Digital Commons Network^™

The Separation Of Powers Under Carter, Peter E. Quint

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Rethinking Novotny In Light Of United Brotherhood Of Carpenters & Joiners V. Scott: The Scope And Constitutionally Permissible Periphery Of Section 1985 (3), Taunya Lovell Banks

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

A Background To Variance Problems Under The Uniform Commercial Code: Toward A Contextual Approach, John L. Gedid

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Book Review (Reviewing Wesley A. Magat, Reform Of Environmental Regulation (1982)), John C. Dernbach, Thomas Y. Au

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The Appropriateness And Design Of Categorical Decision-Making Systems, John J. Capowski

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Constitutional Limits On Nationwide Personal Jurisdiction In The Federal Courts, Maryellen Fullerton

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act's Spousal Cosignature Rules And Community Property States: Regulatory Haywire, Winnie F. Taylor

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Solvency And Survival After The Boom—A Different Perspective, A. Kenneth Pye, John R. Kramer

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The Scope Of Bargaining In Minnesota Public Sector Labor Relations: A Proposal For Change, Deborah A. Schmedemann

Faculty Scholarship

This article surveys and analyzes the law on the scope of bargaining under the Minnesota Public Employment Labor Relations Act (PERLA) and suggests ways to make it more certain and responsive to public policy. Part II sets out the conflicting policy considerations to be accommodated in defining the scope of bargaining. These considerations form the basis for Part Ill's criticism of the present law under PELRA and guide the recommendations for change made in Part IV.

Aspects Of Puritan Jurisprudence; Comment On Berman, Revolution And Law: Ii The Puritan Revolution And English Law, Barbara Aronstein Black

Faculty Scholarship

In his learned and informative lecture on the Puritan Revolution and English law, Professor Berman tells us that England in the seventeenth century witnessed fundamental, revolutionary change, both religious and legal; a "Puritan belief system" became dominant and the English constitution and laws were transformed. According to Professor Berman, while there have been studies of the interconnections between religious change and constitutional change, nobody has attempted to relate overall change in the legal system to change in the belief system. However, "the new law that emerged in England as a result of the upheavals of 1640 and 1689 must be …

Promise, Benefit, And Need: Ties That Bind Us To The Law, Kent Greenawalt

Faculty Scholarship

In this lecture, I address the fundamental question of whether we have a good moral reason for obeying the law. Understanding why we should obey the law, if we should, is the starting point for resolving conflicts between that duty and other claims upon us.

I am primarily concerned here with generally applicable laws of the state, but I also consider rules that apply to members of more limited associations, such as law schools and the bar. Concern over obligation to obey rules does not begin and end with rules of the state. Moreover, the relation of citizens to the …

Religion As A Concept In Constitutional Law, Kent Greenawalt

Faculty Scholarship

Because federal and state constitutions forbid government from infringing upon religious liberty or supporting religion, courts must sometimes decide whether a claim, activity, organization, purpose, or classification is religious. In most cases arising under these religion clauses, the religiousness of an activity or organization will be obvious. However; when the presence of religion is seriously controverted, the threshold question, "defining religion," becomes important. Most courts have prudently eschewed theoretical generalizations in approaching that question. Academic commentators have struggled to startlingly diverse proposals.

This Article suggests that in both free exercise and establishment cases, courts should decide whether something is religious …

Constitutional Law As Moral Philosophy, Gerard E. Lynch

Faculty Scholarship

The seemingly inexhaustible debate over the proper role of the Supreme Court in constitutional adjudication concerns an issue of enormous practical importance: whether the Court has or should have the power to overturn the decision of a democratically elected legislature to, say, prohibit abortions, affects not only the allocation of significant political power, but also the moral lives and indeed the very bodies of millions of citizens. For this reason, many contributions to that debate, from academics as well as from practicing politicians, have burned with the passion of political commitment, seeking to influence events directly by persuading judges (or …

Resolving The Paradox Of The Innocent Construction Rule, David Larson

Faculty Scholarship

The application of the innocent construction rule in defamation cases has led to illogical and questionable holdings. This article will explain the nature of that rule and illustrate its use by focusing on cases arising in Illinois. It will review the recent case of Chapski v. Copley Press, where the Illinois Supreme Court rejected the innocent construction rule, and raise the possibility that additional reform may be necessary in Illinois. Finally, other jurisdictions relying upon similar rules of interpretation will be identified and discussed.

Miranda Revisited: Broadening The Right To Counsel During Custodial Interrogation--Commonwealth V. Sherman, Beth Cohen

Faculty Scholarship

The judicially created Miranda protections require law enforcement officials to inform criminal suspects of their right to counsel prior to proceeding with custodial interrogation. In Commonwealth v. Sherman, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts considered whether a criminal defendant validly waived his right to counsel when a police officer failed to inform him that an attorney, appointed to represent him in an unrelated case, had requested to be present during his interrogation. Concluding that, under the peculiar circumstances of the case, the defendant did not voluntarily waive his right to counsel, the court suppressed the defendant's in-custody statements to police. …

Preliminary Injunctions: The Varying Standards, Arthur D. Wolf

Faculty Scholarship

The Author undertakes a survey in this Article which shows that the Supreme Court and the courts of appeals have not articulated or applied consistent criteria for preliminary injunctive relief. Their decisions have described a sinuous path through primary standards, alternative tests, and sliding scale variations. Part of the difficulty may be because the Supreme Court has not taken a firm hand in resolving conflicts between and among the circuits on critical issues involving interlocutory injunctions. In addition while the courts of appeals make reference to each others' opinions, they have not demonstrated a desire to achieve uniformity in their …

Lawyers, Politics, And The "Lawyers' Interest": An Historical Inquiry, James W. Gordon

Faculty Scholarship

The assumption that the occupational identification of "lawyer" is the salient feature in evaluating political motivation is interesting, if questionable, according to the Author. Does occupational identity overwhelm other identities? Are politically active lawyers really a homogeneous group? Are they less affected by competing identities associated with wealth, geography, familial and constituency concerns, political ideology, party considerations, or any of the myriad other sources of public and private motivation of behavior? Surely the hypothesis that politically active lawyers behave differently from nonlawyers is worth investigating. This Article offers some preliminary responses to these questions posed, which are grounded in empirical …

Recovery Of Basis In Non-Qualifying Stock Redemptions Under Sections 302 And 304, Frederick D. Royal

Faculty Scholarship

This Article reviews the redemption provisions of both section 302 and section 304 of the Internal Revenue Code. It discusses the existing rules for basis recovery in dividend equivalent redemptions, and highlights the situations where the recovery of the basis of the stock redeemed becomes a problem. A number of cases, revenue rulings, and hypothetical illustrations where the basis recovery of redeemed stock has created or potentially could create a problem are examined. The Article also analyzes the tax policies which may influence the structure of a basis recovery procedure in dividend equivalent redemptions, and suggests the recovery method which …

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act's Spousal Co-Signature Rules: Suretyship Contracts In Separate Property States, Winnie F. Taylor

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Biological Monitoring: The Employer's Dilemma, Frances H. Miller

Faculty Scholarship

The industrial workplace contains many potential health hazards that not only can cause great harm to workers, but also can destroy the employers’ economic stability. Often these hazards are documented and dealt with, but frequently they are unknown. When health-conscious employers monitor the physical well-being of their employees in an effort to avoid the terrible personal and economic costs these hazards can produce, they may be supplying their employees with the documentation necessary to recover financially for their industrial illnesses.

This Article analyzes this dilemma confronting employers. It describes the many factors employers must consider when deciding whether to institute …

Competence To Refuse Medical Treatment: Autonomy Vs. Paternalism, George J. Annas, Joan E. Densberger

Faculty Scholarship

The right to refuse medical treatment is universally recognized as a fundamental principle of liberty. Nonetheless, the right is often infringed upon by paternalistic physicians who either use too narrow a definition of competence, or misunderstand or ignore the patient's liberty interest in freedom from coerced medical interventions. A careful consideration of competence in the medical care setting leads to a conclusion that it can best be assessed by determining the patient's ability to understand the information necessary to provide informed consent to treatment. If a patient has this capacity, both his consent and refusal must be honored. Placing competence …

Arbitration Of International Contract Disputes, William W. Park

Faculty Scholarship

International commercial arbitration has been the victim of its own success. Arbitration is often the only dispute resolution process acceptable in business contexts where parties from different countries have rejected recourse to each other's legal system at the outset of the contractual relationship. For example, when a Swedish shipyard contracts to build tankers for an agency of the Libyan government, the Swedes are unlikely to relish the prospect of appearing before Libyan courts, and the Libyans may view submission to the courts of Sweden (or of another industrialized Western nation) as an affront to Libyan national sovereignty. Neither the Swedish …

The Consumer's Emerging Right To Boycott: Naacp V. Claiborne Hardware And Its Implications For American Labor Law, Michael C. Harper

Faculty Scholarship

Hard cases do not always make bad law. Sometimes, when confronted with records that will yield neither to the direct application of established legal principles nor to factual manipulation, courts articulate, or at least suggest, a new principle which should and often does refine a body of old law. The Supreme Court's decision in NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co." should become a prominent and salutary example of such hard cases. Before Claiborne Hardware, the Court had indicated that legislatures, for rational economic policy reasons, could make peaceful consumer boycotts illegal.' Confronted with compelling facts in the Claiborne Hardware …

Timing Under A Unified Wealth Transfer Tax, Theodore S. Sims

Faculty Scholarship

The United States taxes gifts made while an individual is living more leniently than it taxes wealth transfers at death. Although in some measure this disparity has existed since the enactment of the modern estate and gift taxes in 1916 and 1932, it was significantly narrowed by the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (the 1976 Act). That statute replaced the separate gift and estate taxes with a regime that taxes the cumulative total of an individual's lifetime taxable gifts and his taxable estate at death, under a single (or "unified") graduated table of rates. Nevertheless, there remains a signficant difference …

The Business Judgement Rule, Tamar Frankel

Faculty Scholarship

Symposium: Current Issues in Corporate Governance: Conference Panel Discussion

Prof. Kozyris: Our discussion today will focus on the so-called "business judgment rule," a judicially developed law concept that the business decisions of corporate management should not be second-guessed by the courts. The courts will not interfere with such decisions as they are being made and carried out, nor will they impose liability on management if it turns out that the decisions were wrong.

High Society: The Building Height Limitation On Baltimore's Mt. Vernon Place, Garrett Power

Faculty Scholarship

The "Anti Skyscraper" Law of 1904 is often described as Maryland's first zoning law and one of the first zoning laws in the United States. But there is more. Behind this dusty statute is a story of speculation, selfishness, collusion and changing social values, which takes a century and a half to unfold and which has something to say about the role of government in regulating the use of land.

Thinking Like A Statistician: The Report Of The American Statistical Association Committee On Training In Statistics In Selected Professions, David H. Kaye

Faculty Scholarship

In 1983, a subcommittee of the American Statistical Association composed of legal educators and one judge issued a report describing existing programs for educating law students in statistics and offering recommendations for improving these programs. This article summarizes that report.

Arbitral Adjudication: A Comparative Assessment Of Its Remedial And Substantive Status In Transnational Commerce, Thomas E. Carbonneau

Faculty Scholarship

With the growth of international trade, arbitration has emerged as the preferred remedy for disputes in private international commerce. Its adjudicatory features respond well to the sui generis dispute resolution needs of international commercial contracts. Most significantly, an arbitration agreement acts as an elaborate choice-of-forum clause. It allows the parties to satisfy their need for a predictable and effective dispute resolution process by creating a more realistic and workable framework that supersedes the fundamentally parochial alternative proffered by national legal systems. The party autonomy principle that underlies arbitration gives the contracting parties the power to fashion a remedial process tailored …

Criminal Coercion And Freedom Of Speech, Kent Greenawalt

Faculty Scholarship

This essay about constitutional limits on criminal coercion concerns a piece of a larger puzzle; how freedom of expression impinges on crimes that involve communication. The essay has two interrelated purposes. One is to reach some rather specific conclusions about the kinds of coercive threats that enjoy constitutional protection and to suggest how legislative formulations of criminal coercion can minimize coverage of such threats. The second purpose, more general and theoretical, is to show how the boundaries of freedom of expression can be understood and how courts can employ those boundaries to arrive at specific tests of constitutional protection. The …

The Press And The Public Interest: An Essay On The Relationship Between Social Behavior And The Language Of First Amendment Theory, Lee C. Bollinger

Faculty Scholarship

I would like to explore in this essay one aspect of the contemporary American debate over the theory of freedom of speech and press. The subject I want to address is this: whether the principle of freedom of speech and press should be viewed as protecting some personal or individual interest in speaking and writing or whether it should be seen as fostering a collective or public interest. Sometimes this issue is stated as being whether the first amendment protects a "right to speak" or a "right to hear," though in general the problem seems to be whether we should …