Digital Commons Network^™

Protecting Privacy Under The Fourth Amendment, Rory Little

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Report On The National Commission: Good As Gold, George J. Annas

Faculty Scholarship

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research ended its work by substantially endorsing the status quo which places primary reliance on local Institutional Review Boards for subject protection. This was predictable because of the Commission's researcher-dominated composition which permitted it to assume that (1) research is good; (2) experimentation is almost never harmful to subjects; and (3) researcher-dominated IRBs can adequately protect the Interests of human subjects. The successor Presidential Commission can learn much by reexamining these premises.

Equal Rights To Trial For Women: Sex-Bias In The Law Of Self-Defense, Elizabeth M. Schneider

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Defining The Role Of The Physician: Medical Education, Tradition, And The Legal Process, Robert L. Schwartz

Faculty Scholarship

The professional conflict and animosity that have developed between the legal and medical professions are symptomatic of something that is basic and disturbing to the traditional science and practice of medicine. Even a cursory review of the literature will reveal that physicians, lawyers, philosophers, and others (with greater or lesser degrees of insight and awareness) are currently engaged in serious reevaluations of such concepts as the definition of medicine as science and/or art, the structure and administration of effective medical curricula, and the goals of the medical profession itself. Such analyses require not only that physicians evaluate what they ought …

The French Legal Studies Curriculum: Its History And Relevance As A Model For Reform, Thomas E. Carbonneau

Faculty Scholarship

This article attempts to describe and analyze those events which fostered the historical metamorphosis of the French legal studies curriculum. The predominance of a broad academic approach to law and the concomitant absence of a narrow "trade school" mentality in the French law schools might be attributed to the general organization of higher education in France. One of the primary contentions of this article is that the fundamental character of French legal education, which emphasizes the educating of jurists as opposed to the training of lawyers, is the product of a set of factors which are deeply rooted in French …

Corporate Crime And Punishment: A Non-Chicago View Of The Economics Of Criminal Sanctions, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

In this article, Professor Coffee argues that fines are an inefficient means by which to deter organizational crimes. Instead, he urges a focus on the individual decision-maker and a system of competitive bids with respect to the choice of a fine as an alternative punishment.

Impact Of A Youth Service Center, Deborah W. Denno

Faculty Scholarship

This study evaluates the impact of a Youth Service Center (YSC) in South Philadelphia, using methods which consider both the Center's goals and relevant developments within its target area. The YSC is a delinquency-prevention program housed in the South Philadelphia Community Center (SPCC), a general recreation facility which evolved from the Philadelphia Boys' Club in 1974. The YSC program was added in June 1975 to "prevent and limit youth from becoming involved in the Juvenile Justice System, police courts, and institutions". Program referrals comprise area youths between the ages of 10 and 18 who have been arrested and are in …

Rebuttal: The Individual Or The Firm? Focusing The Threat Of Criminal Liability, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

I cannot disagree with much of what Mr. Crane has said in his very articulate presentation. One must be careful about trying to prove too much. I have not argued against individual criminal liability, but I do not believe we can rely on it exclusively. Let me therefore confine my reply to this question and to Mr. Crane's criticisms of my equity fine proposal.

Homo Psychologicus: Notes On A New Legal Formalism, William H. Simon

Faculty Scholarship

Having survived the assault of the Realists earlier in this century, the doctrinal tradition in legal theory and legal education is undergoing a second wave of criticism. Again, doctrinal writing and education is charged with promoting a conservative ideological perspective and with ignoring the practical tasks of lawyering. Law schools are criticized for failing both to train competent practitioners and to instill in their students an appropriate sense of "responsibility."

One of the most interesting aspects of this second wave of criticism has been the emergence of a new style of discourse about law inspired by psychology. This style, which …

Judicial Review And The National Political Process: A Functional Reconsideration Of The Role Of The Supreme Court, Henry Paul Monaghan

Faculty Scholarship

Imagine a cold morning early in February. Slowly sipping coffee in an effort to awaken fully, you are reading through the Supreme Court advance sheets. You come across the following brief opinion:

PER CURIAM. Fisher v. Rye Co., No. 81-1, and First Savings Bank v. Smith, No. 81-2. These petitions for certiorari have been consolidated for disposition in a single opin-ion. No. 81-1 challenges an Executive Order that, in an effort to combat gender-based discrimination, requires government contractors to adopt affirmative action programs. No argument is made that the Executive Order is authorized by statute. Concluding that the …

Balzacian Legality, Thomas E. Carbonneau

Faculty Scholarship

The study of law and literature is an area of growing interest to legal scholars in the United States. Honore de Balzac incorporated in his works a panoramic view of the social reality of nineteenth century France. In this context, the fidelity of Balzac's plots and characters to their external models has been well-documented in a number of fields, including sociology, commerce, and finance. In addition to this penchant for realism, however, Balzac laced his novels with an equally evident moral content. This commitment to accuracy and morality also influenced Balzac's novelistic treatment of the law and lawyers.

Balzac's work …

Professor Jones And The Constitution, Henry Paul Monaghan

Faculty Scholarship

Professor Harry Jones's elegant and stimulating Waterman lectures begin on a salutary note. Professor Jones rightly reminds us that, first and foremost, a constitution is not exclusively or primarily a limitation on the exercise of political power, but rather is a charter for its exercise. Accordingly, to view the Constitution as "all brakes and no engine" suggests a serious and fundamental myopia, albeit an understandable one given the popular preoccupation with the Supreme Court's role in vindicating guarantees of civil liberty. But that preoccupation, Professor Jones notes, does more than distort the meaning of the Constitution; it ignores an historically …

Governmental Regulation Of The Press: A Study Of Israel's Press Ordinance - Part I, Pnina Lahav

Faculty Scholarship

This article is part of a broader effort to analyse the relationship between the press and the legal system in Israel. Being only a segment of a larger project, it is devoted in its entirely to one component of Israel's press law: the Press Ordinance of 1933 (hereafter Pr. Ord.). Although antiquated and considered by certain circles as merely a "dead letter", the Pr. Ord. still forms the backbone of Israel's press law, since it regulates so many aspects of the press. Beyond its relevance as positive law, the Pr. Ord. is of interest for a number of reasons. Having …

Judicial Overload: The Reasons And The Remedies , Maria Marcus

Faculty Scholarship

Animosity towards lawyers, perennial in our social history long before Watergate, parallels a contradictory and equally persistent belief in judges as problem-solvers for a variety of personal, economic, educational and political ills. An increasing number of litigants are bringing to the courts not only the class of disputes that has been the traditional fare of judicial decision-making, but also an array of issues that were formerly resolved in private meetings, at hospitals, in schools, or at home. The causes of this explosion of lawsuits and the possible buffers to an eventual implosion in our judicial system will be discussed below

The Enduring Significance Of Neutral Principles, Kent Greenawalt

Faculty Scholarship

Almost twenty years have passed since Herbert Wechsler delivered his Oliver Wendell Holmes lecture, Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law. Although no one piece fully conveys the richness and rigor of Professor Wechsler's conception of constitutional law and the role of the judiciary, Neutral Principles sets out starkly, eloquently, and courageously some of his fundamental beliefs about constitutional decisionmaking. Shifts in jurisprudential fashion, as well as marked changes in constitutional doctrine and the composition of the Supreme Court, would make this an apt time to review what is almost certainly the most cited and most controversial discussion of constitutional …

The Ideology Of Advocacy: Procedural Justice And Professional Ethics, William H. Simon

Faculty Scholarship

Conventional morality frowns at the ethics of advocacy. Public opinion disapproves of what it considers the lawyer's most characteristic activities. Popular culture can reconcile itself to him only by pretending that all his clients are virtuous. The lawyer's response takes the form of a dialectic of cynicism and naiveté. On one hand, he sees his more degrading activities as licensed by a fundamental amorality lying beneath conventional morality. On the other hand, he sees his more heartening ones as serving an institutional justice higher than conventional morality. The two moods divide the profession as a whole, and the division can …

Guiding Capital Sentencing Discretion Beyond The "Boiler Plate": Mental Disorder As A Mitigating Factor, James S. Liebman, Michael J. Shepard

Faculty Scholarship

In five decisions handed down on July 2, 1976, the United States Supreme Court held that the death penalty may be imposed for the crime of murder, so long as there are clear standards to guide the sentencing authority and the sanction is not imposed mandatorily. The authors examine the eighth amendment doctrinal framework used by the Court in the July 2 Cases, with particular reference to the requirement that individualized mitigating information be considered in the sentencing decision. Illustrating that requirement, they contend that mental disorder should be considered as a possibly mitigating factor and then suggest a standard …

Principles, Positivism, And Legal Theory, David B. Lyons

Faculty Scholarship

A complete theory of law, writes Ronald Dworkin, tells us what law is and what it ought to be. The current "ruling" theory of law combines legal positivism with utilitarianism: it holds, first, that law is a set of explicitly adopted rules and, second, that law ought to maximize the general welfare. Dworkin rejects both branches of that theory. He argues that law contains "principles" as well as rules and that these principles cannot be traced to any explicit adoption or enactment. Dworkin argues further that the ruling theory neglects moral rights, which must be respected, he claims, even if …

Scientific Research With Children: Legal Incapacity And Proxy Consent, Leonard H. Glantz, George J. Annas, Barbara Katz

Faculty Scholarship

Before an investigator can use any person as a subject in biomedical or behavioral research, he must obtain that person's informed consent. This consent must be voluntary, competent, and understanding.¹ There are two questions that arise in regard to experimentation on children. First, is a child legally capable of giving an informed and understanding consent? Second, do parents have the legal capacity to consent to the performance of research on their children? This article will attempt to answer both of these questions.

Policy, Rights, And Judicial Decision, Kent Greenawalt

Faculty Scholarship

H.L.A. Hart has rightly been recognized as the outstanding contemporary figure in Anglo-American jurisprudence. His deep insight, penetrating analysis, lucid and graceful expression, and wise judgment have illumined every subject to which he has put his hand, and all who are interested in the philosophy of law have been affected by his work. It is a special privilege for me to participate in this issue devoted to publication of his Sibley lecture, because I am one of those who have been fortunate enough to have studied under him. My early efforts were exposed to his searching, but always tactful and …

Civil Jury Trial: The Case For Reasoned Iconoclasm, Mary Kay Kane

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The Metamorphosis Of Larceny, George P. Fletcher

Faculty Scholarship

To the modern lawyer, the rules of common law theft offenses do not seem ordered by any coherent principle. In this Article, however, Professor Fletcher shows that the common law of larceny can be understood in terms of two structural principles, possessorial immunity and manifest criminality. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as the modern style of legal thought evolved, first commentators and then courts lost their ability to understand these principles and came to rely on intent as the central element of criminal liability. As a result of this transformation, Professor Fletcher argues, the range of circumstances that can …

The Future Of Sentencing Reform: Emerging Legal Issues In The Individualization Of Justice, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

The dilemma of the American sentencing judge is qualitatively unique. Because our system of criminal justice has embraced to a degree unequaled elsewhere the rehabilitative ideal that punishment should fit not the crime, but the particular criminal, the sentencing judge must labor to fulfill the dual and sometimes conflicting roles of judge and clinician. Entrusted with enormous discretion, he is expected to "individualize" the sentence he imposes to suit the character, social history, and potential for recidivism of the offender before him. Yet, because of the general absence in our Sentencing Reform system of meaningful procedures for the appellate review …

Medical Malpractice Litigation Under National Health Insurance: Essential Or Expendable, George J. Annas, Barbara F. Katz, Robert G. Trakimas

Faculty Scholarship

"Medical malpractice" denotes the basis for a civil action brought by a patient against a physician for injuries resulting from negligence. The current method for compensating victims of these occurrences is primarily a fault-and-liability insurance system. The first principle of tort liability is that the party at fault pays for the damage inflicted upon an innocent victim. Whether a doctor is at fault is determined in an adversary proceeding, with both the doctor and the patient represented by counsel. The triers of fact have the task of ascertaining whether the defendant was at fault, and if so, what compensation he …

Coupling, Parenting And The Presence Of Others Intimate Relationships In Communal Households, D. Kelly Weisberg, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Dennis Jaffe

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

2-1-1: The 4th Revolution In Legal Education, Michael I. Sovern

Faculty Scholarship

If we were to count the great changes in legal education from Charles Evans Hughes' day to this, we would find ourselves with a short list. The shift from apprenticeship to school was already well begun by the time Mr. Hughes was graduated from the Columbia School of Law in 1884. The case method was a new idea, but it would become the orthodox methodology in a startlingly short time. By the turn of the century, a number of law schools had moved from two- to three-year programs, but two years was still enough for admission to the bar in …

The Status Of Women In Israel - Myth And Reality, Pnina Lahav

Faculty Scholarship

The issue of women's rights has been subjected to reexamination and redefinition in recent years. The legal structure relevant to this issue, so clearly intertwined with traditional values and historical prejudices, is increasingly studied in an attempt to find ways to achieve equality of the sexes in our lifetime. In this context, cross-cultural study of diverse societies and legal systems can make a vital contribution. A step forward in this direction was taken in the fall 1972 issue of this journal, in a symposium on the status of women. Among others, the Israeli legal system was discussed by Plea Albeck, …

The Patient Rights Advocate: Redefinig The Doctor-Patient Relationship In The Hospital Context, George J. Annas, Joseph M. Healey Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

As Western man approaches the last quarter of the twentieth century, he is developing the power to control the forces of nature. Few areas of human behavior have not been affected by new technologies. In health care, progress has been dramatic in such areas as the determination of prenatal genetic defects through amniocentesis, asexual reproduction through artificial insemination, the use of an artificial placenta, cloning,artifical modification of man-especially through transplantation, ' modification of human behavior through psychosurgery and chemotherapy,' and the mechanical postponement of death. No aspect of health care has escaped the impact of technology.

Psychosurgery: The Law's Response, George J. Annas, Leonard H. Glantz

Faculty Scholarship

Participants in the psychosurgery controversy generally espouse one of three competing points of view. First, there are the surgeons who argue that psychosurgical procedures have developed beyond the experimental stage to the point where they may be considered therapeutic for certain types of patients. Second, there are those who support further research in the area in the hope of developing genuinely therapeutic procedures, but who recognize the importance of safeguarding against potential abuses in the course of this development. Finally, there are the anti-psychosurgeons, who argue for the total prohibition of psychosurgery on ethical, spiritual, or political grounds independent of …

"Uncle Sam", The Product Safety Man: Consumer Product Safety Standards In The Marketplace And In The Courts, Marsha N. Cohen, James A. Brodsky

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.