreme weather events are expected to increase in frequency. Furthermore, current …

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Representation And Policy Making: Women Participating In The U.S. House, Lauren M. Santoro Jan 2017

Representation And Policy Making: Women Participating In The U.S. House, Lauren M. Santoro

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Past research has established the link between descriptive and substantive representation (Swers 2002a) and has overwhelmingly focused on agenda setting behaviors and roll call voting (e.g., Swain 1993; Thomas 1994; Swers 2013). The first part of this dissertation focuses instead on deliberations within committee hearings, quite proximate to the law-making process, where legislators exhibit representational behavior. Do women participate in committee proceedings more so than men when they consciously seek to represent so-called "women's interests"? This chapter aims to explore this question by gathering data on House hearings considering the Family and Medical Leave Act and a bill considering the …

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Investigation Of Plasma Exhaust Profile Manipulation Using Magnetic Fields, Bryan A. Shambaugh Jan 2017

Investigation Of Plasma Exhaust Profile Manipulation Using Magnetic Fields, Bryan A. Shambaugh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Electric propulsion systems are known for having a high specific impulse but very low thrust. In the case of a hypersonic, compressible flow, altering the exhaust profile has the potential to alter the exhaust velocity thus changing the total thrust output. In this research, the magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) effects of applying a toroidal magnetic field to an ionized exhaust plume were investigated to manipulate the exhaust profile of the plasma jet under near vacuum conditions. The project also endeavored to determine the efficacy of permanent magnets as a replacement for electromagnetic systems in rocket propulsion. Tests for this experiment were conducted …

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Three Essays On Trade And Local Labor Markets, Sandeep Sharma Jan 2017

Three Essays On Trade And Local Labor Markets, Sandeep Sharma

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation studies the effect of trade on wage dispersion, crime rates and alcohol consumption at the local labor market level in the the U.S. The first chapter develops a new measure for skill to investigate the effects of offshoring on wages of three types of workers: high-skilled, medium-skilled, and low-skilled. I also look at the effect of offshoring on wages of offshorable occupations. Although the previous literature emphasizes the impact of offshoring on the skill premium, I find that job characteristics such as offshorability is critical in explaining the wage effect. Chapter 2 analyzes the effects of increasing import …

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Subspace Representations And Learning For Visual Recognition, Farzad Siyahjani Jan 2017

Subspace Representations And Learning For Visual Recognition, Farzad Siyahjani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pervasive and affordable sensor and storage technology enables the acquisition of an ever-rising amount of visual data. The ability to extract semantic information by interpreting, indexing and searching visual data is impacting domains such as surveillance, robotics, intelligence, human- computer interaction, navigation, healthcare, and several others. This further stimulates the investigation of automated extraction techniques that are more efficient, and robust against the many sources of noise affecting the already complex visual data, which is carrying the semantic information of interest. We address the problem by designing novel visual data representations, based on learning data subspace decompositions that are invariant …

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Design, Construction, And Analysis Of A Pilot-Scale Automated Drilling Platform, Cody Smith Jan 2017

Design, Construction, And Analysis Of A Pilot-Scale Automated Drilling Platform, Cody Smith

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project and the associated research investigates automation techniques for drilling operations, along with the analysis involved in building an automated pilot-scale drilling platform. The outcome from this research investigates feasible technologies and techniques that can be used to automate a pilot-scale drilling rig, with the intent that these practices may provide insight into the construction or procedures of full scale rigs. Both the theory and lab exercise components of this research were completed in association with the Drillbotics competition sponsored by the Drilling Systems Automation Technical Section (DSATS) committee of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). This study includes …

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A New Compactification For Celestial Mechanics, Daniel Solomon Jan 2017

A New Compactification For Celestial Mechanics, Daniel Solomon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This is an exposition of a new compactification of Euclidean space enabling the study of trajectories at and approaching spatial infinity, as well as results obtained for polynomial differential systems and Celestial Mechanics. The Lorenz system has an attractor for all real values of its parameters, and almost all of the complete quadratic systems share an interesting feature with the Lorenz system.;Informed by these results, the main theorem is established via a contraction mapping arising from an integral equation derived from the Celestial Mechanics equations of motion. We establish the existence of an open set of initial conditions through which …

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Numerical Simulations For Enhanced Methane Recovery From Gas Hydrate Accumulations By Utilizing Co2 Sequestration, Prathyusha Sridhara Jan 2017

Numerical Simulations For Enhanced Methane Recovery From Gas Hydrate Accumulations By Utilizing Co2 Sequestration, Prathyusha Sridhara

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In 2013, the International Energy Outlook (EIA, 2013) projected that global energy demand will grow by 56% between 2010 and 36500. Despite strong growth in renewable energy supplies, much of this growth is expected to be met by fossil fuels. Concerns ranging from greenhouse gas emissions and energy security are spawning new interests for other sources of energy including renewable and unconventional fossil fuel such as shale gas and oil as well as gas hydrates. The production methods as well as long-term reservoir behavior of gas hydrate deposits have been under extensive investigation. Reservoir simulators can be used to predict …

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What Do Astronomers Do: A Survey Of U.S. Astronomers' Attitudes, Tools And Techniques, And Social Interactions Engaged In Through Their Practice Of Science, Timothy S. Spuck Jan 2017

What Do Astronomers Do: A Survey Of U.S. Astronomers' Attitudes, Tools And Techniques, And Social Interactions Engaged In Through Their Practice Of Science, Timothy S. Spuck

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Astronomy is one of the oldest STEM enterprises today. It is a discipline through which technology has been advanced, as well as our understanding of the universe. Further, astronomy is a gateway science that inspires the imagination of young learners, and can be used to promote STEM careers. In order to advance the astronomy enterprise, we must maintain an informed citizenry. The practice of astronomy has changed over time; astronomy today is much different than it was 50 years ago. In an effort to identify the current practice of astronomy, or what it is that today's astronomers do, 478 U.S. …

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Comparing The Hydrodynamic Response Of Fracture Shearing In Marcellus And Eau Claire Shales, Matthew A. Stadelman Jan 2017

Comparing The Hydrodynamic Response Of Fracture Shearing In Marcellus And Eau Claire Shales, Matthew A. Stadelman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Three samples of Marcellus and Eau Claire shales were sheared in a modified Hassler style core holder. Before testing and after each shear step, the hydraulic transmissivity was measured and a high-resolution 3-D image taken using a computer tomography (CT) scanner, resolution ranged from 26.7 to 27.6 microns. Each sample was sheared four to eight times during a test providing a total of 37 fracture geometries. The 3-D binary images of each fracture were processed based on a voxel connectivity graph, removing any clusters that were not connected to the main fracture. Two-dimensional aperture maps were then generated by flattening …

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Radial Growth Patterns In Trees Surviving Canopy Gap Disturbances, Ruth A. Stetler Jan 2017

Radial Growth Patterns In Trees Surviving Canopy Gap Disturbances, Ruth A. Stetler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Forest disturbance regimes in eastern North America have long been conceptualized as localized gap disturbances, but recent studies suggest that more widespread, infrequent disturbance events may also be important. However, uncertainties in tree-ring methods used to detect disturbance, and in the factors that drive growth release of trees, limit the conclusions that can be drawn from regional disturbance analyses. I designed a study to further elucidate forest disturbance dynamics in eastern North America by using two approaches: 1) a case study examining the sensitivity of the radial growth averaging method of detecting disturbance and the factors influencing detection of a …

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Biopolitical Cyborgs In Post-1980 North American Critical Dystopias, Valerie Ann Surrett Jan 2017

Biopolitical Cyborgs In Post-1980 North American Critical Dystopias, Valerie Ann Surrett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Stories of babies born from transplanted uteruses, fetuses created from three biological parents, a booming global surrogacy market, and embryonic gene selection have all made national headlines in the past two years. We live in an era of science fictional childbirths. Reproductive technologies that didn't exist a decade ago are now peddled to whomever can afford them, and science fiction has responded. Post-1980 speculative fiction confronts a potent convergence of various sociopolitical and reproductive trends, including the rise of neoliberal conservatism; the "test tube baby" boom; polarized reproductive rights debates; and Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980), the Supreme Court decision granting …

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A Model For Permeability Reduction In Polymer Nanocomposites And Its Experimental Validation, Man Chio Tang Jan 2017

A Model For Permeability Reduction In Polymer Nanocomposites And Its Experimental Validation, Man Chio Tang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Environmental concerns have led to research interest in biodegradable plastics, especially polylactic acid (PLA). PLA, a bio-derived and biodegradable polymer which is readily available, is easy to process, and it can be a good substitute for conventional non-biodegradable polymers in food packaging applications. However, its poor gas barrier property has to be improved to make it competitive with more widely-used materials such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS). This can potentially be accomplished by dispersing nanoplatelets in the polymer as these additives act as impermeable barriers around which the diffusing molecules are forced to take a longer, tortuous path. …

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Learning Is Not A Spectator Sport: Incorporating Active Learning Into High Risk Business Courses, Ashley Brooke Tasker Jan 2017

Learning Is Not A Spectator Sport: Incorporating Active Learning Into High Risk Business Courses, Ashley Brooke Tasker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This quantitative study examined courses that have incorporated active learning, including peer mentoring, into courses with high rates of Ds, Fs, and withdrawals, to determine if these techniques increase student success, measured by overall course grades. The study also focused on analyzing factors, such as gender, socioeconomic status, and ACT composite scores to see if there were statistically significant differences among those and student success. The intent is to contribute and build on to the current active learning research which lacks in the quantitative, non-laboratory courses such as business. The results indicated that there is a significant difference in success …

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Characterization And Flight Test Of A Multi-Antenna Gnss, Multi-Sensor Attitude Determination Algorithm, Nathan Tehrani Jan 2017

Characterization And Flight Test Of A Multi-Antenna Gnss, Multi-Sensor Attitude Determination Algorithm, Nathan Tehrani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A multi-antenna Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), multi-sensor attitude estimation algorithm is outlined, and its sensitivity to various error sources is assessed. The attitude estimation algorithm first estimates attitude using multiple GNSS antennas, and then fuses a host of other attitude estimation sensors including tri-axial magnetometers, Sun sensors, and inertial sensors. This work is motivated by the attitude determination needs of the Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment, a high-altitude balloon-suspended science platform. In order to assess performance trade-offs of various algorithm configurations, the attitude estimation performance of various approaches is tested using a simulation that is based on recorded …

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A Study Of The Correlation Between Static And Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity On Different Concrete Mixes, Logan Trifone Jan 2017

A Study Of The Correlation Between Static And Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity On Different Concrete Mixes, Logan Trifone

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study is to determine the relationship between the Static Modulus of Elasticity and the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity in various concrete mixes. The Static Loading Test was used to measure the strains associated with applied stresses on cylindrical concrete specimens to determine the Static Modulus. An Ultrasonic Pulse Wave Velocity (UPV) technique was utilized to measure the travel time of pulse waves propagating through rectangular prism specimens. The travel times were used to compute the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity. An Impact Hammer measuring device was also used to measure resonance frequencies of vibrations in rectangular prisms, which also correlate …

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Salmonid Response To Habitat Restoration In A High-Elevation West Virginia Watershed, Cory T. Trego Jan 2017

Salmonid Response To Habitat Restoration In A High-Elevation West Virginia Watershed, Cory T. Trego

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis have experienced significant population declines throughout much of their native range, largely due to habitat loss. Increasing effort has been put toward restoring and preserving existing brook trout habitat in the face of continued loss under uncertain future conditions (e.g., climate change). We conducted a study designed to analyze both macroscale (i.e. at channel unit level) and microscale (i.e. within individual pools) habitat use in the context of stream restoration by brook trout and two competing nonnative salmonid species: brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. First we conducted a before-after-control-impact assessment of a …

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Application Of Kalman Filtering For Pv Power Prediction In Short-Term Economic Dispatch, Luan H. Tran Jan 2017

Application Of Kalman Filtering For Pv Power Prediction In Short-Term Economic Dispatch, Luan H. Tran

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The aim of this thesis is to predict the short-term power production of PhotoVoltaic (PV) power plants for the economic dispatch problem with the help of Kalman filtering. The Economic Dispatch (ED) problem in power systems is known as an optimization problem in which the cost of producing energy to reliably supply consumers is minimized, hence the power production is assigned to all the generating units that are dispatchable. Because of the generation cost of renewable energy such as PV is relatively low, it is advantageous to utilize. However, these resources are intermittent. These renewable resources bring a lot of …

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Implications Of Primary Cilia And Associated Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling In Glioblastoma Biology And Therapy, Yuriy V. Loskutov Jan 2017

Implications Of Primary Cilia And Associated Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling In Glioblastoma Biology And Therapy, Yuriy V. Loskutov

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary cilium is a ubiquitous organelle presented on most human cells. It serves as a crucial signaling hub for multiple pathways including growth factor and G-protein coupled receptors. Loss of primary cilia was observed in various cancers, however, the implications of this event are unclear. Several studies show that loss of cilia promotes cell proliferation, suggesting that alteration of ciliary-dependent signaling can drive the hyperproliferative phenotype of cancer cells, therefore re-establishing primary cilia or targeting altered signaling pathways could be a beneficial strategy as an anti-cancer therapy.;Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest cancers with a median survival of …

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Complex Mixture Analysis Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (Ims-Ms) And Computational Techniques, Hossein Maleki Jan 2017

Complex Mixture Analysis Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (Ims-Ms) And Computational Techniques, Hossein Maleki

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Compound characterization in complex mixtures has applications in diverse areas such as the pharmaceutical, health, and petroleum industries. Measurement problems arising from complex mixtures include the overwhelming of the analytical peak capacity, the wide concentration range of the different analytes, and the inter-sample concentration variability of given molecular species. Therefore advances in the rapid identification of compounds such as improvements in peak capacity and analyte selectivity are an active area of scientific research. This dissertation presents research that is directed at improving these measurement areas. For petroleum samples, silver cationization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry---tandem mass spectrometry (IMSMS/ MS) is …

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Proteomic And Metabolomic Analyses Of Biological Systems With Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry And Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry, Megan M. Maurer Jan 2017

Proteomic And Metabolomic Analyses Of Biological Systems With Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry And Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry, Megan M. Maurer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Proteomic and metabolomic analyses provide information about altered metabolic processes in plants and animals. This information can be used to assess the impact of toxicant exposure or diseases on biological systems. In this dissertation, development of an ion mobility spectrometry - mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) strategy has been evaluated in addition to utilizing traditional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques for metabolite and protein analysis. Traditional LC-MS/MS techniques have been applied to the study of: 1) the molecular mechanisms responsible for altered microvasculature function as a result of pulmonary TiO2 exposure in rats; and 2) the effectiveness of intracerebroventricular (ICV) …

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Temperature-Dependent Selenium Sorption To Mine Drainage Solids: Implication For Diel Cycling, Rebecca K. Mcgrail Jan 2017

Temperature-Dependent Selenium Sorption To Mine Drainage Solids: Implication For Diel Cycling, Rebecca K. Mcgrail

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aqueous diel cycles have been observed for a variety of elements and have recently been observed for selenium (Se). Elevated concentrations of Se have been linked to adverse biological impacts on a variety of species from fish to humans. The objective of this work was to determine the role of temperature on selenite (Se(IV)) sorption, a possible mechanism for Se diel cycles. Four solids were selected as sorbents: gray and brown overburden material from the southern West Virginia coal fields and active and passive mine drainage treatment solids. Sorption isotherms were conducted at 20 °C for all solids and at …

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Study Of Parameter Estimation And Model Calibration Using Bayesian Analysis Of Noisy Data For A Virus Model, Alejandro Mejia Jan 2017

Study Of Parameter Estimation And Model Calibration Using Bayesian Analysis Of Noisy Data For A Virus Model, Alejandro Mejia

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Numerous engineering problems are concerned with the challenge of representing real life systems through mathematical equations: modeling. Properly generated mathematical models can accurately predict the behavior of natural processes. The key objective of model development is to correctly build a set of equations or expressions that can reproduce the results observed from experimental measurements. By following this methodology, sources of error and uncertainty will arise as most natural processes have random factors that make the results stochastic, and therefore can never be exactly reproduced. A model can try to best approximate the actual outcome, but many times assumptions or simplifications …

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Non-Equilibrium Green's Function Based Calculations Of Spin Voltage In Cobalt Based Spinel Oxides, Anveeksh Koneru Jan 2017

Non-Equilibrium Green's Function Based Calculations Of Spin Voltage In Cobalt Based Spinel Oxides, Anveeksh Koneru

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Tougher sanctions on fossil fuel emissions and greater energy demand around the globe is forcing us to rely more on renewable energy resources. Clean energy technologies like thermoelectric power generation provides one solution to ease our dependence on non-renewable energy resources. Thermoelectric materials have the capability of directly converting heat to electricity. However, the efficiency of thermoelectrics has been limited due to the inherent coupling of the electronic and thermal carriers. More recently, an avenue to decouple these interactions has been experimental demonstrated using temperature gradient induced spin currents. With this new discovery comes the need for new transport models …

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