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Articles 1261 - 1290 of 8078
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Making Of The Supreme Court Rules, Scott Dodson
The Making Of The Supreme Court Rules, Scott Dodson
Faculty Scholarship
The reality that rules define institutions is no less applicable to the Su- preme Court. Yet the literature on the Supreme Court Rules, and the rulemak- ing process behind them, is practically nonexistent. Part of the reason is that the rulemaking process for the Supreme Court Rules is a black box—the Court promulgates its rules with neither oversight nor transparency. This Arti- cle, relying on interviews with current and former government officials, opens that black box to reveal the history of the rulemaking process for the Supreme Court Rules from the 1980s to the present. That process, as contrasted with …
A Call For An Intersectional Feminist Restorative Justice Approach To Addressing The Criminalization Of Black Girls, Thalia Gonzalez, Donna Coker
A Call For An Intersectional Feminist Restorative Justice Approach To Addressing The Criminalization Of Black Girls, Thalia Gonzalez, Donna Coker
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Drafting Agricultural Legislation, Jessica Vapnek
Drafting Agricultural Legislation, Jessica Vapnek
Faculty Scholarship
"Agricultural legislation” is an umbrella term that covers a broad range of topics, including food, veterinary matters, plant protection, seeds, forestry, fisheries, water, and land. Agricultural legislation also intersects with other discrete subject areas, including environment, health, and trade. Because of these interconnections the borderlines – where agriculture begins and these related topics end – are debatable. How different countries view agriculture varies significantly. In the developed world, agriculture is mostly a commercial enterprise, and “agricultural law” is considered largely to apply to the business of agriculture, including agricultural finance, supply chains, marketing, insurance (crop, drought, pest), real estate, intellectual …
Regulating Democratized Investing, Abraham Cable
Regulating Democratized Investing, Abraham Cable
Faculty Scholarship
Robinhood and its imitators activated millions of new investors. Perhaps we should applaud them for finally resurrecting the retail investor after a decades-long decline. There are, however, reasons for concern. Robinhood racked up record fines in the run-up to its IPO. Its users are young, inexperienced, and prone to speculating in risky investments. Given these concerns, this Article considers how to protect this new class of “ultra-retail investors” while also leaving regulatory breathing room for these new market participants. It concludes that many current regulatory approaches risk being ineffectual or stamping out ultra-retail investing altogether by targeting product features that …
The New Normal: Regulatory Dysfunction As Policymaking, Ming Hsu Chen, Daimeon Shanks
The New Normal: Regulatory Dysfunction As Policymaking, Ming Hsu Chen, Daimeon Shanks
Faculty Scholarship
Scholars often presume that administrative dysfunction is a deviation from the norm of regularity in administrative law. This presumption is reinforced by courts who defer to agencies on the basis of a legal fiction of idealized regularity. In reality, irregularities are common in policymaking and they make agencies vulnerable to dysfunction. Irregularities are not bugs, but features of the administrative state. Sometimes, a national emergency makes political influence unavoidable and urges departures from usual regulatory processes. At other times, however, the framing of a problem as a national emergency is a pretextual justification to pursue a pre- determined political goal …
Colorblind Nationalism And The Limits Of Liberalism, Ming Hsu Chen
Colorblind Nationalism And The Limits Of Liberalism, Ming Hsu Chen
Faculty Scholarship
Policymakers and lawyers posit formal citizenship as the key to inclusion. Rather than presume that formal citizenship will necessarily promote equality, this Article examines the relationship between citizenship, racial equality, and nationalism. It asks: What role does formal citizenship play in excluding noncitizens and Asian, Latinx, and Muslim citizens racialized as foreigners? What effects does it have on the meaning of being American as a non-White citizen? The Article argues that commitments to colorblind equality and democratic self-governance of the nation stand in contradiction to aspirations to protect all persons within the nation. Consequently, individual rights designed to remedy racial …
Patents As Property For The Takings, Robin Feldman
Patents As Property For The Takings, Robin Feldman
Faculty Scholarship
The Fifth Amendment’s Compensation Clause contains only a few simple words: “nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.” Yet these simple words have confounded legal minds for over 200 years, and as Congress has contemplated various patent law reforms in recent decades, the specter of the Fifth Amendment looms on the horizon. Conventionally, commentators and judges break down the clause into a few diferent components, each of which has generated a voluminous body of caselaw and corresponding scholarly inquiry. First, there is the question of takings: How does one know if something has been “taken” …
Advertising Medicine: Selling The Cure, Robin Feldman
Advertising Medicine: Selling The Cure, Robin Feldman
Faculty Scholarship
Although most countries forbid advertising medicine to patients, “direct-to- consumer advertising” has flourished in the United States over the past century. Research shows that the practice prompts inappropriate prescriptions and disadvantages generic competitors, leading to adverse drug reactions and increased prescription drug spending. Nevertheless, a comprehensive regulatory system for direct-to-consumer advertising continues to escape the grasp of policymakers. Regulatory authority has bounced between the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), where primary jurisdiction now resides. Since the FDA assumed responsibility, the agency’s only major regulatory initiative has been to minimize disclosure requirements for advertisements. Enforcement …
Critical Race Feminism, Health, And Restorative Practices In Schools: Centering The Experiences Of Black And Latina Girls, Thalia Gonzalez, Rebecca Epstein
Critical Race Feminism, Health, And Restorative Practices In Schools: Centering The Experiences Of Black And Latina Girls, Thalia Gonzalez, Rebecca Epstein
Faculty Scholarship
Restorative practices (RP) in K-12 schools in the United States have grown exponentially since the early 1990s. Developing against a backdrop of systemic racism, RP has become embedded in educa- tion practice and policy to counteract the harmful and persistent patterns of disparities in school discipline experienced by students of color. Within this legal, social, and political context, the em- pirical evidence that has been gathered on school-based restora- tive justice has framed and named RP as a behavioral interven- tion aimed at reducing discipline incidents—that is, an “alternative” to punitive and exclusionary practices. While this view of RP is …
Police Secrecy Exceptionalism, Christina Koningisor
Police Secrecy Exceptionalism, Christina Koningisor
Faculty Scholarship
Every state has a set of transparency statutes that bind state and local governments. In theory, these statutes apply with equal force to every agency. Yet, in practice, law enforcement agencies enjoy a wide variety of unique secrecy protections denied to other government entities. Legislators write police-specific exemptions into public records laws. Judges develop procedural approaches that they apply exclusively to police and prosecutorial records. Police departments claim special secrecy protections from the bottom up. This Article maps the legal infrastructure of police-records secrecy. It draws upon the text of the public records statutes in all fifty states, along with …
Public Undersight, Christina Koningisor
Secrecy Creep, Christina Koningisor
Secrecy Creep, Christina Koningisor
Faculty Scholarship
Legal scholars have long been fascinated by the topic of government secrecy. Yet they have largely focused their attention on federal secrecy, rarely exploring secrecy in other contexts. This Article addresses this gap. It turns its attention to state and local government secrets, applying the lens of federal secrecy to the subfederal regime. In doing so, it identifies a troubling new development in state and local law: the migration of powerful federal secrecy protections, initially developed to shield the national security state, into the state and local context. I refer to this process as “secrecy creep.” By illuminating the architecture …
Transparency Deserts, Christina Koningisor
Transparency Deserts, Christina Koningisor
Faculty Scholarship
Few contest the importance of a robust transparency regime in a democratic system of government. In the United States, the “crown jewel” of this regime is the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Yet despite widespread agreement about the importance of transparency in government, few are satisfied with FOIA. Since its enactment, the statute has engendered criticism from transparency advocates and critics alike for insufficiently serving the needs of both the public and the government. Legal scholars have widely documented these flaws in the federal public records law. In contrast, scholars have paid comparatively little attention to transparency laws at the …
The De Facto Reporter's Privilege, Christina Koningisor
The De Facto Reporter's Privilege, Christina Koningisor
Faculty Scholarship
abstract. While the overwhelming majority of states have established constitutional, statu- tory, or common-law protections for reporters who shield the identity of a confidential source, there is no uniform, crosscutting federal reporter’s privilege. As a consequence, reporters subpoe- naed in federal cases often lack effective formal protections. This can have a chilling effect on news- gathering: sources—and reporters—may find little comfort in knowing that a source’s anonymity is preserved only at a judge’s or prosecutor’s discretion or by a reporter’s willingness to go to jail. For decades, both those in favor of a formal federal reporter’s privilege and those opposed …
The Negotiable Implementation Of Environmental Law, Dave Owen
The Negotiable Implementation Of Environmental Law, Dave Owen
Faculty Scholarship
tional wisdom describes environmental law as a field filled with rigid mandates. ith that rigidity as a key premise, and they allege that inflexibility is a central failing or, alternatively, a squandered virtue. Influential reform proposals follow from both allegations. This Article demonstrates that these premises are often mistaken. Based on literature reviews and interviews with environmental-law practitioners, it shows that flexibility pervades environmental law, and regulators, regulated entities, and other interest groups routinely use negotiations to navigate that flexibility. Indeed, negotiation is so central to the field that one cannot understand environmental law, either in theory or practice, without …
Standing For Rivers, Mountains - And Trees - In The Anthropocene, David Takacs
Standing For Rivers, Mountains - And Trees - In The Anthropocene, David Takacs
Faculty Scholarship
In his well-known article, Should Trees Have Standing?—Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects, Professor Christopher Stone proposed that courts grant nonhuman entities standing as plaintiffs so their interests may directly represented in court. In this Article, I review Stone’s ideas about standing and our relationship with the natural environment and describe the current, burgeoning, widespread trend toward granting not just standing, but legal rights and legal personhood to rivers, mountains, and other natural entities. I analyze the ways in which courts and legislatures in New Zealand, Australia, Colombia, and elsewhere are addressing concerns similar to Stone’s with expansive, even radical …
Practical Considerations In Starting And Operating An Academic Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic, Minoj Viswanathan, Amy Spivey
Practical Considerations In Starting And Operating An Academic Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic, Minoj Viswanathan, Amy Spivey
Faculty Scholarship
Low-income taxpayer clinics (“LITCs”) provide legal assistance to underserved clients with active federal tax controversies, conduct educational outreach to low-income and English-as-a-second-language taxpayers, and work to ensure the fairness and integrity of the tax system. Despite the availability of IRS grant funding for LITCs and the alignment of LITC goals with the core values that underlie clinical legal education, a relatively small percentage of U.S. law schools currently operates an LITC. Moreover, many law school LITCs have closed within the past ten years, demonstrating that, even if started, academic LITCs are challenging to sustain. This Article incorporates the authors’ experiences …
An Attack On Local Authority, Richard Briffault, Kim Haddow
An Attack On Local Authority, Richard Briffault, Kim Haddow
Faculty Scholarship
In the 2021 legislative sessions, Republican state lawmakers introduced a glut of preemption bills aimed at giving states more power over the administration of local government operations, signifying a new, deeper level of state interference into the inner workings of cities and counties. . . . Entering the 2021 legislative sessions, Republican state lawmakers used their power to respond to the events of 2020 – the pandemic, the racial justice movement, the presidential election, and what they perceived to be local government overreach (Brownstein 2021) – by introducing a surge of preemption bills aimed at appropriating the machinery of local …
Permitting Seaweed Cultivation For Carbon Sequestration In California: Barriers And Recommendations, Korey Silverman-Roati, Romany M. Webb, Michael B. Gerrard
Permitting Seaweed Cultivation For Carbon Sequestration In California: Barriers And Recommendations, Korey Silverman-Roati, Romany M. Webb, Michael B. Gerrard
Faculty Scholarship
Interest is growing in seaweed cultivation and sequestration as a carbon dioxide removal strategy. This white paper explores the barriers to seaweed permitting for carbon sequestration in California, including a complex, costly, and time-consuming lease and permitting process. Other states in the U.S., namely Maine and Alaska, have permitting systems designed to be more supportive of seaweed cultivation. This paper describes the legal framework for seaweed cultivation permitting in California and discusses the permitting systems in Maine and Alaska. The paper then explores possible reforms to streamline California’s permitting process, while maintaining appropriate environmental and other safeguards.
Stress Testing During Times Of War, Kathryn Judge
Stress Testing During Times Of War, Kathryn Judge
Faculty Scholarship
In the spring of 2009, the United States was mired in the greatest recession it had faced since the Great Depression. In March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had fallen to 6,594.44, a total decline of 53.4 percent from its peak in the fall of 2007. The official unemployment rate was over 9 percent and still trending upward, eventually exceeding 10 percent. With the support of Congress, the Federal Reserve (the Fed) and other financial regulators had launched an array of initiatives to contain the fallout of what had become a global financial crisis. These interventions, including a massive recapitalization …
Consensus Decision-Making And Legislative Inertia At The Wto: Can International Law Help?, Americo B. Zampetti, Patrick Low, Petros C. Mavroidis
Consensus Decision-Making And Legislative Inertia At The Wto: Can International Law Help?, Americo B. Zampetti, Patrick Low, Petros C. Mavroidis
Faculty Scholarship
The recent emergence of Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs) – that is, negotiating initiatives among a subset of the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership – has reignited the debate over law-making in the WTO. As things stand, the WTO operates on the basis of a widespread expectation that consensus needs to be achieved for any decision to be taken. Agreements that produce rights and obligations only among a subset of the membership (‘plurilaterals’, or Annex 4 agreements) are also subject to the consensus rule and thus remain exceptional. Are JSIs the first move towards redressing the current equilibrium in favour of …
Mindful Debiasing: Meditation As A Tool To Address Disability Discrimination, Elizabeth F. Emens
Mindful Debiasing: Meditation As A Tool To Address Disability Discrimination, Elizabeth F. Emens
Faculty Scholarship
Antidiscrimination law is at a critical juncture. The law prohibits formal and explicit systems of exclusion, but much bias nonetheless persists. New tools are needed. This Article argues that mindfulness meditation may be a powerful strategy in the battle against disability discrimination. This Article sets out eight reasons that disability bias is particularly intractable. The Article then draws on empirical, philosophical, and scholarly sources to identify mechanisms through which mindfulness meditation can address these dynamics. The Article concludes by presenting concrete doctrinal implications of bringing mindfulness to bear on disability discrimination. This Article thus contributes to the established fields of …
Law’S Contributions To The Mindfulness Revolution, Elizabeth F. Emens
Law’S Contributions To The Mindfulness Revolution, Elizabeth F. Emens
Faculty Scholarship
These are phenomenally challenging times. Mindfulness is a tool that can help lawyers support themselves, each other, their clients, and their collaborators in the hard work needed to build community and take action. For these and other reasons, mindfulness has made major inroads into law and legal institutions. Law firms, law schools, and courthouses offer training in mindfulness meditation to support the cognitive clarity and emotional self-regulation necessary for the demanding work of analyzing problems, resolving conflicts, overcoming bias, and doing justice. A growing literature, from empirical social science to legal scholarship, catalogs these and other benefits of mindfulness for …
Intellectual Property, Independent Creation, And The Lockean Commons, Mala Chatterjee
Intellectual Property, Independent Creation, And The Lockean Commons, Mala Chatterjee
Faculty Scholarship
Copyrights and patents are differently structured intellectual property rights in different kinds of entities. Nonetheless, they are widely regarded by U.S. scholars as having the same theoretical underpinnings. Though scholars have sought to connect philosophical theories of property to intellectual property, with a particular interest in the labor theory of John Locke, these explorations have not sufficiently probed copyrights’ and patents’ doctrinal differences or their philosophical implications for the theories explored. This Article argues that a defining difference between copyrights and patents has normative significance for the framework of Lockean property theory: namely, that copyright law treats independent creation as …
Floors And Ceilings In International Copyright Treaties: Berne/Trips/Wct Minima And Maxima, Jane C. Ginsburg
Floors And Ceilings In International Copyright Treaties: Berne/Trips/Wct Minima And Maxima, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
This paper addresses “floors” – minimum substantive international protections, and “ceilings” – maximum substantive international protections, set out in the Berne Convention and subsequent multilateral copyright accords. While much scholarship has addressed Berne minima, the “maxima” have generally received less attention. This Comment first describes the general structure of the Berne Convention, TRIPS and WCT regarding these contours, and then analyzes their application to the recent “press publishers’ right” promulgated in the 2019 EU Digital Single Market Directive. Within the universe of multilateral copyright obligations, the Berne maxima (prohibition of protection for facts and news of the day), buttressed by …
Proving Copying, Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Peter S. Menell
Proving Copying, Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Peter S. Menell
Faculty Scholarship
Proof that a defendant actually copied from a copyrighted work is a critical part of a claim for copyright infringement. Indeed, absent such copying, there is no infringement. The most common method of proving copying involves the use of circumstantial evidence, consisting of proof that a defendant had “access” to the protected work, and a showing of “similarities” between the copy and the protected work. In inferring copying from the combination of such evidence, courts have for many decades developed a framework known as the “inverse ratio rule,” which allows them to modulate the level of proof needed on access …
International Bureaucracies: Extraterritorial Reach Of The European Commission’S Legal Expertise, Anu Bradford
International Bureaucracies: Extraterritorial Reach Of The European Commission’S Legal Expertise, Anu Bradford
Faculty Scholarship
The EU exercises significant influence over global regulatory standards, whether as a result of its ability to unilaterally export its rules to foreign markets via market mechanisms – a phenomenon that I have elsewhere described as ‘the Brussels Effect’ – or by entrenching them globally through bilateral or multilateral negotiations. In all cases, the legal expertise of the Commission is central. It either pro-actively supplies its expertise to their foreign counterparts or responds to the demand to offer technical expertise to create a rule-based order that closely imitates the regulatory state in Europe. Companies also resort to the Commission as …
Copyright, Creativity, Big Media And Cultural Value: Incorporating The Author, Jane C. Ginsburg
Copyright, Creativity, Big Media And Cultural Value: Incorporating The Author, Jane C. Ginsburg
Faculty Scholarship
Copyright, Creativity, Big Media and Cultural Value is a wide-ranging work of immense erudition and archival research, combining several historical studies of the ‘incorporation’ of the author in different sectors of the ‘creative industries’. The book’s subtitle, ‘Incorporating the Author’, astutely encompasses multiple meanings, whose implications the book works through. These include the author as an initiating participant in a larger economic structure (Chapter 3 (print publishing)). But also, the author as a bit player enveloped by a larger economic structure (Chapter 5 (film industry)). And the author (or performer) as an autonomous object of economic value (Chapters …
Courts In Conversation, Thomas P. Schmidt
Courts In Conversation, Thomas P. Schmidt
Faculty Scholarship
Ralph Waldo Emerson once suggested that we read not for instruction but for provocation. By that standard, in The Words That Made Us, Akhil Reed Amar has written a characteristically great book. This is not to deny that there is abundant instruction in its many pages: Amar offers a synoptic and yet still nuanced description of the great constitutional conversation that engulfed American political life in the eighty or so years around the founding. One of the chief values of the book, though, is that it will provoke a whole new set of additions to the constitutional conversation that …
Using Zero-Knowledge To Reconcile Law Enforcement Secrecy And Fair Trial Rights In Criminal Cases, Dor Bitan, Ron Canetti, Shafi Goldwasser, Rebecca Wexler
Using Zero-Knowledge To Reconcile Law Enforcement Secrecy And Fair Trial Rights In Criminal Cases, Dor Bitan, Ron Canetti, Shafi Goldwasser, Rebecca Wexler
Faculty Scholarship
The use of hidden investigative software to collect evidence of crimes presents courts with a recurring dilemma: On the one hand, there is often clear public interest in keeping the software hidden to preserve its effectiveness in fighting crimes. On the other hand, criminal defendants have rights to inspect and challenge the full evidence against them, including law enforcement's investigative methods. In fact, in the U.S. adversarial legal system, the defendant's rights to scrutinize the government's tools are crucial to the truth-seeking process and to keeping law enforcement conduct lawful and constitutional. Presently, courts balance these conflicting interests on a …