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The Effect Of Dietary Inclusion Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid In Finishing Hog Feed On Sensory Characteristics And Storage Quality Indicators Of Pork Loin, Kaitlin Hope Maditz
The Effect Of Dietary Inclusion Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid In Finishing Hog Feed On Sensory Characteristics And Storage Quality Indicators Of Pork Loin, Kaitlin Hope Maditz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Marbling in meat occurs when fat is distributed throughout the skeletal muscle and is visually apparent by light streaks of fat that look like a marble pattern. It is associated with increased quality, tenderness, and likeability. Incorporating dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) into finishing hog feed increases intramuscular fat and decrease backfat in harvested pigs; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if inclusion of CLA in pig feed would increase intramuscular marbling and consumer likeability without compromising storage stability. Twenty pigs were housed in ten pens (2 pigs per pen) and fed either 1% Soybean oil or …
Sensory Evaluation And Quality Indicators Of Nutritionally Enhanced Egg Product With Omega-3 Rich Oils, Helenia Dawn Sedoski
Sensory Evaluation And Quality Indicators Of Nutritionally Enhanced Egg Product With Omega-3 Rich Oils, Helenia Dawn Sedoski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Heart disease is a leading cause of death in the United States. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) positively affect heart health while high levels of cholesterol are an indication of poor heart health. Nutritionally-enhanced low-cholesterol egg sticks fortified with n-3 FA were developed; quality indicators were measured and sensory evaluations were conducted. Store-bought eggs were separated and egg whites were mixed with oil, spray dried egg whites, annatto (color) and salt. The oil sources included: algae, menhaden, flaxseed, and canola oils. Experimental egg batters and mixed whole egg (control) were cooked in the shape of a cheese stick, vacuum packed, …
Molecular Phylogeny Of The Oestroidea, Baneshwar Singh
Molecular Phylogeny Of The Oestroidea, Baneshwar Singh
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The superfamily Oestroidea includes approximately 9% (≈14,000 spp.) of the order Diptera. Many members of the superfamily are of medical, veterinary, agricultural, and forensic importance. Although Oestroidea has been the subject of much scientific scrutiny, the exact patterns of phylogenetic relationships among the key groups of the superfamily are unresolved and controversial. For a better understanding of oestroid evolutionary hypotheses, phylogenies of Oestroidea were reconstructed at several taxonomic levels using DNA sequence data. The specific aims were to determine the phylogeny of the 1) genus Chrysomya (Chrysomyinae); 2) subfamily Chrysomyinae (Calliphoridae); 3) family Oestridae (Oestroidea); and 4) family Calliphoridae (Oestroidea). …
Comparison Of Parent-Child Interactions In Abusive And Control Families: An Observational Study, Jocelyn F. O. Stokes
Comparison Of Parent-Child Interactions In Abusive And Control Families: An Observational Study, Jocelyn F. O. Stokes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study sought to identify differences in caregiver-child interactions between caregivers with and without prior reports of child physical abuse. Data for the abuse group were made available for secondary analyses by the National Archive for Child Abuse and Neglect via Cornell University. Data for the comparison group were collected for a previous study at West Virginia University. For both studies, caregiver-child dyads participated in a 5---minute, videotaped observation in a situation in which the parent had to exert moderate control over the child. Data that had been coded using the Dyadic Parent---Child Interaction Coding System (Eyberg, et al., 1994; …
Ecology Of Trifolium Stoloniferum (Muhl. Ex A. Eaton), A Federally Endangered Vascular Plant, At The Fernow Experimental Forest In West Virginia, John Q. Burkhart
Ecology Of Trifolium Stoloniferum (Muhl. Ex A. Eaton), A Federally Endangered Vascular Plant, At The Fernow Experimental Forest In West Virginia, John Q. Burkhart
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis presents work addressing the ecology of Trifolium stoloniferum, a federally endangered vascular plant species, in the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. In this thesis, I describe the historical ecology of this species and make a case that at one time it occurred in great abundance in association with trails created by large mammals and humans that intersected rich, open forests. Similar conditions exist at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, but instead of large mammals, the requisite soil disturbance, control of competing vegetation, and canopy perforation are created by timber-harvesting related disturbances, particularly gap creation by tree …
The Effect Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Derived From Various Sources On Bone Metabolism In Growing Female Rats, Robin E. Lukas
The Effect Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Derived From Various Sources On Bone Metabolism In Growing Female Rats, Robin E. Lukas
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Bone loss may be lessened if bone mass and strength are increased by optimizing nutrition intervention. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (o-3 PUFAs) have been suggested to improve bone mineralization and microarchitecture by affecting mineral balance and lipid peroxidation. However, the sources of the o-3 PUFA differ in the types of o-3 PUFA, ratios, and structural form. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the effect of o-3 PUFAs from different sources on bone mineral and microarchitecture and explore potential associations. Growing (28 day) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=10/group) to a high fat 12% (weight) diet consisting of either …
Perceptions Of West Virginia Beef Cattle Producers On Preparedness For An Agroterrorism Attack, Rebecca Laura Ours
Perceptions Of West Virginia Beef Cattle Producers On Preparedness For An Agroterrorism Attack, Rebecca Laura Ours
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Biosecurity is a measure that can help protect beef producers from financial loss associated with an agroterrorism attack. This study sought to determine West Virginia beef producers' perceptions of the potential for agroterrorism and what biosecurity measures they practice. A mailed questionnaire was sent to a sample population of 355 beef producers, with a response rate of 47.7%. Beef producers in West Virginia agreed that agroterrorism could happen in the United States and in West Virginia; however, the majority did not feel it would happen on their farms. A majority of the respondents indicated they would attend a program on …
The Effects Of Resveratrol On Oxidative Stress And Muscle Atrophy, Janna Renee Jackson
The Effects Of Resveratrol On Oxidative Stress And Muscle Atrophy, Janna Renee Jackson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Resveratrol (3,5,4,trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in over seventy plant species that has been shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-aging properties. Resveratrols' capacity to enhance the endogenous anti-oxidant system, upregulate anti-apoptotic proteins and improve mitochondrial function, presumably through the activation of the N AD+ dependent deacetylase Sirtuin1, suggests that supplementation with resveratrol may potentially protect skeletal muscle from the detrimental effects of increases in oxidative stress and the subsequent increase in apoptotic signaling that are present in many atrophic conditions. Therefore, the major goals of this dissertation are to further understand the interplay between oxidative stress and …
The Influence Of Nursing Curriculum In Associate Degree Nursing Programs On The Development Of Nursing Professionalism In Graduating Nursing Students, Cristina M. Riter
The Influence Of Nursing Curriculum In Associate Degree Nursing Programs On The Development Of Nursing Professionalism In Graduating Nursing Students, Cristina M. Riter
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Nursing professionalism is assumed to develop during the educational process, with the model of the baccalaureate degree program. There have been few studies on the development of professionalism in beginning nursing students, especially those in a two-year associate degree nursing program. This research study explored the concept of professional development in reaction to the increased number of associate degree registered nurses in this country since the inception of the associate degree nursing programs in the 1950s. The impact of the registered nursing shortage on the nursing profession and the educational preparedness of future registered nurses was also explored. The research …
Changes In Body Mass Index And Short-Term Healthcare Expenditures In A Medicare Population, Tricia Lee Wilkins
Changes In Body Mass Index And Short-Term Healthcare Expenditures In A Medicare Population, Tricia Lee Wilkins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Purpose. The main objective of the study was to estimate the short-term changes in healthcare expenditures that result from weight gain or loss in a population of Medicare patients using longitudinal data. Changes in total healthcare expenditures and its components (inpatient, outpatient, prescription, dental and other) by changes in body mass index (BMI) categories were analyzed.;To examine the relationship between BMI changes and expenditures, three specifications of expenditures were used. The primary measure of expenditures was relative changes in expenditures transformed into log-ratio. Under the log-ratio approach positive values indicate increased expenditures, and negative values indicate decreased expenditures. Other measures …
Calcium/Magnesium Ratio And Water Potential Effects On Forage Quality And Pectin Concentration, Rishi Prasad
Calcium/Magnesium Ratio And Water Potential Effects On Forage Quality And Pectin Concentration, Rishi Prasad
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Forage quality is an important parameter in animal nutrition and depends partly on soil fertility and moisture. Acidic soil pH and low soil moisture are known to decrease forage yield and quality. Liming is a common practice to correct the soil pH. Addition of lime not only improves the availability of nutrients but at the same time adds to the native calcium and magnesium present in the soil. Calcium and magnesium are identified as essential secondary macronutrients known to influence plant's physiological process. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of molar combinations of Ca:Mg ratio in …
Relationships Of Developmental Traits In Young Alpaca Crias And Lambs, Sara Elizabeth Lewis
Relationships Of Developmental Traits In Young Alpaca Crias And Lambs, Sara Elizabeth Lewis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Successful reproduction in alpacas is highly dependent upon postnatal survival, which in turn is dependent upon a pattern of continuous gain in weight as an indicator of health. Weighing alpacas is the primary method used to assess their general health. Unfortunately, the measurement of cria weight is not always a simple, routine, or easy determination. The purpose of this study was to determine if, as in other species such as cattle and horses, morphometric body measurements can be used to estimate weight. In this study, continuous weight and girth measurements were taken on 34 alpaca cria. Age and girth were …
Phosphorus Nutrition In Broilers, Staci Ann Loop
Phosphorus Nutrition In Broilers, Staci Ann Loop
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Due to depleting resources, high feed ingredient costs, and eutrophication, phosphorus nutrition in broilers has been a topic of concern for many years. The amount of damage being done to the environment by phosphorus runoff in some states has led to regulations that require broiler litter to have decreased phosphorous with the use of a phytase enzyme. There are many phytase products on the market, however, these enzymes are not all equally effective. Companies may rely only on feed manufacture retention data instead of conducting live bird performance research to test the actual efficacy of the enzyme. The first study …
Determining Efficacy Of A Thermally Processed Exogenous Enzyme Cocktail For Broilers, Kala Renea Beaman
Determining Efficacy Of A Thermally Processed Exogenous Enzyme Cocktail For Broilers, Kala Renea Beaman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Feed ingredient price has influenced nutritionists to maximize diet nutrient availability through use of exogenous enzymes. Poultry are almost exclusively fed pelleted diets that entails feed being subjected to conditions of high moisture, temperature and pressure that could partially denature added enzymes. Exogenous enzyme efficacy may be decreased or completely lost if enzymes are not able to survive the pelleting process. The objective of the current studies was to properly assess the efficacy of a commercially available exogenous enzyme cocktail subjected to increasing steam conditioning temperatures during pelleting (82, 88, 93°C). Dietary treatments consisted of nutritionally adequate diets or Positive …
Dietary Cholesterol Effects On Learning, Memory And Amyloid Beta: Learning And Memory Effects On Brain Cholesterol And Sulfatide Levels, Deya S. Darwish
Dietary Cholesterol Effects On Learning, Memory And Amyloid Beta: Learning And Memory Effects On Brain Cholesterol And Sulfatide Levels, Deya S. Darwish
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent studies have revealed ambiguous findings on the effects of dietary cholesterol on learning. In one study by Schreurs and coworkers it was reported that a 2% cholesterol diet had a positive effect on learning. However, it was realized that metals, specifically copper, could potentially exacerbate the aggregation of amyloid beta (Abeta), a protein associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) leading to the formation of Abeta plaques. In a subsequent publication by Sparks and Schreurs it was reported that a 2% cholesterol diet with the addition of 0.12 ppm copper had a detrimental effect on learning and resulted in the formation …
Effect Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid On The Regulation Of Feed Intake And Body Fat In The Short Term, Valerie J. Shelton
Effect Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid On The Regulation Of Feed Intake And Body Fat In The Short Term, Valerie J. Shelton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known to decrease feed intake and body fat in mice. Our objectives were to determine the incorporation of CLA into tissues and the effect on serum hormones and arcuate neuropeptides during the first 7 d of CLA consumption. Mice (n=150; 9-wk-old) were fed 0 (ad libitum or pair-fed to CLA-fed mice) or 2% CLA (ad libitum) for 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 d. A body fat index was calculated; liver, adipose tissue, and brain were analyzed for fatty acid profiles; and serum insulin, leptin, and PYY were measured. CLA and pair-fed mice ate less …
Effect Of Nutritional Deficiency On Ruffed Grouse Condition And Reproductive Success, Aaron B. Proctor
Effect Of Nutritional Deficiency On Ruffed Grouse Condition And Reproductive Success, Aaron B. Proctor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Maternal body fat condition (i.e., percent carcass fat) is often a focal point in determining reproductive success in female galliforms. Previous research has centered around habitat-related nutritional parameters affecting body condition and the influence on reproductive capacity. Past studies have shown that ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) maintain higher mean body fat levels throughout the Appalachians and variation in body condition exceeds that found in northern grouse. In the Appalachians, ruffed grouse with diets devoid of energy-rich hard mast have lower body fat condition. It has been hypothesized that females in poorer condition will have lower productivity in the Appalachians. We …
Justifying Phytogenic Feed Additive Matrix Values In Conjunction With Exogenous Feed Enzymes, Laurel K. Shires
Justifying Phytogenic Feed Additive Matrix Values In Conjunction With Exogenous Feed Enzymes, Laurel K. Shires
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Phytogenic feed additives are purported to possess antimicrobial properties as well as nutrient sparing characteristics that may aid in alleviating high diet costs; however, in order for PFAs to assist nutritionists in decreasing diet cost, matrix values must be determined and implemented in feed formulation. Study 1 evaluated proposed matrix values for a commercially available PFA and assessed nutrient sparing when the product was combined with commercial phytase, carbohydrase and protease. The most remarkable proposed matrix values were 32.2 kcal/kg for metabolizable energy and 0.07% for both Ca and AP. The objective of Study 2 was to determine true amino …
Hypercholesterolemia And Microvascular Dysfunction: Altered Mechanisms And Interventional Strategies, Phoebe Stapleton
Hypercholesterolemia And Microvascular Dysfunction: Altered Mechanisms And Interventional Strategies, Phoebe Stapleton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cardiovascular disease has a number of risk factors and confounding variables associated with the development and progression of the condition. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the few independent risk factors of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) with causes stemming from a genetic predisposition and lifestyle management. The primary symptom of these diseases can be described as an endothelial cell dysfunction, which hypercholesterolemia can exacerbate, leading to a pro-inflammatory state of elevated oxidant stress and significant reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, a key mediator of endothelium-dependent dilation. This environment can culminate into an impairment of the vascular …
Effects Of Level Of Concentrate Supplementation On Milk Production And Ruminal Ph In Lactating Cows On Pasture, Gatha R. Clevenger
Effects Of Level Of Concentrate Supplementation On Milk Production And Ruminal Ph In Lactating Cows On Pasture, Gatha R. Clevenger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effects of concentrate supplementation on milk production and ruminal fermentation was evaluated in six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein dairy cows in a Latin rectangle design. Cows were fed 4 (C4), 8 (C8), and 12 (C12) kg DM/d of a concentrate supplement. Increasing amounts of concentrate supplement decreased pasture intake, but increased overall dry matter intake (DMI) and increased milk production without changing milk composition. Daily mean and minimum ruminal pH was similar for all treatments. Increasing supplementation increased time spent below pH 5.8, and resulted in a reduction in the in situ degradability of DM and NDF at 24 …
Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory Impact Study, Bess Catherine Hammill
Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory Impact Study, Bess Catherine Hammill
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examines the scholastic impact and opinion of learning in the anatomy laboratory as it relates to the lecture. The teaching of Animal Anatomy in the Animal Science department has traditionally been taught via classroom lecture and supported with a textbook. This study compares one scholastic semester without a laboratory and another scholastic semester offering a laboratory in partnership with the traditional lecture. The students without a laboratory were examined by means of their final grades in comparison with the laboratory and lecture combination. In order to acquire perspectives on the impact the laboratory had on student learning a …
Sex Differences In The Myocardial Response To Prenatal And Behavioral Stress, Heather Rose Mullenax
Sex Differences In The Myocardial Response To Prenatal And Behavioral Stress, Heather Rose Mullenax
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to exert profound effects on many organs in a variety of species. There is considerable evidence for sex-specific effects of prenatal stress. Our laboratory is the first to report effects of prenatal stress on myocardial function in male rats. The purpose of this study was to confirm our previous evidence of differences in myocardial function among prenatally stressed male and female rats and to explore possible mechanisms responsible for this difference. In this study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to prenatal stress (mother was stressed on day 14--21 of gestation) followed by …
The Effect Of Aging And Resveratrol Supplementation On Bone Mass And Strength In Hindlimb Suspended Male Rats, Stephanie Wright
The Effect Of Aging And Resveratrol Supplementation On Bone Mass And Strength In Hindlimb Suspended Male Rats, Stephanie Wright
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Resveratrol has recently become a popular dietary supplement because of its potential for reducing the effects of aging and various age-related diseases. However, few studies have investigated the role of resveratrol in improving bone loss associated with aging. It has been widely reported that mechanical unloading increases bone loss. The elderly experience a prevalence of reduced mechanical loading due to declining activity levels and increased incidence of bed rest. In rats, hind-limb suspension (HLS) simulates mechanical unloading of bone. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of aging and resveratrol supplementation on bone health in HLS …
The Application Of The Vulnerable Populations Conceptual Framework To Determine Factors Predictive Of Overweight And Obesity In Appalachian Children And Adolescents, Melanie M. Whelan
The Application Of The Vulnerable Populations Conceptual Framework To Determine Factors Predictive Of Overweight And Obesity In Appalachian Children And Adolescents, Melanie M. Whelan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Statement of problem. Appalachian children and adolescents are considered a vulnerable population with a high prevalence of obesity. This study was the first study to apply a vulnerable populations conceptual framework to examine factors associated with overweight and obesity in Appalachian children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which resource availability (family income, insurance, family characteristics, parents' education, and transportation) and risk factors (utilization of health care/preventive care, family medical history, and participant medical history) impact overweight and obesity in a vulnerable population. The study also described the frequency of overweight and obesity …
History, Philosophy, And Sociology Of Sport Recommendations For Physical Education Teacher Education, Amanda A. Metcalf
History, Philosophy, And Sociology Of Sport Recommendations For Physical Education Teacher Education, Amanda A. Metcalf
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine the essential history, philosophy, and sociology of sport competencies to be used to inform the physical education teacher education undergraduate curriculum. A two-round modified Delphi procedure involved the repeated circulation of a questionnaire to a panel of content experts. The study sample included specialists in history of sport, philosophy of sport, and sociology of sport, experts in the field of physical education teacher education, and school-based physical education practitioners. The Delphi panel members rated each questionnaire item in terms of its theoretical importance and pedagogical relevance using a five-point Likert scale. The …
Factors That Impact West Virginia Head Start Parental Involvement In Early Literacy, Arlene Midget Clausell
Factors That Impact West Virginia Head Start Parental Involvement In Early Literacy, Arlene Midget Clausell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The research problem is: Many parents are not involved in their children's early literacy education. Some Head Start parents experience issues that keep them from teaching their children early literacy skills. The research questions were: What are the factors for parental involvement in the support of early literacy skill development for their children? What do parents in Head Start do to support early literacy development in their children? What are the barriers in how parents support literacy development for their children? This research included 392 parents from Head Start centers in West Virginia. Eleven parents participated in focus groups and …
The Effect Of Omega-3 Enhanced Fish Consumption On C-Reactive Protein Levels In Post-Menopausal Women, Megan Moran
The Effect Of Omega-3 Enhanced Fish Consumption On C-Reactive Protein Levels In Post-Menopausal Women, Megan Moran
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Heart disease is the leading killer of women in the United States, and the risk is 2--3 times greater in post-menopausal than pre-menopausal women. C-Reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker that has been identified as a risk factor for heart disease. The objective of this study was to determine if increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, known for their anti-inflammatory properties, reduced CRP levels in post-menopausal women. A sample of 29 women was recruited to participate in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups, experimental and control. The women were instructed to follow a heart healthy diet …
Evaluation Of Information Transfer Between Beef Producers And Extension Agents In West Virginia, Travis J. Cullen
Evaluation Of Information Transfer Between Beef Producers And Extension Agents In West Virginia, Travis J. Cullen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine how information passes between beef producers and Extension Agents in West Virginia in the areas of teaching methods and program advertisement. A descriptive research design was used to collect the data for this study. The target population was all beef producers and the Agriculture and Natural Resource Extension Agents in West Virginia. The study found that beef producers and Extension Agents tend to be in agreement on both the methods of advertising and teaching. However, the programs beef producers desire differs from those the West Virginia University Extension Service offers.
Molecular Characterization Of The Murf Gene Family: Potential Role In Rainbow Trout Muscle Degradation, Jiannan Wang
Molecular Characterization Of The Murf Gene Family: Potential Role In Rainbow Trout Muscle Degradation, Jiannan Wang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As United States and world seafood demand increases, aquaculture production becomes more important. Limited knowledge of molecular regulation of muscle growth and flesh quality hinders genetic improvement of these important traits in fish. Our goal is to enhance muscle growth and fillet quantity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Muscle growth is determined primarily by rate of protein turnover. Unlike mammals, rapidly growing fish have reduced protein degradation rather than increased protein synthesis. Studies in mammals showed that muscle atrophy results from increased protein breakdown, and is associated with activation of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway including induction of the muscle-specific ubiquitin …
Satisfaction Of Contract Poultry Producers In Virginia And West Virginia, Christina L. Richmond
Satisfaction Of Contract Poultry Producers In Virginia And West Virginia, Christina L. Richmond
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the satisfaction of contract poultry producers in West Virginia and Virginia using a mailed questionnaire. Producers were asked to provide feedback on their company, income, debt load and grower relations. Producers indicated they were satisfied with their business decision to raise contract poultry. Level of satisfaction was significantly different for producers in the two states. Producers who raise pullets or broiler breeders exhibited greater satisfaction that broiler producers. The income level of producers has increased, however more producers have indicated they are losing money. Producers showed high levels of satisfaction with their service personnel who come directly …