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3-D Microwell Array System For Culturing Virus Infected Tumor Cells, Umut A. Gurkan Dec 2016

3-D Microwell Array System For Culturing Virus Infected Tumor Cells, Umut A. Gurkan

Faculty Scholarship

Cancer cells have been increasingly grown in pharmaceutical research to understand tumorigenesis and develop new therapeutic drugs. Currently, cells are typically grown using two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture approaches, where the native tumor microenvironment is difficult to recapitulate. Thus, one of the main obstacles in oncology is the lack of proper infection models that recount main features present in tumors. In recent years, microtechnology-based platforms have been employed to generate three-dimensional (3-D) models that better mimic the native microenvironment in cell culture. Here, we present an innovative approach to culture Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infected human B cells in 3-D using …


Bacterial Colonization And Antibiotic Resistance In A Prospective Cohort Of Newborn Infants During The First Year Of Life, Sharon B. Meropol, Kurt C. Stange, Michael R. Jacobs, Judith K. Weiss, Saralee Bajaksouzian, Robert A. Bonomo Dec 2016

Bacterial Colonization And Antibiotic Resistance In A Prospective Cohort Of Newborn Infants During The First Year Of Life, Sharon B. Meropol, Kurt C. Stange, Michael R. Jacobs, Judith K. Weiss, Saralee Bajaksouzian, Robert A. Bonomo

Faculty Scholarship

Background. Infants are virtually sterile at birth and frequently use antibiotics; our objective was to (1) characterize the longitudinal colonization with bacterial pathogens and associated antibiotic resistance in a cohort of community-dwelling infants in Northeast Ohio and (2) describe longitudinal concurrent antibiotic and daycare exposures. Methods. For 35 newborns, nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae, anterior nasal for Staphylococcus aureus, and perirectal for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative enteric bacteria, at 3-month intervals for 12 months. Infant and household antibiotics and daycare exposure were assessed longitudinally. Results. Thirteen infants received perinatal or nursery antibiotics. By 3 months, at least 22 …


Prevalence And Incidence Of Neurological Disorders Among Adult Ugandans In Rural And Urban Mukono District; A Cross-Sectional Study, Michael Devereaux, Anthony Furlan, Martha Sajatovic Nov 2016

Prevalence And Incidence Of Neurological Disorders Among Adult Ugandans In Rural And Urban Mukono District; A Cross-Sectional Study, Michael Devereaux, Anthony Furlan, Martha Sajatovic

Faculty Scholarship

Background: The burden of neurological diseases is increasing in developing countries. However, there is a prominent scarcity of literature on the incidence of neurological diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the prevalence and incidence of neurological diseases in this setting to serve as a baseline for planning and care for neurological disorders in Uganda. Methods: The study was conducted within rural and urban Mukono district, east of Kampala city of Uganda, central region. Over a period of six months, a cross sectional survey was conducted and screening was performed using a standardized questionnaire. All subjects …


Asking More Of Our Metaphors: Narrative Strategies To End The "War On Alzheimer's" And Humanize Cognitive Aging, Peter J. Whitehouse Sep 2016

Asking More Of Our Metaphors: Narrative Strategies To End The "War On Alzheimer's" And Humanize Cognitive Aging, Peter J. Whitehouse

Faculty Scholarship

In all facets of our lives, humans construct meaning to understand their place in the world and their relationships to one another and to broader environments. Within this semantic web, words, stories, and metaphors play a key role in the meaning-making process, with the latter serving as a particularly important means of fluidly integrating thoughts, values, and actions across cognitive domains. Derived from the Greek roots “meta” (over/across) and “phor” (to carry) and literally meaning “carrying across,” metaphor guides an understanding of one thing in terms of another. It is such a pervasive tendency in human speech and thought that …


Marijuana Use Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men And The Hiv Care Continuum: Findings From The Uconnect Cohort, Dexter R. Voisin Aug 2016

Marijuana Use Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men And The Hiv Care Continuum: Findings From The Uconnect Cohort, Dexter R. Voisin

Faculty Scholarship

Background: Young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are at highest risk for HIV seroconversion in the United States. Successful movement through the HIV care continuum is an important intervention for limiting onwards HIV transmission. Objective: Little data exists on how substances most commonly used by YBMSM, such as marijuana, are related to the HIV continuum, which represents the primary aim of this study. Methods: A cohort of YBMSM (n = 618) was generated through respondent-driven sampling. Frequency of marijuana use and marijuana use as a sex-drug were assessed across the HIV care continuum using weighted logistic regression …


Oral Cryptococcosis In A Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Sachin Patel, Maria Navas, Courtney Batt, Robin L.P. Jump Jul 2016

Oral Cryptococcosis In A Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Sachin Patel, Maria Navas, Courtney Batt, Robin L.P. Jump

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


A Survey And Analysis Of The American Public's Perceptions And Knowledge About Antibiotic Resistance, Rebecca R. Carter, Jiayang Sun, Robin L.P. Jump May 2016

A Survey And Analysis Of The American Public's Perceptions And Knowledge About Antibiotic Resistance, Rebecca R. Carter, Jiayang Sun, Robin L.P. Jump

Faculty Scholarship

Background. Little is known about the American public's perceptions or knowledge about antibiotic-resistant bacteria or antibiotic misuse. We hypothesized that although many people recognize antibiotic resistance as a problem, they may not understand the relationship between antibiotic consumption and selection of resistant bacteria. Methods. We developed and tested a survey asking respondents about their perceptions and knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use. Respondents were recruited with the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. The survey, carefully designed to assess a crowd-sourced population, asked respondents to explain "antibiotic resistance" in their own words. Subsequent questions were multiple choice. Results. Of 215 respondents, the …


Serratia Fonticola, Pathogen Or Bystander? A Case Series And Review Of The Literature, Roberto Viau, Robin L.P. Jump May 2016

Serratia Fonticola, Pathogen Or Bystander? A Case Series And Review Of The Literature, Roberto Viau, Robin L.P. Jump

Faculty Scholarship

Serratia fonticola is an unusual human pathogen, previously described primarily as causing skin and soft tissue infections following trauma. There is little information in the literature about its treatment or susceptibilities. We describe the case of a 67-year-old male with paraplegia who developed urosepsis due to S. fonticola. Blood and urine cultures obtained prior to the initiation of antimicrobials both grew S. fonticola. The patient completed a 15-day course of antimicrobials and had an uneventful recovery.We reviewed 17 other patients with clinical cultures positive for S. fonticola. Of these, 11 isolates were from the genitourinary system, most often as part …


Vaccines And Airline Travel: A Federal Role To Protect The Public Health, Christopher Robertson May 2016

Vaccines And Airline Travel: A Federal Role To Protect The Public Health, Christopher Robertson

Faculty Scholarship

This Article explores two ways in which airline travel is an important vector for the spread of infectious disease, and argues that airlines have market-based and liability-based reasons to require that passengers be vaccinated. Going further, the Article explores whether the federal government has the legal and constitutional authority — especially under the Commerce Clause — to encourage or mandate that airlines implement such a vaccine screen. By disrupting the spread of disease at key network nodes where individuals interact and then connect with other geographic regions, and by creating another incentive for adult vaccination, an airline vaccine screen could …


Progress In The Fight Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria?: A Review Of Fda-Approved Antibiotics 2010-2015, Dalia Deak, Kevin Outterson, John H. Powers, Aaron S. Kesselheim May 2016

Progress In The Fight Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria?: A Review Of Fda-Approved Antibiotics 2010-2015, Dalia Deak, Kevin Outterson, John H. Powers, Aaron S. Kesselheim

Faculty Scholarship

A weak antibiotic pipeline and the increase in drug-resistant pathogens have led to calls for more new antibiotics. Eight new antibiotics were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between January 2010 and December 2015: ceftaroline, fidaxomicin, bedaquiline, dalbavancin, tedizolid, oritavancin, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam. This study evaluates the development course and pivotal trials of these antibiotics for their innovativeness, development process, documented patient outcomes, and cost. Data sources were FDA approval packages and databases (January 2010 to December 2015); the Red Book (Truven Health Analytics); Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (FDA); and supplementary information …


Ebola And Human Rights: Post-9/11 Public Health And Safety In Epidemics, George J. Annas May 2016

Ebola And Human Rights: Post-9/11 Public Health And Safety In Epidemics, George J. Annas

Faculty Scholarship

In public health practice, the concepts of health and safety are often conflated. However, protecting and promoting health is radically different from protecting and promoting safety. Since 9/11, the distinctions between health and safety have changed and are in the process of merging. In our terrorism-obsessed world, public health has been increasingly militarized and enlisted, often without protest, into the service of protecting the safety of the public and the security of the nation. But safety and security are the proper purposes of law enforcement and the military, not of public health. More importantly, using public health to combat terrorism …


Funding Antibiotic Innovation With Vouchers: Recommendations On How To Strengthen A Flawed Incentive Policy, Kevin Outterson, Anthony Mcdonnell May 2016

Funding Antibiotic Innovation With Vouchers: Recommendations On How To Strengthen A Flawed Incentive Policy, Kevin Outterson, Anthony Mcdonnell

Faculty Scholarship

A serious need to spur antibiotic innovation has arisen because of the lack of antibiotics to combat certain conditions and the overuse of other antibiotics leading to greater antibiotic resistance. In response to this need, proposals have been made to Congress to fund antibiotic research through a voucher program for new antibiotics, which would delay generic entry for any drug, even potential blockbuster lifesaving generics. We find this proposal to be inefficient, in part because of the mismatch between the private value of the voucher and the public value of the antibiotic innovation. However, vouchers have the political advantage in …


Antibiotic Reimbursement In A Model Delinked From Sales: A Benchmark-Based Worldwide Approach, John H. Rex, Kevin Outterson Apr 2016

Antibiotic Reimbursement In A Model Delinked From Sales: A Benchmark-Based Worldwide Approach, John H. Rex, Kevin Outterson

Faculty Scholarship

Despite the life-saving ability of antibiotics and their importance as a key enabler of all of modern health care, their effectiveness is now threatened by a rising tide of resistance. Unfortunately, the antibiotic pipeline does not match health needs because of challenges in discovery and development, as well as the poor economics of antibiotics. Discovery and development are being addressed by a range of public-private partnerships; however, correcting the poor economics of antibiotics will need an overhaul of the present business model on a worldwide scale. Discussions are now converging on delinking reward from antibiotic sales through prizes, milestone payments, …


Proteome And Protein Network Analyses Of Memory T Cells Find Altered Translation And Cell Stress Signaling In Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients Exhibiting Poor Cd4 Recovery, Sausan Azzam, Daniela M. Schlatzer, Sean Maxwell, Xiaolin Li, Douglas Bazdar, Yanwen Chen, Robert Asaad, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Mark R. Chance, Scott F. Sieg Mar 2016

Proteome And Protein Network Analyses Of Memory T Cells Find Altered Translation And Cell Stress Signaling In Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients Exhibiting Poor Cd4 Recovery, Sausan Azzam, Daniela M. Schlatzer, Sean Maxwell, Xiaolin Li, Douglas Bazdar, Yanwen Chen, Robert Asaad, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Mark R. Chance, Scott F. Sieg

Faculty Scholarship

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients who experience poor CD4 T-cell recovery despite viral suppression during antiretroviral therapy (ART) are known as immunological nonresponders. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying incomplete immune restoration during ART is not fully understood. Methods. Label-free quantitative proteomics on single-cell type central memory T cells were used to reveal relative protein abundance changes between nonresponder, responder (good CD4 recovery during ART), and healthy individuals. Proteome changes were analyzed by protein pathway and network analyses and verified by selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Results. Proteomic analysis across groups detected 155 significant proteins from 1500 nonredundant proteins. Pathway and …


An International Legal Framework To Address Antimicrobial Resistance, Steven J. Hoffman, Kevin Outterson, John-Arne Rottingen, Otto Cars, Charles Clift, Zain Rizvi, Fiona Rotberg, Göran Tomson, Anna Zorzet Feb 2016

An International Legal Framework To Address Antimicrobial Resistance, Steven J. Hoffman, Kevin Outterson, John-Arne Rottingen, Otto Cars, Charles Clift, Zain Rizvi, Fiona Rotberg, Göran Tomson, Anna Zorzet

Faculty Scholarship

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to global health. Currently it accounts for approximately 700,000 deaths annually, but is predicted to cause as many as 10,000,000 deaths by 2050 if nothing is done to address it. To effectively deal with this problem three areas must be addressed simultaneously: access, conservation, and innovation. However, solving issues of access, conservation and innovation at the same time requires new coordination and financing mechanisms, some of which must be organized globally. This bulletin outlines the possible role that a binding international legal framework can play in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.


Reconsidering Constitutional Protection For Health Information Privacy, Wendy K. Mariner Feb 2016

Reconsidering Constitutional Protection For Health Information Privacy, Wendy K. Mariner

Faculty Scholarship

What kinds of health information should be reported to government for civil purposes? Several competing trends encourage efforts to reassess the scope of constitutional protection for health information: the social and commercial value of health information; the amount of data held by third parties, from health care providers to internet servers; critiques of the third party doctrine exception to Fourth Amendment protection; and concerns about the loss of privacy. This article describes a variety of civil purposes for which health information is collected today. A close analysis of cases applying the third party doctrine, administrative search principles, and the special …


Poor Drug Adherence And Lack Of Awareness Of Hypertension Among Hypertensive Stroke Patients In Kampala, Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study Neurology, Martha Sajatovic, Cathy Sila, Michael Degeorgia Jan 2016

Poor Drug Adherence And Lack Of Awareness Of Hypertension Among Hypertensive Stroke Patients In Kampala, Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study Neurology, Martha Sajatovic, Cathy Sila, Michael Degeorgia

Faculty Scholarship

Background: Raised blood pressure (BP) remains an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke. Adherence to therapeutic recommendations especially antihypertensive drugs is important in BP control. The aim of the study was to assess the stroke risk factors and levels of adherence among hypertensive patients with stroke in Kampala Uganda. Methods: In a cross-sectional study we describe 112 hypertensive subjects with stroke from two Kampala city hospitals. A standardized pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect medical history, clinical details, radiological findings and laboratory data. Results: A total of 112 hypertensive subjects with stroke were enrolled between May 2013 …


Hiv/Aids Care And Prevention Infrastructure In The U.S. Deep South, Susan S. Reif, Kristen Sullivan, Elena Wilson, Miriam Berger, Carolyn Mcallaster Jan 2016

Hiv/Aids Care And Prevention Infrastructure In The U.S. Deep South, Susan S. Reif, Kristen Sullivan, Elena Wilson, Miriam Berger, Carolyn Mcallaster

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


The Human Rights Of Sea Pirates: Will The European Court Of Human Rights Decisions Get More Killed?, Barry Hart Dubner, Brian Othero Jan 2016

The Human Rights Of Sea Pirates: Will The European Court Of Human Rights Decisions Get More Killed?, Barry Hart Dubner, Brian Othero

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Putting Prep Into Practice: Lessons Learned From Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing Hiv Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis And Associated Care, Sarah K. Calabrese, Manya Magnus, Kenneth H. Mayer, Douglas S. Krakower, Adam I. Eldahan, Lauren A. Gaston Hawkins, Nathan B. Hansen, Trace S. Kershaw, Kristen Underhill, Joseph R. Betancourt, John F. Dovidio Jan 2016

Putting Prep Into Practice: Lessons Learned From Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing Hiv Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis And Associated Care, Sarah K. Calabrese, Manya Magnus, Kenneth H. Mayer, Douglas S. Krakower, Adam I. Eldahan, Lauren A. Gaston Hawkins, Nathan B. Hansen, Trace S. Kershaw, Kristen Underhill, Joseph R. Betancourt, John F. Dovidio

Faculty Scholarship

Optimizing access to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), an evidence-based HIV prevention resource, requires expanding healthcare providers’ adoption of PrEP into clinical practice. This qualitative study explored PrEP providers’ firsthand experiences relative to six commonly-cited barriers to prescription – financial coverage, implementation logistics, eligibility determination, adherence concerns, side effects, and anticipated behavior change (risk compensation) – as well as their recommendations for training PrEP-inexperienced providers. U.S.-based PrEP providers were recruited via direct outreach and referral from colleagues and other participants (2014-2015). One-on-one interviews were conducted in person or by phone, transcribed, and analyzed. The sample (n = 18) primarily practiced …


We Have The Tools To End Hiv: Benefits, Barriers, And Solutions To Expanded Utilization Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) In The Us Deep South, Jason Ervin, Allison Weller Tikare, Carolyn Mcallaster Jan 2016

We Have The Tools To End Hiv: Benefits, Barriers, And Solutions To Expanded Utilization Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) In The Us Deep South, Jason Ervin, Allison Weller Tikare, Carolyn Mcallaster

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Adjudicating Risk: Aids, Crime, And Culpability, Aziza Ahmed Jan 2016

Adjudicating Risk: Aids, Crime, And Culpability, Aziza Ahmed

Faculty Scholarship

The AIDS epidemic continues to pose significant public health challenges, especially given that the spread of the virus outpaces the AIDS response.1 Importantly, HIV continues to disproportionately impact socially and economically marginalized communities. In countries with concentrated epidemics,2 it is racial minorities, sex workers, men who have sex with men, and drug users who face the brunt of the epidemic.3 In the United States, the data is startling4 : 44% of new infections were among African-Americans, and among African-Americans contracting HIV, 57% were among gay and bisexual men.5 In 2016, the CDC found that one …


International Cooperation To Improve Access To And Sustain Effectiveness Of Antimicrobials, Christine Årdal, Kevin Outterson, Steven Hoffman, Abdul Ghafur, Mike Sharland, Nisha Ranganathan, Richard Smith, Anna Zorzet, Jennifer Cohn, Didier Pittet, Nils Daulaire, Chantal Morel, Zain Rizvi, Manica Balasegaram, Osman Dar, David Heymann, Alison Holmes, Luke Moore, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Marc Mendelson, John-Arne Røttingen Jan 2016

International Cooperation To Improve Access To And Sustain Effectiveness Of Antimicrobials, Christine Årdal, Kevin Outterson, Steven Hoffman, Abdul Ghafur, Mike Sharland, Nisha Ranganathan, Richard Smith, Anna Zorzet, Jennifer Cohn, Didier Pittet, Nils Daulaire, Chantal Morel, Zain Rizvi, Manica Balasegaram, Osman Dar, David Heymann, Alison Holmes, Luke Moore, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Marc Mendelson, John-Arne Røttingen

Faculty Scholarship

Securing access to effective antimicrobials is one of the greatest challenges today. Until now, efforts to address this issue have been isolated and uncoordinated, with little focus on sustainable and international solutions. Global collective action is necessary to improve access to life-saving antimicrobials, conserving them, and ensuring continued innovation. Access, conservation, and innovation are beneficial when achieved independently, but much more effective and sustainable if implemented in concert within and across countries. WHO alone will not be able to drive these actions. It will require a multisector response (including the health, agriculture, and veterinary sectors), global coordination, and financing mechanisms …


Law And Politics, An Emerging Epidemic: A Call For Evidence-Based Public Health Law, Michael Ulrich Jan 2016

Law And Politics, An Emerging Epidemic: A Call For Evidence-Based Public Health Law, Michael Ulrich

Faculty Scholarship

As Jacobson v. Massachusetts recognized in 1905, the basis of public health law, and its ability to limit constitutional rights, is the use of scientific data and empirical evidence. Far too often, this important fact is lost. Fear, misinformation, and politics frequently take center stage and drive the implementation of public health law. In the recent Ebola scare, political leaders passed unnecessary and unconstitutional quarantine measures that defied scientific understanding of the disease and caused many to have their rights needlessly constrained. Looking at HIV criminalization and exemptions to childhood vaccine requirements, it becomes clear that the blame cannot be …


Beyond Lifestyle: Governing The Social Determinants Of Health, Wendy K. Mariner Jan 2016

Beyond Lifestyle: Governing The Social Determinants Of Health, Wendy K. Mariner

Faculty Scholarship

Non-communicable and chronic diseases have overtaken infectious diseases as the major causes of death and disability around the world. Despite recognition that reduction in the chronic disease burden will require governance systems to address the social determinants of health, most public health recommendations emphasize individual behavior as the primary cause of illness and the target of intervention. This Article argues that focusing on lifestyle can backfire, by increasing health inequities and inviting human rights violations. If States fail to take meaningful steps to alter the social and economic structures that create health risks and encourage unhealthy behavior, health at the …


First Do No Harm: Protecting Patients Through Immunizing Health Care Workers, Dorit R. Reiss, Rene F. Najera Jan 2016

First Do No Harm: Protecting Patients Through Immunizing Health Care Workers, Dorit R. Reiss, Rene F. Najera

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


First Do No Harm: Protecting Patients Through Immunizing Health Care Workers, Dorit Rubinstein Reiss, Rene F. Najera Jan 2016

First Do No Harm: Protecting Patients Through Immunizing Health Care Workers, Dorit Rubinstein Reiss, Rene F. Najera

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Regulatory Property: The New Ip, Robin Feldman Jan 2016

Regulatory Property: The New Ip, Robin Feldman

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Emergency Takings, Brian Lee Dec 2015

Emergency Takings, Brian Lee

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


A Virtual Clinic Improves Pneumococcal Vaccination For Asplenic Veterans At High Risk For Pneumococcal Disease, Robin L.P. Jump, Brigid Wilson, Rebecca Carter, Susan Phillips, Federico Perez Nov 2015

A Virtual Clinic Improves Pneumococcal Vaccination For Asplenic Veterans At High Risk For Pneumococcal Disease, Robin L.P. Jump, Brigid Wilson, Rebecca Carter, Susan Phillips, Federico Perez

Faculty Scholarship

We developed a "virtual clinic" to improve pneumococcal vaccination among asplenic adults. Using an electronic medical record, we identified patients, assessed their vaccination status, entered orders, and notified patients and providers. Within 180 days, 38 of 76 patients (50%) received a pneumococcal vaccination. Avirtual clinic may optimize vaccinations among high-risk patients.