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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Image Quality Assessment For Iris Biometric, Nathan D. Kalka Dec 2005

Image Quality Assessment For Iris Biometric, Nathan D. Kalka

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Iris recognition, the ability to recognize and distinguish individuals by their iris pattern, is the most reliable biometric in terms of recognition and identification performance. However, performance of these systems is affected by poor quality imaging. In this work, we extend previous research efforts on iris quality assessment by analyzing the effect of seven quality factors: defocus blur, motion blur, off-angle, occlusion, specular reflection, lighting, and pixel-counts on the performance of traditional iris recognition system. We have concluded that defocus blur, motion blur, and off-angle are the factors that affect recognition performance the most. We further designed a fully automated …


Error And Attack Tolerance Of Complex Real Networks, Vamsi Salla Dec 2005

Error And Attack Tolerance Of Complex Real Networks, Vamsi Salla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Real networks are often subjected to failures and attacks. Real networks are found to be robust to errors and vulnerable to attacks. This behavior of real networks is attributed to their non-homogeneous degree distribution. Non-homogenous networks are also known as scale free networks. Real networks along with the scale free property show high modularity.;Many network models have been proposed to model real networks. Erdos-Renyi Random network model is the first attempt, but fails to incorporate both properties - scale free as well as the high modularity of the real networks. Small world model shows high clustering but lacks non-homogeneous distribution. …


Characterization Of Web Server Workload, Amit Sangle Dec 2005

Characterization Of Web Server Workload, Amit Sangle

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Realistic and formal mathematical description of web-server workload forms a fundamental step in the design of synthetic workload generators, capacity planning and accurate predictions of performance measures. In this thesis we perform detailed empirical analysis of the web workload by analyzing access logs of nine web-servers. Unlike most previous work that focused on request-based workload characterization, we analyze both request and session characteristics. We perform rigorous statistical analysis to determine the self-similarity of web traffic and heavy-tailedness of the distribution of different session parameters. Our analysis shows that web traffic is self-similar and the degree of self-similarity is proportional to …


Empirical Study Of Error Behavior In Web Servers, Ajay Deep Singh Dec 2005

Empirical Study Of Error Behavior In Web Servers, Ajay Deep Singh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The World Wide Web has been a huge success, bringing the Internet to widespread popularity. For Web based systems to deal effectively with increasing number of Web clients, it is very important to understand the basic fundamentals of Web workload and error characteristics. In this thesis we focus on detailed empirical analysis of Web server error characteristics and reliability based on the data extracted from eleven different web servers. First, we address the data collection process and describe the methods for extraction of workload and error data from Web logs. Then, we analyze the Web error characteristics which include unique …


Parents' Perceptions Of The Gluten-Free Casein-Free Diet For Their Children With Autism, Annette Puglisi Dec 2005

Parents' Perceptions Of The Gluten-Free Casein-Free Diet For Their Children With Autism, Annette Puglisi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the factors that affected parent's decision for putting their autistic children on a gluten free casein free diet (gfcf diet). Parents completed a fifteen question survey relating to multiple factors affecting their lives while having their children on a gfcf diet. In addition, parents were asked to fill out a three day diet history for their child for a nutrient analysis.;Fifty three surveys (21%) and ten diet histories were returned. The majority of parents first heard of the gfcf diet either on the Internet (28%) or from Parent Magazine (32%). Desperation (25%) was the main reason parents …


A Qualitative Study Of Pre -Service Teachers Using Co -Teaching As A Method To Understand Scientific Process Skills To Teach *Inquiry, Jennifer Carter Mccain Dec 2005

A Qualitative Study Of Pre -Service Teachers Using Co -Teaching As A Method To Understand Scientific Process Skills To Teach *Inquiry, Jennifer Carter Mccain

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The National Science Education Standards (NSES) have established scientific literacy as a goal for all students. The goals advocate scientific inquiry as an instructional strategy to be used in the classroom, and standards of inquiry have even been established. At the same time, co-teaching has become prevalent in classroom as regular education teachers work with special education teachers. The classrooms are inclusive and both teachers are to work together to benefit all the students. Research has shown positive perceptions and negative perceptions of co-teaching. In this study, pre-service teachers are co-taught an elementary science methods course at a medium-sized university. …


Sarah Livingston Jay, 1756--1802: Dynamics Of Power, Privilege And Prestige In The Revolutionary Era, Jennifer Megan Janson Dec 2005

Sarah Livingston Jay, 1756--1802: Dynamics Of Power, Privilege And Prestige In The Revolutionary Era, Jennifer Megan Janson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Sarah Livingston Jay was a politically astute woman whose contributions to the success of the American Revolution and reconstruction of post-war society have long been underestimated. She understood the complex political and financial dynamics beneath the decision to declare independence from Great Britain and the international alliances necessary for success. Intelligent, educated and socially skilled, she used her personal gifts, position, and familial connections to exert a strong influence on the course of events that would benefit her fledgling country. She used her social graces to take part in the male-dominated political world, while working within the domestic realm. She …


America And China: Cultural Differences In Online Learning Motivation, Zongxiang Mei Dec 2005

America And China: Cultural Differences In Online Learning Motivation, Zongxiang Mei

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There are learning motivation differences among students from different countries. And differences between American and Korean online learners were identified. This study was to identify whether American and Chinese online learners' motivation differed and what were the learner characteristics that affected the motivation of online learners. This study was conducted in May-June, 2005, West Virginia University, the United States of America, and Fudan University, China. Findings revealed that there was a significant difference in learning motivation between the U.S. and Chinese online learners. And there were some learner characteristics affected the learning motivation of online learners as well, such as …


The Influence Of Humanism On The Handwriting Of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Robert J. Tallaksen Dec 2005

The Influence Of Humanism On The Handwriting Of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Robert J. Tallaksen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The handwriting of Michelangelo Buonarroti underwent a distinct and permanent change between 1497 and 1502. The handwriting of his early letters of 1496 and 1497 is merchantescha, the gothic cursive mercantile script which he would have learned at school. The later handwriting is cancellarescha, a humanistic cursive. It is present in letters, contracts, memoranda, records of accounts, and in annotations on drawings. Both scripts as written by Michelangelo are analyzed paleographically and are compared to examples from instructional writing books of the period. The impossibility of evolution from one script to the other is demonstrated through analysis of the scripts …


Production Of Conjunctions And T-Units By The Elderly, Benjamin Haymond Dec 2005

Production Of Conjunctions And T-Units By The Elderly, Benjamin Haymond

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent research indicates a change in healthy elderly adult language capabilities. More specifically, Shadden (1997) and Ryan (1996) state that language competence is less affected by the processes of aging than production. The topic of this research examined specifically the production of conjunctions from the perspective of Halliday and Hasan (1976) in procedural and narrative discourse by the elderly. The hypothesis stated that the relationship between age and conjunctions produced would be non-significant. In a cross-sectional study, 17 subjects between the ages of 60-86 were interviewed and the transcripts analyzed.;Results supported the hypothesis of a non-significant relationship between age and …


A West Virginia Family In World War Ii, Miles B. Berger Dec 2005

A West Virginia Family In World War Ii, Miles B. Berger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As an analysis and examination of the letters of two West Virginia residents written during each resident's service in World War II, this thesis compares the wartime experiences of a brother and sister against secondary and primary source literature covering World War II and the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps/Women's Army Corps. The experiences of these two soldiers are told through an interpretation of their letters home and an examination of the training experiences of women and men in World War II. In addition, the first main section of the thesis, Chapter Two, is devoted to an overview and analysis of …


An Ecological Study Of Panax Quinquefolius In Central Appalachia: Seedling Growth, Harvest Impacts And Geographic Variation In Demography, Martha E. Van Der Voort Dec 2005

An Ecological Study Of Panax Quinquefolius In Central Appalachia: Seedling Growth, Harvest Impacts And Geographic Variation In Demography, Martha E. Van Der Voort

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a long-lived, slow-maturing understory perennial herb found in eastern North American forests. The economic value of P. quinquefolius on the world market has remained strong for nearly 300 years. It has high economic and social value in the central Appalachians as well. Persistent harvest of ginseng combined with habitat loss has reduced populations in the wild, threatening the future of the species and its continued harvest. American ginseng was placed on the CITES Appendix II list in 1973 due to population declines. These concerns led to a series of studies investigating the population dynamics …


An Integrated Computer-Based Timber Cruising System For Appalachian Hardwoods, Jingxin Wang Dec 2005

An Integrated Computer-Based Timber Cruising System For Appalachian Hardwoods, Jingxin Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In order to facilitate resource data collection and processing, an integrated computer-based timber cruising system was modeled and developed based on Microsoft Component Object Model (COM) and Objected-Oriented Programming (OOP) techniques. The system consists of three components - handheld data collection system, data transfer, and data analysis, all of which are stand-alone objects. The handheld system, which is Windows CE based, was used to collect overstory and understory tree data in the field. Data transfer and analysis components reside on a desktop PC and were used to synchronize cruising data from handheld PCs, analyze data and generate reports. A relational …


Nesting Success And Nest Site Characteristics Of Four Thrush Species On A Managed Forest, Rachel Dellinger Dec 2005

Nesting Success And Nest Site Characteristics Of Four Thrush Species On A Managed Forest, Rachel Dellinger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Four thrush species breed sympatrically in the Allegheny Mountain region of West Virginia, U.S.A.: American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), Veery (Catharus fuscescens), and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). How nesting habitat is partitioned among the species is unclear, as is the effect of logging activities on the guild. My objectives were to identify nesting habitat characteristics that are partitioned among the species and to determine their effects on nest survival.;I conducted point count surveys and monitored nests of four thrush species on a managed forest. I measured habitat variables at three scales: (1) nest substrate, (2) nest site, …


Assessing The Effectiveness Of Descriptive And Experimental Analyses To Identify Variables Influencing Problem Behavior In Domestic Dogs, Susan D. Kapla Dec 2005

Assessing The Effectiveness Of Descriptive And Experimental Analyses To Identify Variables Influencing Problem Behavior In Domestic Dogs, Susan D. Kapla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Problem behavior in dogs is a concern for pet owners. Many contemporary approaches to intervention first involve a process of diagnosis and classification which is often structural in nature. An accurate diagnosis is considered essential for effective treatment, however, outcome data validating the efficacy of this procedure are dubious. The success of strategies used to assess and treat behavior problems that identify behavioral function in humans (functional assessment), however, suggests the potential utility of such techniques in the assessment and treatment of behavior problems in dogs. Therefore, two separate assessments were conducted to identify and manipulate variables affecting problem behavior …


Supporting Awareness In Heterogeneous Collaboration Environments, Vijayanand Bharadwaj Dec 2005

Supporting Awareness In Heterogeneous Collaboration Environments, Vijayanand Bharadwaj

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Rapid technological advancements have made it possible for humans to collaborate as never before. However demands of group work necessitate distributed collaboration in very heterogeneous environments. Heterogeneity as in various applications, platforms, hardware and communication infrastructure. User mobility, lack of availability and cost often make imposing a common collaboration environment infeasible. Awareness is essential for successful collaboration. Awareness is a key design criterion in groupware but often collaboration occurs with applications not designed to support useful awareness. This dissertation deals with the issue of effective group awareness support in heterogeneous environments.;Awareness propagation is effective if the appropriate amount of information, …


Factors Affecting Reproductive Efficiency Of Cattle, Melanie J. Starbuck Dec 2005

Factors Affecting Reproductive Efficiency Of Cattle, Melanie J. Starbuck

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate two measures of reproductive efficiency in cattle, conception rate and retention of pregnancy. In experiment I, the relationship between concentrations of progesterone and retention of pregnancy was examined. The corpus luteum (CL) was removed on day 29 of pregnancy in 40 suckled, beef cows, and pregnancy was supported with exogenous progesterone to day 53. Concentrations of progesterone (1.8 +/- 0.1 ng/mL between days 30 and 38), were below those normally recorded for pregnant cows. Retention of pregnancy (77%) was monitored frequently using ultrasonography until day 53 and was negatively associated with age of cow, …


Three Essays On Migration: Its Interaction With Regional Wage Differentials And Occupational Choice And Its Application In Different Discrete Choice Models, Christiadi Dec 2005

Three Essays On Migration: Its Interaction With Regional Wage Differentials And Occupational Choice And Its Application In Different Discrete Choice Models, Christiadi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation consists of three essays that examine two important roles of migration, promoting regional wage convergence and increasing economic efficiency. The first essay is a survey of the migration and migration-related literatures, examining why migration and regional wage differentials can co-exist over time. The direct reason is that the classical assumptions leading to regional wage convergence are rarely fully applicable in the real world. This essay reveals various real-world conditions violating those assumptions and explains how they can either create or magnify regional wage differentials. The essay also reveals how the difficulty in distinguishing wage differentials from true wage …


Nondestructive Evaluation Of Wooden Logs Using Ground Penetrating Radar, Sachin Agrawal Aug 2005

Nondestructive Evaluation Of Wooden Logs Using Ground Penetrating Radar, Sachin Agrawal

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Presently there are no suitable non-invasive methods for precisely detecting the subsurface defects in logs in real time. Internal defects such as knots, decays, and embedded metals are of greatest concern for lumber production. While defects such as knots and decays (rots) are of major concern related to productivity and yield of high value wood products, embedded metals can damage the saw blade and significantly increase the down time and maintenance costs of saw mills.;Nondestructive scanning of logs using techniques such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) prior to sawing can greatly increase the productivity and yield of high value lumber. …


Does Peripheral Concentration Of Progesterone Affect Ovulation And Lambing Rates In Barbados Blackbelly Ewes?, Ezra Devonish Aug 2005

Does Peripheral Concentration Of Progesterone Affect Ovulation And Lambing Rates In Barbados Blackbelly Ewes?, Ezra Devonish

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The hypothesis that concentration of progesterone influences number of follicles that mature during estrus, and thus ovulation rate, was tested in cycling ewes. Ewes were assigned at random to three treatments, and bred at estrus after treatment. Ewes in low (LP) and high (HP) groups received exogenous progesterone from day 4 to 14; control ewes (MP) were untreated. The LP ewes were given PGF2alpha on day 6 to regress corpora lutea (CL). Numbers of follicles and CL were observed by transrectal ultrasonography. Fewer follicles disappeared at estrus in ewes on HP than in MP or LP. Ewes on LP had …


Post Retention With Mineral Trioxide Aggregate And Accelerated Portland Cement, Pamela P. Harrington Aug 2005

Post Retention With Mineral Trioxide Aggregate And Accelerated Portland Cement, Pamela P. Harrington

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Perforations occurring during post placement are problematic. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is slow to set. A trial demonstrated that CaCl2 accelerated the set of Portland cement. Forty single-rooted teeth were sectioned, treated with endodontic therapy and post prepared. The first group contained 20 teeth, evaluated at 72 hours. MTA, Portland cement with 10% CaCl2, 15% CaCl2 and zinc phosphate were used as post cements. The second group was evaluated at 28 days. The posts were cemented with either MTA or zinc phosphate. Instron mechanical testing was used to determine forces needed for post dislodgement. The 72 hour group showed statistically …


Effects Of Elevated Temperature On Panax Quinquefolius Ecophysiology And Pharmacological Activity On Human Breast Mcf-7 Carcinoma Cells, Gera M. Jochum Aug 2005

Effects Of Elevated Temperature On Panax Quinquefolius Ecophysiology And Pharmacological Activity On Human Breast Mcf-7 Carcinoma Cells, Gera M. Jochum

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increased temperatures associated with climate change on an understory medicinal herb, Panax quinquefolius. Three-year old P. quinquefolius were grown in a greenhouse at low (25°C day/20°C night) or elevated (30°C/25°C) temperatures for one growing season. Elevated temperatures decreased photosynthesis and accelerated leaf senescence. At the end of the growing season, biomass was detrimentally affected by increased temperatures; yet the concentration of root ginsenosides, secondary metabolites thought to be the primary pharmacological components, was higher in plants grown in the elevated temperature treatment than in plants grown in the low …


The Politics Of The Evolution Of Global Tobacco Control: The Formation And Functioning Of The Framework Convention On Tobacco Control (Fctc), Hadii M. Mamudu Aug 2005

The Politics Of The Evolution Of Global Tobacco Control: The Formation And Functioning Of The Framework Convention On Tobacco Control (Fctc), Hadii M. Mamudu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study investigates the politics behind the evolution of tobacco as a global issue leading to adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in May 2003. The study relies on liberal-constructivist perspective to analyze the transformation of tobacco control between 1960 and 2003. The study uses a combination of elite interview and content analysis. It found that the presence of an international organization with constitutional powers in tobacco control, WHO and the diffusion and transfer of knowledge, information, and ideas about tobacco use and tobacco control contributed to the emergence of tobacco control as a global phenomenon and …


Fmri Studies Of Amblyopia: Pediatric And Adult Perspectives, Ian Patrick Conner Aug 2005

Fmri Studies Of Amblyopia: Pediatric And Adult Perspectives, Ian Patrick Conner

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the technique of choice for mapping functional neuroanatomy in humans, and over the past 15 years there has been a dramatic growth in the number of studies that provide brain-behavior correlations in normal healthy adults. More recently, a few studies have begun to make such measures in healthy children. In addition, fMRI is increasingly being applied to study brain function in subjects with neurological disease. The overall aim of these studies was to apply fMRI methods to the study of amblyopia, the most prevalent developmental vision disorder. Amblyopia develops early in life, usually …


An Exploration Of Interdisciplinary Collaboration When Serving Students With Moderate And Severe Disabilities At The Middle And High School Levels: A Current Snapshot Of Perceived Barriers And Opportunities, Sara A. Brannan Aug 2005

An Exploration Of Interdisciplinary Collaboration When Serving Students With Moderate And Severe Disabilities At The Middle And High School Levels: A Current Snapshot Of Perceived Barriers And Opportunities, Sara A. Brannan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated current perceptions of the barriers and the opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration among Special Educators and Related Health Service Personnel at the middle and high school levels when serving students with moderate and severe disabilities. In order to serve individuals with moderate and severe disabilities in accordance with federal legislation and current best practice, it is important that education and related health services professionals work together collaboratively.;The design of this study combined a simple quantitative survey measure with exploratory, qualitative inquiry using a series of open-ended focus group interviews. Sampling for this research study was purposeful homogeneous sampling …


Correlation Between Critical Thinking Skills And Decision Making Skills In Athletic Training And The Examination Of Critical Thinking Differences Across The Curriculum, Wanda S. Swiger Aug 2005

Correlation Between Critical Thinking Skills And Decision Making Skills In Athletic Training And The Examination Of Critical Thinking Differences Across The Curriculum, Wanda S. Swiger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Athletic trainers evaluate an athlete's injury, make decisions regarding injury management, provide first aid and treatment, establish rehabilitation protocols, and evaluate the outcomes of their decisions. To practice effectively, they must think critically and make appropriate decisions. As educators make curriculum changes to improve decision making in athletic training, instructional methods to develop critical thinking continues to be proposed as a method to achieve this goal. This idea is based on the hypothesis that there is a DM-CT link, that athletic training students think critically, and that these instructional methods affect critical thinking. Additionally, issues continue to increase regarding the …


Floristic Dynamics Of Appalachian Pine-Oak Forests Over A Prescribed Fire Chronosequence, Michael A. Marsh Aug 2005

Floristic Dynamics Of Appalachian Pine-Oak Forests Over A Prescribed Fire Chronosequence, Michael A. Marsh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Vegetation dynamics after prescribed fire were modeled on three mountains in the George Washington National Forest representing a chronosequence of conditions since burning: pre-burn, and 1, 2 and 12 years post-treatment. Vegetation structure was more affected by environmental and spatial (burn intensity) gradients than by time since burning. Significant fire effects occurred on southwest aspects and upper slopes, especially among the sapling and shrub strata. Pine and oak regeneration abundance was not affected by fire but shade tolerant tree seedlings decreased, and shade intolerant seedlings increased in importance as a result. Percent cover and richness of herbaceous species increased, partly …


Communication Patterns Following The Acquisition Of A Sexually Transmitted Infection, Courtney Vail Fletcher Aug 2005

Communication Patterns Following The Acquisition Of A Sexually Transmitted Infection, Courtney Vail Fletcher

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examines the relationship between personality traits and communication patterns following the contraction of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Participants were 148 college students (46 men, 104 women) attending a large Mid-Atlantic University. Seventy-four of the participants reported having had an STI. Participants completed the Communication Competence Scale (Wiemann, 1977), the Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS: Rotter, 1967), the Revised Self-Disclosure Scale (Wheeless & Grotz, 1976), the conscientious factor of the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), the Health Locus of Control Scale (Wallston, Wallston, Kaplan, & Maides, 1976), and the interpersonal anxiety factor of the Personal Report of …


Gossip As An Interpersonal Communication Phenomenon, Elycia M. Taylor Aug 2005

Gossip As An Interpersonal Communication Phenomenon, Elycia M. Taylor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Two studies were conducted for the purpose of validating Foster's (2004) Gossip Functions Questionnaire (GFQ) which measures the reasons why people gossip (i.e., the functions of gossip). The GFQ originally consisted of four subscales that measured the functions of gossip: information, entertainment, friendship, and influence. In Study One, an exploratory factor analysis failed to reveal the four subscales Foster originally conceptualized. However, three factors were apparent that seemed to measure three separate functions of gossip: trivial gossip, influential gossip, and behavioral guidance gossip. In Study Two, a confirmatory factor analysis of a second data set failed to validate the 3-factor …


Trout Movement And Habitat Use In The Upper Shavers Fork Of The Cheat River, West Virginia, Jeff Lee Hansbarger Aug 2005

Trout Movement And Habitat Use In The Upper Shavers Fork Of The Cheat River, West Virginia, Jeff Lee Hansbarger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

I quantified brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) movement and habitat use in a central Appalachian watershed, the upper Shavers Fork of the Cheat River over three seasons (spring/summer 2000-01, fall 2000) with telemetry. The objectives of my study were to: (1) quantify trout habitat use among seasons, and between the mainstem and Rocky Run (a major tributary), (2) quantify the effect of temperature extremes on habitat use by brook trout, (3) quantify trout movement among seasons and between the mainstem and Rocky Run, and (4) relate movement to variations in stream flow, water temperature, and access …