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In Search Of Nationhood At The Founding, Jonathan Ginenapp Apr 2021

In Search Of Nationhood At The Founding, Jonathan Ginenapp

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


The Unwritten Constitution For Admitting States, Roderick M. Hills Jr. Apr 2021

The Unwritten Constitution For Admitting States, Roderick M. Hills Jr.

Fordham Law Review

The United States has experimented with several different constitutions for adding states. Of all of these regimes, the shortest lived was also the one selected by the Federalist drafters of the Constitution. Under this regime, Article IV, Section 3 bestowed on Congress broad power to govern new territories as colonies of the original states, allowing Congress to place any conditions that they pleased on their admissions. This regime was created by Federalists, like Gouvernour Morris, who were suspicious of Scots-Irish frontiersmen and eager to settle western territory using land companies who would insure that new settlers were deferential to Federalist …


Article Ix, Article Iii, And The First Congress: The Original Constitutional Plan For The Federal Courts, 1787-1792, Thomas H. Lee Apr 2021

Article Ix, Article Iii, And The First Congress: The Original Constitutional Plan For The Federal Courts, 1787-1792, Thomas H. Lee

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Blind Justice And Just Arbitrators: Understanding The Federal Arbitration Act’S Evident Partiality Standard, Heather Cameron Apr 2021

Blind Justice And Just Arbitrators: Understanding The Federal Arbitration Act’S Evident Partiality Standard, Heather Cameron

Fordham Law Review

Arbitral awards are intended to be binding on parties who subject their disputes to arbitration. However, an arbitrator’s bias in favor of one of the parties is one of the few grounds on which a party can object to such an award. The standard used to evaluate such bias is known as “evident partiality.” This Note examines two commonly used standards—referred to in this Note as the “possible impression” standard and the “likely actual bias” standard—deployed by U.S. courts to define evident partiality and determine whether the requirements for vacating an arbitral award have been fulfilled. This Note advocates that …


Seeking A Second Opinion: A Call For Congressional Evaluation Of Anti-Assignment Provisions In Employee Health Plans, Jordan Davis Apr 2021

Seeking A Second Opinion: A Call For Congressional Evaluation Of Anti-Assignment Provisions In Employee Health Plans, Jordan Davis

Fordham Law Review

In the health insurance context, anti-assignment provisions are contractual clauses that restrict an insured individual’s ability to assign rights due under a health plan to another party, such as a medical provider. As these provisions have become increasingly prevalent in employersponsored health plan agreements, they have effectively stripped medical providers of enforcement and litigation rights previously utilized under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)—the relevant federal regulation governing employee benefit plans, including health insurance plans. This Note examines these effects in light of ERISA’s intended protections of employees participating in employer-sponsored benefit plans and considers whether congressional …


Inoculating Title Vii: The “Undue Hardship” Standard And Employer-Mandated Vaccination Policies, Mary-Lauren Miller Apr 2021

Inoculating Title Vii: The “Undue Hardship” Standard And Employer-Mandated Vaccination Policies, Mary-Lauren Miller

Fordham Law Review

The widespread administration of a vaccine is essential to bringing an end to the COVID-19 pandemic. Employers can contribute to this goal by requiring employees to be vaccinated. The ability of employers to impose vaccine mandates is theoretically limited in part by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which requires employers to accommodate religious employees unless doing so would impose an “undue hardship” on the employer. Under the current interpretation of undue hardship, employers typically cannot face legal liability for denying accommodations to employees refusing to receive an employer-mandated vaccine on religious grounds, though some employers may …


Bridging The Gap: Assessing The State Of Federal Corruption Law After Kelly V. United States, Michael J. Morgan Apr 2021

Bridging The Gap: Assessing The State Of Federal Corruption Law After Kelly V. United States, Michael J. Morgan

Fordham Law Review

Political corruption in the United States has become more and more prevalent in recent years. These days it seems difficult to turn on the news without hearing accusations of a public official caught in a scandal. Despite the frequency of the corrupt acts, however, the federal government remains largely unable to hold state actors accountable. The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently overturned federal convictions of state officials charged with committing corrupt acts. The issue in these cases is not the lack of corruption or proof of the acts but rather, the lack of laws that adequately criminalize the corrupt conduct. …


Symposium: Mental Health And The Legal Profession: Foreword And Dedication, Deborah W. Denno, Bruce A. Green Jan 2021

Symposium: Mental Health And The Legal Profession: Foreword And Dedication, Deborah W. Denno, Bruce A. Green

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


The Electoral College: Time For A Change?, John D. Feerick Jan 2021

The Electoral College: Time For A Change?, John D. Feerick

Fordham Law Review

Fifty-three years ago, I wrote an article for the Fordham Law Review advocating for a popular vote for president. My experience serving as staff advisor to an American Bar Association (ABA) commission on Electoral College reform influenced my views. The House of Delegates authorized the commission in February 1966. A year later, after study and consideration, the ABA recommended such a reform, as did Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana, then serving as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee’s subcommittee on constitutional amendments. This Article returns to the subject of reform by examining in Part I the elections of this century …


Local Offenses, Brenner M. Fissell Dec 2020

Local Offenses, Brenner M. Fissell

Fordham Law Review

Criminal law is generally thought to exist within two jurisdictional levels: federal and state. Neglected in the legal mind, and in legal scholarship, is the vast body of criminal law promulgated by local governments. While one should ask “what” is being criminalized by cities, towns, and villages, one should also ask “how” these offenses are written. The offense-drafting practices reflected in state criminal law have been extensively studied, but this has never been attempted for local offenses. This Article undertakes that task. After surveying a large number of local criminal codes, this Article concludes that local offenses routinely fail to …


State Criminal Procedure Rights: How Much Should The U.S. Supreme Court Influence, Kendra Kumor Dec 2020

State Criminal Procedure Rights: How Much Should The U.S. Supreme Court Influence, Kendra Kumor

Fordham Law Review

This Note is about state court interpretation of state constitutional provisions that relate to prosecutorial summation arguments. This Note finds that when the U.S. Supreme Court rules on a prosecutorial summation issue, state court interpretations of their state constitutional provisions are less diverse than when the Supreme Court does not issue an opinion. When state courts interpret their own constitutional provisions after Supreme Court precedent has been disseminated, they give more interpretative weight to the Supreme Court opinion than any other sister state precedent. This Note uses prosecutorial summation arguments to illustrate why state courts should refrain from placing greater …


Who Decides?: Civil Consent Jurisdiction Of U.S. Magistrate Judges And Third-Party Intervention, Eric Lim Dec 2020

Who Decides?: Civil Consent Jurisdiction Of U.S. Magistrate Judges And Third-Party Intervention, Eric Lim

Fordham Law Review

The Federal Magistrates Act permits a U.S. magistrate judge to preside over and enter final judgment in a civil case as a district judge would if all parties to the case have consented to the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction. Parties must consent voluntarily and affirmatively—although consent can be implied from the circumstances—to protect the parties’ constitutional right to have their case heard by an Article III judge. To vindicate this right, a body of jurisprudence has developed distinguishing dispositive matters, for which a magistrate judge requires the consent of all the parties in a case to rule on the matter, and …


A Common Law Of Choice Of Law, Lea Brilmayer, Daniel B. Listwa Dec 2020

A Common Law Of Choice Of Law, Lea Brilmayer, Daniel B. Listwa

Fordham Law Review

For more than a generation, choice of law has been the victim of a historical contingency. The “conflicts revolution” of the mid-twentieth century and its legal realist leaders bundled together three concepts that, although all typifying the traditional approach, are not inherently connected: the “scientific formalism” of Bealean territorialism, attention to “system values” like uniformity and predictability, and judicial activism. The revolutionaries tied an anchor to formalism, sinking the regard for system values and judge-led decision-making in the process. This Essay argues that the rejection of system values and judicial lawmaking in the choice-of-law context was a mistake—and it offers …


Caught In The Economic Crosshairs: Secondary Sanctions And The American Sanctions Regime, Daniel Meagher Dec 2020

Caught In The Economic Crosshairs: Secondary Sanctions And The American Sanctions Regime, Daniel Meagher

Fordham Law Review

Economic sanctions have a long tradition of use in American foreign policy. There are many benefits to using economic sanctions, particularly when policymakers employ them as alternatives to military action. Secondary sanctions developed as a relatively new tool intended to extend the reach and potency of economic sanctions. They function in much the same manner as traditional, or primary, sanctions. However, they target individuals and entities who conduct prohibited business with the targets of primary economic sanctions. Secondary sanctions are often accompanied by severe financial penalties and threats of exclusion from U.S. consumer and financial markets. Through secondary sanctions, the …


Time Over Matter: Measuring The Reasonableness Of Officer Conduct In § 1983 Claims, Evelyn Michalos Dec 2020

Time Over Matter: Measuring The Reasonableness Of Officer Conduct In § 1983 Claims, Evelyn Michalos

Fordham Law Review

In the United States, far more police encounters result in civilian and officer deaths than in other democratic countries. When a government actor uses excessive force against an individual during an arrest or investigatory stop in violation of the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizure, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a federal civil remedy for that individual. In Graham v. Connor and Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts should assess the reasonableness of an officer’s use of force to seize an individual in light of the “totality of the circumstances,” which includes the severity of …


Th Executive Branch Anticanon, Deborah Pearlstein Nov 2020

Th Executive Branch Anticanon, Deborah Pearlstein

Fordham Law Review

Donald Trump’s presidency has given rise to a raft of concerns not just about the wisdom of particular policy decisions but also about the prospect that executive actions might have troubling longer term “precedential” effects. While critics tend to leave undefined what “precedent” in this context means, existing constitutional structures provide multiple mechanisms by which presidential practice can influence future executive branch conduct: judicial actors rely on practice as gloss on constitutional meaning, executive branch officials rely on past practice in guiding institutional norms of behavior, and elected officials outside the executive branch and the people themselves draw on past …


Whitman And The Fiduciary Relationship Conundrum, Lisa M. Fairfax Nov 2020

Whitman And The Fiduciary Relationship Conundrum, Lisa M. Fairfax

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Who Will Watch The Watchers?: Enacting A Corporate Observing Board To Increase Consideration Of Stakeholder Interests, Zachary Needle Nov 2020

Who Will Watch The Watchers?: Enacting A Corporate Observing Board To Increase Consideration Of Stakeholder Interests, Zachary Needle

Fordham Law Review

Modern U.S. corporate law has compelled corporate directors to make decisions that maximize share value regardless of the effect they have on the firm’s other stakeholders, like employees, creditors, and suppliers. While shareholder primacy is the norm in the United States, there are competing theories, mainly the stakeholder model, that have cognizable influence not only in the United States but also in foreign states. Both theories have their drawbacks, but the “short-termism” associated with shareholder primacy can damage a firm’s health. Directors make decisions that benefit the firm in the short term but often wipe out long-term value. This Note …


Withdrawing From Congressional-Executive Agreements With The Advice And Consent Of Congress, Abigail L. Sia Nov 2020

Withdrawing From Congressional-Executive Agreements With The Advice And Consent Of Congress, Abigail L. Sia

Fordham Law Review

As President Donald J. Trump withdrew the United States from one international agreement after another, many began to question whether these withdrawals required congressional approval. The answer may depend on the type of agreement. Based on history and custom, it appears that the president may unilaterally withdraw from agreements concluded pursuant to the treaty process outlined in the U.S. Constitution. However, the United States also has a long history of concluding international agreements as congressional-executive agreements, which use a different approval process that does not appear in the Constitution. But while academics have spilled ink on Article II treaties for …


Objector Blackmail Update: What Have The 2018 Amendments Done, Brian T. Fitzpatrick Nov 2020

Objector Blackmail Update: What Have The 2018 Amendments Done, Brian T. Fitzpatrick

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Unwaivable: Public Enforcement Claims And Mandatory Arbitration, Myriam Giles, Gary Friedman Nov 2020

Unwaivable: Public Enforcement Claims And Mandatory Arbitration, Myriam Giles, Gary Friedman

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Watching Insider Trading Law Wobble: Obus, Newman, Salman, Two Martomas , And A Blaszcak , Donald C. Langevoort Nov 2020

Watching Insider Trading Law Wobble: Obus, Newman, Salman, Two Martomas , And A Blaszcak , Donald C. Langevoort

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Class Action Objectors: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly, Robert Klonoff Nov 2020

Class Action Objectors: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly, Robert Klonoff

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Congressional Overspeech, Josh Chafetz Nov 2020

Congressional Overspeech, Josh Chafetz

Fordham Law Review

Political theater. Spectacle. Circus. Reality show. We are constantly told that, whatever good congressional oversight is, it certainly is not those things. Observers and participants across the ideological and partisan spectrums use those descriptions as pejorative attempts to delegitimize oversight conducted by their political opponents or as cautions to their own allies of what is to be avoided. Real oversight, on this consensus view, is about fact-finding, not about performing for an audience. As a result, when oversight is done right, it is both civil and consensus-building. While plenty of oversight activity does indeed involve bipartisan attempts to collect information …


Proactive Regulation Of Prosectors' Offices: Strengthening Disciplinary Committees' Oversight Of Prosecutors' Offices Across The United States With Aba Model Rule 5.1, Caitlyn B. Holuta Nov 2020

Proactive Regulation Of Prosectors' Offices: Strengthening Disciplinary Committees' Oversight Of Prosecutors' Offices Across The United States With Aba Model Rule 5.1, Caitlyn B. Holuta

Fordham Law Review

In the United States, there are currently several mechanisms to deter prosecutorial misconduct, including judicial orders, civil litigation by defendants, enforcement actions by disciplinary authorities, and internal discipline within a prosecutor’s office. Despite these many avenues of oversight, none have successfully prevented misconduct to the degree society demands. Several international legal systems have adopted regulatory frameworks based on the theory of proactive management-based regulation, which mitigates against unethical conduct by requiring attorneys to selfassess their internal ethics policies against a rubric of ethics goals set by ethics and disciplinary authorities. While most U.S. jurisdictions have not adopted proactive management-based regulations, …


Programmed Defamation: Applying § 230, Michael R. Bartels Nov 2020

Programmed Defamation: Applying § 230, Michael R. Bartels

Fordham Law Review

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act was originally intended to promote online innovation for the good faith moderation of interactive computer services. Since Congress enacted the statute, innovators, flourishing under statutory immunity, have been able to master the technological frontier, with most web traffic now consumed through highly curated and specialized feeds resembling a personal newspaper. The resulting free market of information is stronger than at any point in human history. The new technological regime, however, has created another problem. Most of the content shared on these platforms originates from third parties, often anonymous or judgment-proof. Section 230, meanwhile, …


Does The Patent Trial And Appeals Board's Precedential Opinion Comport With Due Process?, Patrick Lavery Nov 2020

Does The Patent Trial And Appeals Board's Precedential Opinion Comport With Due Process?, Patrick Lavery

Fordham Law Review

Inter partes review is an adversarial post-grant proceeding conducted at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office that allows third parties to petition for reexamination of patents. Normally, a panel of three administrative patent judges decides an inter partes review, but occasionally the director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has expanded panels on rehearing to find against the decision of the original panel. The director has expanded panels on rehearing when the original panel found against agency policy. This practice is known as panel stacking. Parties to cases, judges, and scholars have …


Foreword, John D. Feerick, John Rogan Oct 2020

Foreword, John D. Feerick, John Rogan

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Remarks, Pj Mode Oct 2020

Remarks, Pj Mode

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.


Remarks, Jon Soderstrom Oct 2020

Remarks, Jon Soderstrom

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.