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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Utilization Of *Assessment By Maryland Cooperative Extension Faculty, Jennifer Thorn Bentlejewski Dec 2003

Utilization Of *Assessment By Maryland Cooperative Extension Faculty, Jennifer Thorn Bentlejewski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The research study explored the degree of faculty utilization of assessment practices at the class, program, and institutional levels within the University of Maryland Cooperative Extension. Differences in assessment utilization among faculty of various ranks and disciplines were examined. Faculty perceptions of the benefits and challenges of implementing assessment were also investigated. A quantitative research approach guided the study, which utilized a 78-item survey. Descriptive statistics, multivariate analyses of variance, and analyses of variance were used to analyze the quantitative data. In addition to the survey instrument, a qualitative analysis of data was conducted with regard to learning outcomes and …

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Teachers' Views Of The Impact Of The Good Start, Grow Smart Early Childhood Initiative On Head Start Programs In A Western Maryland Community, Fannie L. Boayue Dec 2003

Teachers' Views Of The Impact Of The Good Start, Grow Smart Early Childhood Initiative On Head Start Programs In A Western Maryland Community, Fannie L. Boayue

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As the call for accountability increased, President George W. Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act in January 2002 to reform the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that was reauthorized in 1994. The Good Start, Grow Smart Early Childhood Education Initiative, followed in April 2002. Both of these reform measures have significant implications for school success and achievement of all children in both childcare and public school settings as well as accountability for teachers and administrators.;The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the views of Head Start teachers on the impact of the Good …

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Assessment Of Students' Motivation To Use Computer Tools In A Web -Enhanced Counseling Course, Ying-Ying Kuo Aug 2003

Assessment Of Students' Motivation To Use Computer Tools In A Web -Enhanced Counseling Course, Ying-Ying Kuo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Increasing numbers of professional counseling educators recognize the importance of information technology in counselor education, but the majority of members in the counseling community still lack interest in using computer tools for their professional development. How to motivate them to acquire these necessary skills is a problem in counselor education. This study provided a motivating web-based instructional (WBI) design for a web-enhanced course and examined counseling students' motivation to use computer tools in the course. It focused on four research questions that examined (1) how students' use of computers changed; (2) the impact of web-based instructional (WBI) features on their …

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Factors Influencing Participation In The Beef Quality Assurance Program Of The West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, Sara D. Peacock Aug 2003

Factors Influencing Participation In The Beef Quality Assurance Program Of The West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, Sara D. Peacock

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that contribute to participation in the West Virginia Beef Quality Assurance program. This study explored barriers and encouragers that affected involvement in educational programs offered by the West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. The population consisted of 387 West Virginia Beef Producers from the West Virginia Young Sire Performance Evaluation Program mailing lists. The sample consisted of 85 producers randomly selected from the accessible population and 85 responses to the survey were completed. It was found that the average BQA farmer had a higher net income from their farming practices and had …

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Treatment Outcome For Male Adolescents In Residential Placement, Taji Tortorello Aug 2003

Treatment Outcome For Male Adolescents In Residential Placement, Taji Tortorello

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of the study was to assess archival data to determine what variables are related to successful discharge from a residential treatment program for adolescents with behavioral disorders. The records of 120 residents of a Northern Virginia residential treatment program were reviewed from January 1999 to January 2001. The researcher was interested in determining what predictor variables, such as: intake demographic and intake assessments relate to outcome, such as: discharge assessments, discharge planning, and discharge GPA. Results indicated that students who are successfully discharged from this program at intake are typically: (1) older, (2) less oppositional, (3) engage in …

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Development Of Instrumentation For Acoustic Monitoring, Deepak Mehra Aug 2003

Development Of Instrumentation For Acoustic Monitoring, Deepak Mehra

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis describes a source/sink flow acoustic wave sensor for the identification of leaks in gas pipelines. One of the many type of signals associated with the high velocity gas flowing out of a hole in the pipeline is the ramp or step pressure drop.;A large 3-inch diameter diaphragm was installed in an attempt to detect the low frequency waves associated with a leak. This diaphragm with source or sink flow through a 17mm internal diameter pipe acts as a pressure signal amplifier.;The deflection of the diaphragm due to the amplified force can be measured with a strain gage whose …

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Dynamic Modeling And Control Of A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell As A Distributed Generator, Padmanabhan Srinivasan Aug 2003

Dynamic Modeling And Control Of A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell As A Distributed Generator, Padmanabhan Srinivasan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research concentrated on the modeling and control of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell in a deregulated electric power system. The PEM fuel cell is a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system with various dynamic states. In most previous model studies, the stack temperature of a fuel cell was considered to be constant. For long duration short transient and analysis, the stack temperature should be considered a variable. A derived dynamic model for the PEM fuel cell was analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Power generation characteristics of the PEM fuel cell were presented. Performance of the PEM fuel cell under …

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Instructors' Message Variables And Students' Learning Orientation/Grade Orientation And Affective Learning, Leeanne M. Bell Aug 2003

Instructors' Message Variables And Students' Learning Orientation/Grade Orientation And Affective Learning, Leeanne M. Bell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among instructors' message variables and students' learning orientation (LO), grade orientation (GO), and affective learning. Participants were 193 students (109 men, 83 women) enrolled in introductory communication courses at a large eastern university. Participants completed the Revised Self-Disclosure scale (Wheeless, 1978), the Humor Orientation scale (Booth-Butterfield & Booth-Butterfield, 1991), a narrative scale created for this study, the LOGO II scale (Milton, Pollio, & Eison, 1986) and the Instructional Affect Assessment Instrument (IAAI) (McCroskey, 1994). Results indicated instructors' message variables were not significantly related to students LO/GO, no significant differences among …

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Global Demand For Certified Hardwood Products As Determined From A Survey Of Hardwood Exporters, Ellen E. Hrabovsky Aug 2003

Global Demand For Certified Hardwood Products As Determined From A Survey Of Hardwood Exporters, Ellen E. Hrabovsky

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

United States hardwood exporters were surveyed to determine the current international markets for certified hardwood products (CHWP) and to document the experiences of hardwood exporters concerning CHWP and certification. There was a 42% response rate to the 265 mailed surveys. Twenty six percent of exporting companies received requests for CHWP. These requests represented <5% of the companies total export business. The experiences of the responding exporters parallels that reported in previously published studies. Willingness to pay a premium is low. Over half of the exporters indicated that customers will not pay any premium. Chain of custody issues are a major problem and the supply of certified hardwood lumber is small. Only large companies owning their own forests have no problem with certification, chain-of-custody documentation or supply. The markets remain predominantly niche markets centered in northern Europe. China is emerging as a major market for primary CHWP.

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Raptor Assemblage, Abundance, Nesting Ecology, And Habitat Characteristics Under Intensive Forest Management In The Central Appalachian Mountains, Rebecca D. M. Smith Aug 2003

Raptor Assemblage, Abundance, Nesting Ecology, And Habitat Characteristics Under Intensive Forest Management In The Central Appalachian Mountains, Rebecca D. M. Smith

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Raptor abundance and diversity were examined in three treatments (20-, 40-, and 80-yr harvest rotations) on an industrial forest in the central Appalachian Mountains. I conducted diurnal broadcast surveys, compared nocturnal survey protocols, examined habitat characteristics at two spatial scales (564 m and 1000 m buffers), and described nesting ecology (including prey composition) of 3 species of diurnal raptors. I detected 17 species and found no significant differences in abundance among treatment for all raptors. Forest-dwelling species were detected more often than edge-dwelling species and Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) was the most abundant species. Using a Barred Owl vocalization survey …

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Late Embryonic And Fetal Mortality In The Ewe, Alison Brown Dixon Aug 2003

Late Embryonic And Fetal Mortality In The Ewe, Alison Brown Dixon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Timing and factors associated with late embryonic and fetal loss in the ewe were examined with ultrasonography. In study one, pregnancy diagnosis and counts of embryos were conducted on days 25, 45, 65, and/or 85 of gestation and compared to lambs born at term. Preliminary results indicated that more potential offspring were lost during fetal development than during late embryonic development. Approximately 18% of ewes experienced late embryonic and fetal loss and 20% of embryos or fetuses were lost from day 25 to term. Losses of potential offspring were continuous throughout gestation and approximately 3% of embryos present on day …

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Contextual Variability In Early Adolescents' State Masculinity, Femininity And Peer Interaction Goals, Jennifer Kristen Pickard Aug 2003

Contextual Variability In Early Adolescents' State Masculinity, Femininity And Peer Interaction Goals, Jennifer Kristen Pickard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of the study was to investigate how early adolescents' gender-typed behaviors (i.e., masculinity, femininity, goals for interacting with peers) changed as a function of the social context. Eighty early adolescents (40 boys and 40 girls, 7th--8th graders; Mean age = 13.14; SD = .65) worked with both a same- and an other-sex peer on a collaborative or a competitive block building task. Individual attributes such as participant sex, and contextual features such sex of partner affected early adolescents' reported masculinity, femininity, and their goals for a peer interaction. Boys reported greater femininity when interacting with an other-sex peer …

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Epileptiform Bursting In The Disinhibited Neonatal Cerebral Cortex, Jason Eric Wells Aug 2003

Epileptiform Bursting In The Disinhibited Neonatal Cerebral Cortex, Jason Eric Wells

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The cerebral cortex, which include the neocortex and hippocampus, is an elaborate neuronal network communicating mainly through glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Glutamate, operating via AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors excites neurons, and operating via metabotropic glutamate receptors can either increase or decrease the excitation in the neuronal network. GABA, operating through GABAA and GABAB receptors, inhibits the mature neuronal network, and GABAA receptor blockade in the adult cerebral cortex leads to epileptiform bursts. In contrast, in the neonatal cerebral cortex, GABAA has been proposed to function as an excitatory neurotransmitter, and glutamatergic synapses are claimed to be underdeveloped. It …

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Investigation Into The Use Of A Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance For Real-Time Particulate Measurement, Marcus Gilbert Aug 2003

Investigation Into The Use Of A Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance For Real-Time Particulate Measurement, Marcus Gilbert

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Characterizing particulate matter (PM) in diesel exhaust emissions during transient test cycles has been a challenge for researchers. Acquisition of real-time PM data was proposed by the use of a Rupprecht and Patashnick Co., Inc. Series 1105 Diesel Particulate Monitor Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) mass measuring device. The objectives of testing with a TEOM diesel particulate analyzer were to validate its collection capability and evaluate its real-time characteristics on transient test cycles. Conventional PM filtration was used as the base line for evaluating the TEOM collection capability. To evaluate real-time TEOM characteristics, the real-time mass rate data were separated …

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Estimating Reliability Impact Of Biometric Devices In Large Scale Applications, Karthikeyan Mahadevan Aug 2003

Estimating Reliability Impact Of Biometric Devices In Large Scale Applications, Karthikeyan Mahadevan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the last two decades, there has been a tremendous growth of biometric applications especially in security. Reliability of the biometric devices is extremely important.;This thesis discusses an approach for estimating the reliability of systems, which contain biometric user authentication subsystem. The ECRA (Early Component Based Reliability Assessment) tool utilizes an easy to use interface and employs the Bayesian algorithm to predict the system reliability. This application of the ECRA technique to biometrics is new. Using the UML diagrams and the ECRA tool, the reliability of the system is predicted.

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Non-Native Esl Teachers' Reactions To Students' Different Cultural Backgrounds In Classroom Interaction, Livia Silva Lirio Aug 2003

Non-Native Esl Teachers' Reactions To Students' Different Cultural Backgrounds In Classroom Interaction, Livia Silva Lirio

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There have been research studies done in the area of cross-cultural analysis that discuss the necessity of culture-oriented examiners or assessors as well as "culture-free testing" when assessing students from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Despite evidence that "culture-bias" is present in oral examinations, few of the studies found directly approach the instructors' reactions to students' different cultural and backgrounds in classroom interaction. Therefore the purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate teachers' perspectives on teaching in a multicultural classroom. The findings of this study conducted in an American language institute with non-native ESL teachers reveal a mismatch between …

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Fraternity And Sorority Member Perceptions Of Homophily, Supportive Communication, And Group Behavior As A Function Of Control Expectancies, Andrew D. Dohanos Aug 2003

Fraternity And Sorority Member Perceptions Of Homophily, Supportive Communication, And Group Behavior As A Function Of Control Expectancies, Andrew D. Dohanos

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of control expectancies on fraternity and sorority member's perceptions of their group. Based on a review of the literature pertinent to this investigation nine hypotheses were forwarded. Generally speaking, the hypotheses suggest that fraternity and sorority members perceptions will differ based on their control expectancies. One hundred ninety-five fraternity and sorority members completed a questionnaire that included the Three Factor Locus of Control Scale (Levenson, 1973), the Perceived Homophily Measure (McCroskey et al., 1975), the Quality of Relationship Inventory (Pierce et al., 1991), dimensions of the Group Behavior Inventory (Friedlander, …

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Identification Of Metrics Used By Decision Makers To Determine The Efficacy Of Wireless Communication Systems In Higher Education, Karen R. Petitto Aug 2003

Identification Of Metrics Used By Decision Makers To Determine The Efficacy Of Wireless Communication Systems In Higher Education, Karen R. Petitto

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research described the wireless network technologies that are available for use in higher education, determined the categories of metrics used to evaluate wireless network efficacy, and yielded a self-assessment instrument for guiding small college administrators considering wireless local area network systems.;The features and benefits of contemporary wireless systems in higher education were identified through a review of the professional journals, government publications, and standards industry documentation. The literature identified three categories of metrics beneficial for the evaluation of efficacy of wireless campus local area networks: cost, speed, and reliability. After identification of these categories of metrics, a modified Delphi …

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Application Of Statistical Methods For "Flow Unit" Identification And Characterization Of A Reservoir Using Well Log And Core Data, Reza Mustafa May 2003

Application Of Statistical Methods For "Flow Unit" Identification And Characterization Of A Reservoir Using Well Log And Core Data, Reza Mustafa

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A flow unit is a stratigraphically continuous interval of similar reservoir process speed that maintains the geologic framework and characteristics of rock types. Permeability and porosity of the reservoir rock has always been considered as two of the most important parameters to identify flow unit for formation evaluation, reservoir description, and characterization. Beyond evaluating permeability and porosity, one can also use combinations of two or more rock properties to gain insight into the character of two through porous media. Porosity is commonly evaluated from the well log data, which are usually available from the most wells in the reservoir. But …

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Uterine Uptake Of Diazepam And Quantification By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Steven Scott Wolfe May 2003

Uterine Uptake Of Diazepam And Quantification By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Steven Scott Wolfe

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One of the difficulties in drug delivery is transporting the compound of interest to the target organ while minimizing exposure to the rest of the body. Intravenous administration is effective in the delivery of drugs and results in high bioavailability leading to very rapid systemic distribution. Oral dosing of drugs is the most popular route because of its ease of administration, but it is subject to first pass metabolism by the liver which can greatly reduce the bioavailability of the parent compound. Patients undergoing hysterectomy were recruited for a study in which they were anesthetized and 5 mg of diazepam …

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Effects Of The West Virginia K--12 Ruralnet Project On Elementary School Teachers' Instructional Practices, Marcia L. Marcolini Hoover May 2003

Effects Of The West Virginia K--12 Ruralnet Project On Elementary School Teachers' Instructional Practices, Marcia L. Marcolini Hoover

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Internet is being heralded as a technology capable of transforming education through its vast resources and communication channels. Government agencies, funding organizations, and institutions of higher education are working together to provide resources, training, and incentives for teachers at every level to incorporate the Internet into their teaching. One of the major barriers in the attempt to transform education through technology appears to be adequate teacher training. One project designed to address the need for teacher training, was the West Virginia K--12 RuralNet project. This {dollar}3.1 million National Science Foundation funded initiative was designed to provide a year-long professional …

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Economics Of Breast Cancer Preventive Strategies In A Medicaid Program, Rohit D. Borker May 2003

Economics Of Breast Cancer Preventive Strategies In A Medicaid Program, Rohit D. Borker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary objective of the study was to estimate the long-term benefits and costs of chemopreventive tamoxifen and mammography screening in women who are otherwise healthy but at high risk of developing breast cancer. Three hypothetical cohorts of high-risk women were initiated at age forty. The first cohort consumed chemopreventive tamoxifen and underwent routine mammography screening. The second cohort also consumed chemopreventive tamoxifen but underwent mammography screening at real-world rates. The third cohort (control cohort) did not consume chemopreventive tamoxifen and underwent mammography screening at real-world rates. The study also assessed the proportion of women in the West Virginia Medicaid …

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Behavioral Analysis In The Athletic Training Clinical Learning Environment, Steven Allen Denhup Jr. May 2003

Behavioral Analysis In The Athletic Training Clinical Learning Environment, Steven Allen Denhup Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Approved clinical instructors (ACI) and athletic training students (ATS) were observed in the clinical learning environment over six observation sessions to correlate frequency/duration of observed behaviors with perceived behaviors and analyze clinical instruction behavior frequency/duration trends. The Clinical Instruction Analysis Tool-Athletic Training II and BEST software was utilized. Skill Feedback: Evaluative and Skill Feedback: Descriptive indicated strong ACI correlations. Screening and Evaluative Technique: Manipulation and Documentation indicated strong ATS correlations. Frequency and duration R2 values were not higher than 0.39. Individuals within the clinical learning environment are unaware of the behaviors they exhibit, as there was a low degree of …

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Seasonal Movement And Macro-Habitat Use Of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) In An Ohio River Navigation Pool, Jason Gregory Freund May 2003

Seasonal Movement And Macro-Habitat Use Of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) In An Ohio River Navigation Pool, Jason Gregory Freund

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Largemouth bass provide an important recreational fishery in the Ohio River. Our objectives were to determine critical over-wintering and spawning habitats of largemouth bass in the Belleville Pool of the Ohio River. We surgically implanted radio-transmitters in 39 adult largemouth bass and tracked them over a 23-month period. Our results demonstrate the importance of off-channel habitats in the life history of largemouth bass in large river systems. Sedimentation, resulting in a loss of embayment quality and surface area, is an important problem and thus merits increased attention. Restoration and protection efforts to improve largemouth bass fisheries in large river systems …

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Recreational Opportunities And Health Status In West Virginia, Yoav Sneh May 2003

Recreational Opportunities And Health Status In West Virginia, Yoav Sneh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Over half of all Americans are considered to be physically inactive and/or obese, leading to significant individual and societal costs. This study investigates the link between recreational supply and health status for West Virginia. Using spatial econometric techniques, this study provides solid evidence that the demand for health care is positively associated with physical inactivity rates, and that physical inactivity rates are inversely related to the supply of recreational opportunities. When promoting the importance of physical activity as preventative health care, policy makers should consider the provision of recreational opportunities as a means to overcome sedentary behaviors.

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Conceptual And Application Issues In The Implementation Of Object-Oriented Gis, Janette Elizabeth Bennett May 2003

Conceptual And Application Issues In The Implementation Of Object-Oriented Gis, Janette Elizabeth Bennett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The adoption of object-oriented technology for spatial data modeling is becoming a significant trend in GIS. This research explores the concepts of Object-Oriented GIS (OOGIS) and illustrates its versatility in two case studies. OOGIS provides a feature-based, intuitive representation of real world features. The study emphasizes the fundamental concepts of inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation in OOGIS and explores schema design, long transactions, and versioning. Further, the study discusses the advantages of OOGIS in the management and analysis of geospatial data. The case studies demonstrate both the conceptual basis of OOGIS and specific functionality including behavior, methods, versioning, long transactions and …

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Teachers' Perceptions Of Communicative Language Teaching Use In Brazil, Marina Bandeira Aleixo May 2003

Teachers' Perceptions Of Communicative Language Teaching Use In Brazil, Marina Bandeira Aleixo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been extensively discussed and researched. However little appears in the literature about CLT use in EFL environments, such as Brazil. Few studies explore CLT adaptation in EFL environments, and if they do, such studies are mostly in Asian countries (Li, 1998; Burnaby & Sun, 1998). This research investigates CLT use in high schools and language institutes in Southern Brazil. The data consists of written questionnaires, class observations, and in-depth interviews with teachers. Results showed that there are two main problems with CLT use in Brazil. One relates to the various constraints that exist in each …

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Wildlife Use And Habitat Quality Of Back Channel Areas Associated With Islands On The Ohio River, West Virginia, Andrew Karl Zadnik May 2003

Wildlife Use And Habitat Quality Of Back Channel Areas Associated With Islands On The Ohio River, West Virginia, Andrew Karl Zadnik

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The islands and associated back channels on the Ohio River have long been thought to provide important habitat characteristics for riparian wildlife. However, few studies have quantitatively evaluated this importance. As pressure continues to develop back channel areas for commercial and residential use, quantitative information is vital for natural resource managers to justify conserving these areas for wildlife. The goals of my study were to quantify wildlife use of back and main channels relative to waterbirds, anurans, turtles, and riparian furbearing mammals, and to evaluate the habitat quality of back and main channels through the use of habitat suitability index …

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Modeling The International Competitiveness Of Botswana's Coal, Khaulani Fichani May 2003

Modeling The International Competitiveness Of Botswana's Coal, Khaulani Fichani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Botswana has vast proven deposits of steam coal, which for a long time it has wanted to develop but without much success. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to analyze the time schedule of coal exports likely to be forthcoming from Botswana and the land routes for these exports; (2) to determine the competitiveness of Botswana's coal in the world steam coal markets and (3) to make recommendations on the appropriate policy for the exploitation of this coal. To accomplish these objectives, we construct a model of the seaborne steam coal trade consisting of exporters and importers with …

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Friendship Features Associated With College Students' Friendship Maintenance And Dissolution Following Problems, Rebecca A. Owens May 2003

Friendship Features Associated With College Students' Friendship Maintenance And Dissolution Following Problems, Rebecca A. Owens

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the association between friendship features (i.e., support and resources, trust, similarity, common experiences, commitment, intimate communication, balance of costs and rewards, personal characteristics and behaviors, length of friendship, amount of time spent with friend, closeness of the friendship, and expected ease of finding a new friend) and friendship outcomes (maintenance vs. dissolution and overall quality) following college students' problems with their pre-college and college friends. Reported causes of college students' pre-college and college friendship problems and friendship dissolution were examined. In addition, links between experiencing problems with friends and adjustment were explored. Friendship features and problems were …

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