Digital Commons Network^™

Zealous Representation Bound: The Intersection Of The Ethical Codes And The Criminal Law, Bruce A. Green

Faculty Scholarship

Professional codes adopted by states and based on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Model Code of Professional Responsibility govern lawyers' conduct. The ethical codes, however, fail to address many ethical questions confronting lawyers. In this Article, Professor Bruce Green highlights the ethical codes' weaknesses, particularly as they relate to the conduct of criminal defense attorneys. As he describes, the ethical codes require advocates to represent their clients "zealously," but, at the same time, "within the bounds of the law." When the codes do not proscribe conduct that would advance their clients' causes, conscientious advocates must consider whether …

Resolving The Remedial Dilemma: Strategies Of Judicial Intervention In Prisons, Susan P. Sturm

Faculty Scholarship

During the last several decades, courts have undertaken to remedy ongoing constitutional and statutory violations in a variety of public and private institutions. Once a court determines that an institutional pattern or practice violates the law, it must face the challenge of structuring a process that will lead to the elimination of the illegal conditions or practices. Whether this judicial activity is called "ordinary" or "extraordinary," the remedial process in institutional reform litigation may lead the trial court to engage in a range of roles beyond those usually required to "resolve a traditional private dispute.

Courts involved in institutional reform …

Deterring The Formation Of The Attorney-Client Relationship: Disclosure Of Client Identity, Payment Of Fees, And Communications By Fiduciaries, Daniel J. Capra

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Violence As Regulation And Social Control In The Distribution Of Crack, Jeffrey A. Fagan, Ko-Lin Chin

Faculty Scholarship

This chapter examines violence and aggression among crack and other illicit drug sellers in New York City. Few studies have addressed the origins of drug selling, specifically whether such drug violence reflects generalized violence or violent behaviors contingent on drug selling. Aggression in crack selling appears to be commonplace and severe (Goldstein et al., unpublished manuscript; Goldstein 1989; Johnson, et al. 1990; New York Times 1989b) and is the focus of this study. Aggression evident in nondrug criminality is compared for crack sellers and other seller types. If violence in drug selling is a distinct behavior that reflects the contingencies …

How Useful Is Civil Rico In The Enforcement Of Criminal Law?, Gerard E. Lynch

Faculty Scholarship

The title of this paper asks what appears to be a simple and important question: Just how much does the availability of extensive private civil remedies for violation of the RICO statute add to the effort to ensure compliance with the norms of criminal law? These remarks address only civil RICO actions by private plaintiffs. The once-rare, but increasingly frequent, civil RICO actions brought by the United States present very different issues. This question is, of course, only a part of any assessment of the value of civil RICO. One may conclude that civil RICO is of little or no …

A Conceptual, Practical, And Political Guide To Rico Reform, Gerard E. Lynch

Faculty Scholarship

RICO is nearing its twentieth birthday, but it may not be a happy one. In fact, 'tis the season for critics of RICO to be, if not jolly, at least highly active. A House subcommittee and the Senate Judiciary Committee have held hearings on RICO reform, the popular and business press has published numerous debates and criticisms involving fairly arcane points of civil and criminal law, scholars and lawyers have filled law reviews and legal newspapers with articles often critical of the statute, and the pressure has been building for statutory changes.

As the pressure for change has intensified, and …

More Than "Slightly Retro:" The Rehnquist Court's Rout Of Habeas Corpus Jurisdiction In Teague V. Lane, James S. Liebman

Faculty Scholarship

Someone I know, more a student of contemporary fashion than I, sometimes describes people dressed in uniformly dark clothing as "slightly retro." I am not sure of the allusion, but what I can discern leads me to think that the Supreme Court's nonretroactivity decisions beginning with Teague v. Lane are – puns aside – more than just "slightly retro."

The Court's innovation may be stated as follows: For 160 years, Congress empowered federal judges to order state officials to release or retry individuals held in custody in violation of federal law as those federal judges, and not the state officials, …

Determinants Of Judicial Waiver Decisions For Violent Juvenile Offenders, Jeffrey Fagan, Elizabeth Piper Deschens

Faculty Scholarship

The selection of jurisdiction for adjudicating juvenile crime today is one of the most controversial debates in crime control policy, reflecting differences in assumptions about the causes of crime and philosophies of jurisprudence and punishment. For adolescent offenders, especially violent youth whose behaviors may pose particular social danger, critics view the traditional goals of the juvenile court and the "best interests of the child" standard as being at odds with public concerns for retribution and incapacitation of criminals. The choice between jurisdictions is a choice between the nominally rehabilitative dispositions of the juvenile court and the explicitly punitive dispositions of …

What's Next?: The Future Of Rico, G. Robert Blakey, John C. Coffee Jr., Paul E. Coffey, L. Gordon Crovitz

Faculty Scholarship

Opening Statement of Mr. Crovitz: Coming to the Notre Dame Law School to debate Robert Blakey on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations law makes me feel like Daniel approaching the lion's den. I'm tempted to offer my own prayer, "Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no RICO."

"Were There No Appeal": The History Of Review In American Criminal Courts, David Rossman

Faculty Scholarship

The contemporary criminal justice system is guided, in large part, from the top down. A great deal of the force that drives the "terrible engine" of the criminal law is supplied by courts that consider cases on review after a defendant has been convicted.

Form And Function In The Administration Of Justice: The Bill Of Rights And Federal Habeas Corpus, Larry Yackle

Faculty Scholarship

Part I critiques the Report's insistence that accurate fact finding exhausts, or nearly exhausts, the objectives of criminal justice, identifies the fundamental role of the Bill of Rights in the American political order, and situates federal habeas corpus within that framework. Part II traces the Report's historical review of the federal habeas jurisdiction and critiques the Report's too-convenient reliance on selected materials that, on examination, fail to undermine conventional understandings of the writ's development as a postconviction remedy. Part III responds to the Report's complaints regarding current habeas corpus practice and refutes contentions that the habeas jurisdiction overburdens federal dockets …

Pregnancy, Drugs, And The Perils Of Prosecution, Wendy K. Mariner, Leonard H. Glantz, George J. Annas

Faculty Scholarship

In the war on drugs an offensive has been launched against pregnant women who use drugs. Over the past four years, prosecuting attorneys have been indicting women who use drugs while pregnant. In South Carolina alone, eighteen women who allegedly took drugs during pregnancy were indicted last summer for criminal neglect of a child or distribution of drugs to a minor.' In the only successful prosecution so far, Jennifer Johnson was convicted in Florida for delivering illegal drugs to a minor via the umbilical cord in the moment after her child was born and before the cord was clamped.^{2 …}

Under Advisement: Attorney Fee Forfeiture And The Supreme Court, Stacy Caplow

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Aids And Government: A Plan Of Action, Taunya L. Banks

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Autopsy Of A Murder: Using Simulation To Teach First Year Criminal Law, Stacy Caplow

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Bias Crimes: Unconscious Racism In The Prosecution Of Racially Motivated Violence, Tanya K. Hernandez

Faculty Scholarship

Within the past four years, a perceived surge of "bias crimes" has seized the nation's attention. Bias crimes, physical acts of violence used as an outlet for prejudiced hostilities, are usually street crimes spontaneously committed by casual clusters of "normal people on the street" with very little advanced planning. This Note focuses on the physical injuries to persons that result from bias crimes. Such physical injuries represent cog- nizable harms that can be redressed through criminal statutes.'

Drug Legalization: The Importance Of Asking The Right Question Symposium On Drug Decriminalization, Mark A.R. Kleinman, Aaron J. Saiger

Faculty Scholarship

As a policy analysis, this article's central argument is that that the costs imposed by markets in licit psychoactives are significantly greater than those imposed by drug prohibition.

Seasoned To The Use, Carol Sanger

Faculty Scholarship

Two recent novels, Presumed Innocent and The Good Mother, have more in common than critical success, longevity on best-seller lists and big-name movie adaptations. Both books are about law: Presumed Innocent is a tale of murder in the big city; The Good Mother is the story of a custody fight over a little girl. Central characters in both books are lawyers. Turow is a lawyer, and Miller thanks lawyers. While the books could be classified in other ways – Presumed Innocent as mystery, The Good Mother as women's fiction – each meets a suggested genre specification of a legal novel: …

Teaching Mediation As A Lawyering Role Developments, Jacqueline Nolan-Haley

Faculty Scholarship

The growth of the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) movement has generated an increased interest in the study and practice of mediation as a nonadversarial method of conflict resolution. With mediation, individuals settle their disputes using a neutral third party who has no power to impose a settlement. Historically, mediation has been widely neglected in legal education, and-except for those involved in the labor field-lawyers have not practiced it. Recent gains in visibility have not necessarily resulted in widespread acceptance of mediation. In fact, mediation has even been openly resisted by some members of the legal profession.

Charleston Policy: Substance Or Abuse, The , Kimani Paul-Emile

Faculty Scholarship

In 1989, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) adopted a policy that, according to subjective criteria, singled out for drug testing, certain women who sought prenatal care and childbirth services would be tested for prohibited substances. Women who tested positive were arrested, incarcerated and prosecuted for crimes ranging from misdemeanor substance possession to felony substance distribution to a minor. In this Article, the Author argues that by intentionally targeting indigent Black women for prosecution, the MUSC Policy continued the United States legacy of their systematic oppression and resulted in the criminalizing of Black Motherhood.

Punishment: The Civil Perspective Of Punitive Damages, Bailey Kuklin

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Through A Glass, Darkly: How The Court Sees Motions To Disqualify Criminal Defense Lawyers , Bruce A. Green

Faculty Scholarship

Although raised frequently in the lower courts, the question of what the trial judge's role is in conflict-of-interest cases has, for nearly half a century, lurked in the background of the Supreme Court's decisions concerning the scope of a criminal defendant's right to the undivided loyalty of his attorney. Last term, as its conflict-of-interest jurisprudence reached middle age, the Court had the opportunity to articulate its views on that question. In Wheat v. United States, the Court held that a trial judge has discretion to disqualify defense counsel, even over the defendant's objection, if a serious possibility for a conflict …

Cessation Of Family Violence: Deterrence And Dissuasion, Jeffrey Fagan

Faculty Scholarship

Family violence research has only recently begun to investigate desistance. Recent developments in the study of behaviors other than family violence, such as the use of addictive substances, suggest that common processes can be identified in the cessation of disparate behaviors involving diverse populations and occurring in different settings. Desistance is the outcome of processes that begin with aversive experiences leading to a decision to stop. Desistance apparently follows legal sanctions in nearly three spouse abuse cases in four, but the duration of cessation is unknown beyond short study periods. Batterers with shorter, less severe histories have a higher probability …

Is Law Politics?, Philip Chase Bobbitt

Faculty Scholarship

Red, White, and Blue addresses the pervasive presence of five general theories of American constitutional law. These theories reflect particular jurisprudential ideologies governing, among other things, the legitimacy of certain arguments, the appropriateness of certain occasions for judicial intervention and the constitutional basis for judicial review. What makes this book interesting and important is that it provides an unwitting or at least unself-conscious example of the general theorizing it wishes to explain. For this reason, its descriptions of the particular family of theories that characterize American constitutional jurisprudence are distorted, while it disclaims any account of the particular set of …

Transnational Takeover Talk: Regulations Relating To Tender Offers And Insider Trading In The United States, The United Kingdom, Germany, And Australia, Roberta S. Karmel

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Whose Advantage After All: A Comment On The Comparison Of Civil Justice Systems, Herbert L. Bernstein

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

In Search Of The Virtuous Prosecutor: A Conceptual Framework, Stanley Z. Fisher

Faculty Scholarship

Questions about the scope and content of the duty to "seek justice" pervade prosecutorial work. Prosecutors are required to serve in a dual role: they are both advocates seeking conviction and "ministers of justice." Observers have complained about a tendency on the part of prosecutors to prefer the former of these "schizophrenic" obligations to the latter. This is commonly described as a tendency to behave overzealously or according to a "conviction psychology. ' "

If Your Client Is Mentally Retarded, James W. Ellis, Ruth A. Luckasson

Faculty Scholarship

Introduction to defending clients who hae cognitive disabilites.

Chronicling A Movement For Civil Rights, James W. Ellis

Faculty Scholarship

Review of the book, The Mentally Disabled and the Law, by Jan Brakel Samuel, John Pary, and Barbara A. Weiner.

Rethinking Harmless Constitutional Error, A. Kimberley Dayton

Faculty Scholarship

This article examines the increasing role of the Chapman Rule and its effect on the harmless error doctrine and outlines a coherent doctrine of constitutional error responsive to the purposes of the various constitutional protections afforded criminal defendants. Part I evaluates the Court's existing harmless error jurisprudence. Part II proposes a harmless error doctrine that, unlike the Court's approach, responds to constitutional values unrelated to truth determination. The last two parts of the Article address two problems precipitated by the use of outcome-oriented rules to define and remedy constitutional error. Part III discusses when such a rule should be used …