Digital Commons Network^™

Geothermo-Mechanical Alterations Due To Heat Energy Extraction In Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Overview And Prospective Directions, Mary C. Ngoma, Oladoyin Kolawole, Olufemi Olorode

Faculty Publications

Geothermal energy from deep underground (or geological) formations, with or without its combination with carbon capture and storage (CCS), can be a key technology to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and meet the 2050 net-zero carbon emission target. Geothermal resources in low-permeability and medium- and high-temperature reservoirs in sedimentary sequence require hydraulic stimulation for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). However, fluid migration for geothermal energy in EGS or with potential CO2 storage in a CO2-EGS are both dependent on the in situ flow pathway network created by induced fluid injection. These thermo-mechanical interactions can be complex and induce varying alterations in …

Macintosh Type / Creator Codes: Improving Identification Of Files From Macos Classic, Tyler Thorsted

Faculty Publications

Working with Macintosh files from the 1980 to early 2000’s can be challenging as they are often on difficult to access disks, unique encoding, have resource forks, and often don’t use extensions. Identification of files from a Macintosh formatted disk can be accomplished with identification methods such as PRONOM, but what if those standard methods come up empty or are misleading? This paper investigates a method of identification which can provide better results compared to existing methods. The Macintosh operating system used special extended attribute codes to not only identify the file type, but also the original creating application. Called …

Shifting Baselines: Visualizing Climate Change In America’S National Parks, Lee Lines

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Twisted Spatiotemporal Optical Vortex Beams In Dispersive Media, Milo W. Hyde Iv

Faculty Publications

We derive a closed-form expression for the mutual coherence function (MCF) of a twisted spatiotemporal optical vortex (STOV) beam after propagating a distance in a linear dispersive medium. A twisted STOV beam is a partially coherent optical field that possesses a coherent STOV and a stochastic twist coupling its space and time dimensions. These beams belong to a special class of space–time-coupled light fields that carry transverse (to the direction of propagation) orbital angular momentum, making them potentially useful in numerous applications including quantum optics, optical manipulation, and optical communications. After presenting the derivation, we validate our new general MCF …

Association Between Seated Trunk Control And Cortical Sensorimotor White Matter Brain Changes In Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain, John R. Gilliam, Pradeep K. Sahu, Jennifer M.C. Vendemia, Sheri P. Silfies

Faculty Publications

Trunk control involves integration of sensorimotor information in the brain. Individuals with chronic low back pain (cLBP) have impaired trunk control and show differences in brain structure and function in sensorimotor areas compared with healthy controls (HC). However, the relationship between brain structure and trunk control in this group is not well understood. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare seated trunk control and sensorimotor white matter (WM) structure in people with cLBP and HC and explore relationships between WM properties and trunk control in each group. Thirty-two people with cLBP and 35 HC were tested sitting on an unstable chair …

Continuing Education For Directors Of Public Companies, Jennifer O'Hare

Faculty Publications

Directors of public companies are responsible for overseeing complex organizations in a rapidly changing business environment, but they are not required to engage in continuing education. This creates a danger that directors will not have the knowledge they need to meet the significant demands of overseeing public companies. To address this, public companies should adopt mandatory continuing education policies for their boards, and the Securities and Exchange Commission should require public companies to disclose basic information about their continuing education programs in their proxy statements.

This is the first scholarly article to address the issue of mandatory continuing education for …

Vibrational Study Of Co, O2, And H2 Adsorbed On The Cocrfeni (110) High Entropy Alloy Surface, Frank Mckay, Andrew N. Okafor, David P. Young, Ye Xu, Phillip T. Sprunger

Faculty Publications

The vibrational properties of CO, O2, and H2 molecularly or dissociatively adsorbed on a CoCrFeNi(110) surface have been probed using high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and modeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Large (∼20 mm3) single-crystal, quaternary face-centered cubic CoCrFeNi was synthesized via a modified Czochralski technique. We show strong evidence that CO adsorbs primarily on bridge and on-top sites in compositionally varied local environments, which reflect the random, multielemental surface composition inherent in a high entropy alloy. A variation of adsorption sites is also found with oxygen, which exhibits two broad groups of modes. Comparison to previous photoemission …

A Systematic Review On The Effectiveness Of Brain-Breaks® Video Programming On Academic Performance And Physical Activity Of School Children, Garry Kuan, Ming Kai Chin, Yee Cheng Kueh, Abdulwali Sabo, Magdalena Mo Ching Mok, Govindasamy Balasekaran, Yu Kai Chang, Christopher R. Edginton, Ian Culpan, Biljana Popeska, J. Larry Durstine

Faculty Publications

Purpose: This study aimed to complete a systematic review of the effect of the Brain Breaks® video program on academic performance and health-related outcomes among schoolchildren. Methods: A literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases to identify published manuscripts from December 2017 to December 2023. Dissertations, theses, monographs, and commentaries were excluded from this review. Results: A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Most studies applied quasi-experimental design and were conducted in Asia and Europe with children. Nine of these studies found that Brain Breaks® improved students' attitudes toward physical activity …

Improvement Of Single-Crystal Structures Of Very Heavy Element Compounds By Refining Anomalous Dispersion Parameters, Florian Meurer, Gregory Morrison, Birgit Hischa, Hans Conrad Zur Loye, Christoph Hennig, Michael Bodensteiner

Faculty Publications

Refining the anomalous dispersion parameters of the four uranium compounds NaUF5, NaU2F9, Cs2(UO2)TiO4, and Cs2(UO2)Ti2O6 gave insights into the crystallographic model improvement of very heavy atoms. We found that the values for the dispersive and absorptive parts, f′ and f″, closely followed the X-ray absorption spectra on their L3, L2, and L1 edges. The obtained values are sensitive to the chemical environment at each crystallographically independent position. An incorrect treatment of the anomalous dispersion correction can lead to a wrong crystallographic model. The above-mentioned, already published structures were improved by this process. General guidelines were given for the crystal structure …

Utilisation Of The Site Assessment Energy Indices For Aquaculture In Exposed Waters: Biology, Technology, Operations And Maintenance, Kevin G. Heasman, Tyler Sclodnick, Nils Goseberg, Nicholas Scott, Michael Chambers, Tobias Dewhurst, Samuel Rickerich, Heidi Moe Føre, Bela H. Buck

Faculty Publications

When moving from a very sheltered aquaculture site to a very exposed oceanic aquaculture site, the energy increases proportionally in a continuum. Lojek et al. (in review) considered the primary influential parameters (water current, wave height, wave period, wavelength and water depth) which influence the species, structure, technology, methods, and operational aspects of any aquaculture endeavour and investigated six possible indices which cover these variables. Added to advanced computer modelling, assisted by detailed and constant environmental monitoring, it may be possible to refine site selection, structure selection and design, species selection, equipment and logistic requirements and health and safety requirements. …

Observations Of Low And Intermediate Spectral Peak Blazars With The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer, Herman L. Marshall, Ioannis Liodakis, Alan P. Marscher, Niccolò Di Lalla, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Dawoon E. Kim, Riccardo Middei, Michela Negro, Nicola Omodei, Abel L. Peirson, Matteo Perri, Simonetta Puccetti, Marco Laurenti, Iván Agudo, Giacomo Bonnoli, Andrei V. Berdyugin, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Nicole Rodriguez Cavero, Immacolata Donnarumma, Laura Di Gesu, Jenni Jormanainen, Henric Krawczynski, Elina Lindfors, Greg Madjeski, Frédéric Marin, Francesco Massaro, Luigi Pacciani, Juri Poutanen, Fabrizio Tavecchio, Pouya M. Kouch, Francisco José Aceituno, Maria I. Bernardos, Víctor Casanova, Maya García-Comas, Beatriz Agís-González, César Husillos, Alessandro Marchini, Alfredo Sota, Dmitry Blinov, Ioakeim G. Bourbah, Sebastian Kielhmann, Evangelos Kontopodis, Nikos Mandarakas, Stylianos Romanopoulos, Raphael Skalidis, Anna Vervelaki, George A. Borman, Evgenia N. Kopatskaya, Elena G. Larionova, Daria A. Morozova, Sergey S. Savchenko, Andrey A. Vasilyev, Alexey V. Zhovtan, Carolina Casadio, Juan Escudero, Joana Kramer, Ioannis Myserlis, Efthalia Trainou, Ryo Imazawa, Mahito Sasada, Yasushi Fukazawa, Koji S. Kawabata, Makoto Uemura, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Tatsuya Nakaoka, Hiroshi Akitaya, Joseph R. Masiero, Dimitri Mawet, Georgia V. Panopoulou, Samaporn Tinyanont, Masato Kagitani, Vadim Kravtsov, Takeshi Sakanoi, Matthew Dattolo, Mark Gurwell, Garrett Keating, Ramprasad Rao, Whee Yeon Cheong, Hyeon-Woo Jeong, Sincheol Kang, Sang-Hyun Kim, Sang-Sung Lee, Emmanouil Angelakis, Alexander Kraus, Antonio Hales, Seiji Kameno, Ruediger Kneissl, Hugo Messias, Hiroshi Nagai, Lucio A. Antonelli, Matteo Bachetti, Luca Baldini, Wayne H. Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Stefano Bianchi, Stephen D. Bongiorno, Raffaella Bonino, Alessandro Brez, Niccolò Bucciantini, Fiamma Capitanio, Simone Castellano, Chen-Ting Chen, Stefano Ciprini, Enrico Costa, Alessandra De Rosa, Ettore Del Monte, Alessandro Di Marco, Victor Doroshenko, Michal Dovčiak, Steven R. Ehlert, Teruaki Enoto, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Javier A. Garcia, Shuichi Gunji, Kiyoshi Hayashida, Jeremy Heyl, Wataru Iwakiri, Philip Kaaret, Vladimir Karas, Fabian Kislat

Faculty Publications

We present X-ray polarimetry observations from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) of three low spectral peak and one intermediate spectral peak blazars, namely 3C 273, 3C 279, 3C 454.3, and S5 0716+714. For none of these objects was IXPE able to detect X-ray polarization at the 3σ level. However, we placed upper limits on the polarization degree at ∼10%–30%. The undetected polarizations favor models where the X-ray band is dominated by unpolarized photons upscattered by relativistic electrons in the jets of blazars, although hadronic models are not completely eliminated. We discuss the X-ray polarization upper limits in the context …

Extended Cyclotron Resonant Heating Of The Turbulent Solar Wind, Trevor A. Bowen, Ivan Y. Vasko, Stuart D. Bale, Benjamin D G Chandran, Alexandros Chasapis, Thierry Dudok De Wit, Alfred Mallet, Michael Mcmanus, Romain Meyrand, Marc Pulupa, Jonathan Squire

Faculty Publications

Circularly polarized, nearly parallel propagating waves are prevalent in the solar wind at ion-kinetic scales. At these scales, the spectrum of turbulent fluctuations in the solar wind steepens, often called the transition range, before flattening at sub-ion scales. Circularly polarized waves have been proposed as a mechanism to couple electromagnetic fluctuations to ion gyromotion, enabling ion-scale dissipation that results in observed ion-scale steepening. Here we study Parker Solar Probe observations of an extended stream of fast solar wind ranging from ∼15 to 55 R ⊙. We demonstrate that, throughout the stream, transition range steepening at ion scales is associated with …

Exploring Forgiveness Through Theologically Informed Education: Lessons From Judaism, Yitzhak Ben Yair, Sarel Ohayon, Natti Ronel, Suzanne Freedman

Faculty Publications

Education serves as the primary line of defense against crime and other psychological difficulties. Children exposed to adversity and emotional challenges may be susceptible to various risks, potentially leading to criminal activities. Forgiveness has been demonstrated as a healing influence in the lives of individuals who have experienced hurt and accumulated negative emotions due to life events. Understanding forgiveness from a young age, in both theory and practice, may facilitate improved relationships and psychological well-being. This article underscores the significance of forgiveness education, advocating for a culturally and theologically sensitive approach. In this article we will offer an example of …

Extended Cyclotron Resonant Heating Of The Turbulent Solar Wind, Trevor A. Bowen, Ivan Y. Vasko, Stuart D. Bale, Benjamin D G Chandran, Alexandros Chasapis, Thierry Dudok De Wit, Alfred Mallet, Michael Mcmanus, Romain Meyrand, Marc Pulupa, Jonathan Squire

Faculty Publications

Circularly polarized, nearly parallel propagating waves are prevalent in the solar wind at ion-kinetic scales. At these scales, the spectrum of turbulent fluctuations in the solar wind steepens, often called the transition range, before flattening at sub-ion scales. Circularly polarized waves have been proposed as a mechanism to couple electromagnetic fluctuations to ion gyromotion, enabling ion-scale dissipation that results in observed ion-scale steepening. Here we study Parker Solar Probe observations of an extended stream of fast solar wind ranging from ∼15 to 55 R ⊙. We demonstrate that, throughout the stream, transition range steepening at ion scales is associated with …

Achieving Destination Sustainability: How Tourist-To-Tourist Interaction Quality Affects Tourist Loyalty?, Junli Gao, Fang Meng Ph.D., Weifeng Guo, Baomin Lin

Faculty Publications

Although tourist-to-tourist interaction (TTI) has been identified as an essential element in tourist experiences, the effect of TTI quality on tourist loyalty, and the mechanism underlying this effect is scarcely discussed in the literature. Based on the self-determination theory, this study aims to examine whether and how TTI quality influences tourist loyalty, representing a significant means to achieve destination sustainability. More specifically, this study tested a moderated mediation model in which basic psychological needs satisfaction mediated the relationship between TTI quality and tourist loyalty, while sociability moderated the link between TTI quality and basic psychological needs satisfaction. A survey research …

Open-Loop Wavefront Sensing In The Presence Of Speckle And Weak Scintillation, Derek J. Burrell, Mark F. Spencer, Ronald G. Driggers

Faculty Publications

In this paper, we show that speckle averaging helps to reduce the measurement error associated with a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS); however, this reduction is rendered ineffective with increasing beacon anisoplanatism. We do so operating in a weak-scintillation regime, where the SHWFS offers robust performance, and using in-plane translation of the illuminated rough surface to accomplish frame-to-frame speckle diversity. Understanding these trade-space limitations is critical when performing wavefront sensing with noncooperative, extended-source beacons.

Trends In Hot Carrier Distribution For Disordered Noble-Transition Metal Alloys, Eklavya Thareja, Kevin M. Mcpeak, Phillip T. Sprunger, Ilya Vekhter, William A. Shelton

Faculty Publications

We developed and tested an approach for predicting trends for efficient hot carrier generation among disordered metal alloys. We provide a simple argument for the importance of indirect transitions in the presence of disorder, thus justifying the use of joint density of states (JDOS)-like quantities for exploring these trends. We introduce a new JDOS-like quantity, JDOSK , which heuristically accounts for longer lifetimes of quasiparticles close to the Fermi energy. To demonstrate the efficacy of this new quantity, we apply it to the study of Cu50X50 where X = Ag, Au, Pd and Y50Pd50 where Y = Au, Ni. We …

Photoactivated Cyclic Polyphthalaldehyde Microcapsules For Payload Delivery, Youngsu Shin, Jared M. Schwartz, Anthony C. Engler, Brad Jones, Oleg Davydovich, Paul A. Kohl

Faculty Publications

Microcapsules with a cyclic polyphthalaldehyde (cPPA) shell and oil core were fabricated by an emulsification process. The low ceiling temperature cPPA shell was made phototriggerable by incorporating a photoacid generator (PAG). Photoactivation of the PAG created a strong acid which catalyzed cPPA depolymerization, resulting in the release of the core payload, as quantified by 1H NMR. The high molecular weight cPPA (197 kDa) yielded uniform spherical microcapsules. The core diameter was 24.8 times greater than the cPPA shell thickness (2.4 to 21.6 μm). Nonionic bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)diazomethane (BCSD) and N-hydroxynaphthalimide triflate (HNT) PAGs were used as the PAG in the microcapsule shells. …

Brain-Hand Function Relationships Based On Level Of Grasp Function In Chronic Left-Hemisphere Stroke, Elizabeth Rizor

Faculty Publications

Background and Objective

The biomarkers of hand function may differ based on level of motor impairment after stroke. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between resting state functional connectivity (RsFC) and unimanual contralesional hand function after stroke and whether brain-behavior relationships differ based on level of grasp function.

Methods

Sixty-two individuals with chronic, left-hemisphere stroke were separated into three functional levels based on Box and Blocks Test performance with the contralesional hand: Low (moved 0 blocks), Moderate (moved >0% but < 90% of blocks relative to the ipsilesional hand), and High (moved ≥90% of blocks relative to the ipsilesional hand).

Results

RsFC in the ipsilesional and interhemispheric motor networks was reduced in the Low group compared …

Continuous Pressure-Induced Valence And Magnetic Transitions In Eumnsb2, Raimundas Sereika, Greeshma C. Jose, Silu Huang, Rongying Jin, William A. Shelton, Weiwei Xie, Jiyong Zhao, Barbara Lavina, Esen E. Alp, Yuming Xiao, Dongzhou Zhang, Yogesh K. Vohra, Wenli Bi

Faculty Publications

EuMnSb2 is a unique and promising compound with complex magnetism (Eu and Mn sublattices) to realize magnetic control of topological quasiparticles. By applying pressure (P) to this system, we have observed a continuous pressure-induced valence change from Eu2+ to Eu3+. Remarkably, despite the significant valence change in Eu ions, an extremely large increase in the magnetic ordering temperature (TN,Eu) from 21 K at ambient pressure to 180 K at 28.4 GPa is detected. The substantial enhancement in TN,Eu is likely the consequence of the reduced distance between neighboring Eu ions and the enhanced indirect exchange interaction through increased 4f-5d mixing …

A Tribute To Gregory A. Voth, Jaehyeok Jin, William G. Noid, Jianing Li, Revati Kumar, Jianshu Cao, Seogjoo Jang, Francesco Paesani, David Reichman

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Griggs International Academy: A Church Bell For The World, Ben Kreiter, Deirdré Wilkens

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Building A Simplistic Automatic Extruder: Instrument Development Opportunities For The Laboratory, Stefanie Klisch, Dylan Gilbert, Emma Breaux, Aliyah Dalier, Sudipta Gupta, Bruno Jakobi, Gerald J. Schneider

Faculty Publications

This work presents an automatic extruder as a research experience for undergraduate students. The system offers a user-friendly approach to preparing vesicles, such as liposomes or polymersomes, with a defined size and polydispersity─properties crucial for research in biology and macromolecules. It comprises two syringe pumps connected by a membrane filter. The setup is controlled by software. Compared to manual extrusion, this automated system provides advantages, such as precisely controlled variables. The project describes a tool to enhance undergraduate learning in science and engineering laboratories. Building an automatic extruder serves as a simplified model of a complex industrial process. It offers …

Partial In-Vitro Dispersal Of S. Mutans Ua159 Biofilms By Silver-(I)Cyanoximate Compounds, Brendaliz Santiago Narvaez, Sarah Hameer, Jamie L. Perry, Tiffany Rojas, Laurel G. Habgood

Faculty Publications

Silver(I) cyanoximate compounds have antibacterial activity against the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans, a resident of oral plaque biofilm. As oral biofilm strategies focus on the inhibition of attachment or physical removal of the existing microbes, we were interested in exploring the ability of six different silver(I) cyanoximate compounds to target and disperse a pre-existing biofilm. Here we report that these compounds were only able to partially disperse S. mutans biofilms as the compounds were more effective at inhibiting biofilm formation. None of the six compounds were able to outperform silver nitrate, a commonly used antibacterial in dentistry.

Dominant Role Of Grazing And Snow Cover Variability On Vegetation Shifts In The Drylands Of Kazakhstan, Venkatesh Kolluru, Ranjeet John, Jiquan Chen, Preethi Konkathi, Srinivas Kolluru, Sakshi Saraf, Geoffrey M. Henebry, Jingfeng Xiao, Khushboo Jain, Maira Kussainova

Faculty Publications

Decomposing the responses of ecosystem structure and function in drylands to changes in human-environmental forcing is a pressing challenge. Though trend detection studies are extensive, these studies often fail to attribute them to potential spatiotemporal drivers. Most attribution studies use a single empirical model or a causal graph that cannot be generalized or extrapolated to larger scales or account for spatial changes and multiple independent processes. Here, we proposed and tested a multi-stage, multi-model framework that detects vegetation trends and attributes them to ten independent social-environmental system (SES) drivers in Kazakhstan (KZ). The time series segmented residual trend analysis showed …

Dominant Role Of Grazing And Snow Cover Variability On Vegetation Shifts In The Drylands Of Kazakhstan, Venkatesh Kolluru, Ranjeet John, Jiquan Chen, Preethi Konkathi, Srinivas Kolluru, Sakshi Saraf, Geoffrey M. Henebry, Jingfeng Xiao, Khushboo Jain, Maira Kussainova

Faculty Publications

Decomposing the responses of ecosystem structure and function in drylands to changes in human-environmental forcing is a pressing challenge. Though trend detection studies are extensive, these studies often fail to attribute them to potential spatiotemporal drivers. Most attribution studies use a single empirical model or a causal graph that cannot be generalized or extrapolated to larger scales or account for spatial changes and multiple independent processes. Here, we proposed and tested a multi-stage, multi-model framework that detects vegetation trends and attributes them to ten independent social-environmental system (SES) drivers in Kazakhstan (KZ). The time series segmented residual trend analysis showed …

Syntheses, Characterizations And Reactions Of Acene-2,3-Dicarbaldehydes, Glen Miller, Qian Liu

Faculty Publications

Here, we report improved syntheses, detailed characterizations and reactions of a series of acene-2,3- dicarbaldehydes including tetracene-2,3-dicarbaldehyde. DFT calculations corroborate and complement the experimental results. Tetracene-2,3-dicarbaldehyde and the benchmark organic semiconductor pentacene have isoelectronic p-systems and similar HOMO–LUMO gaps. Tetracene-2,3-dicarbaldehyde is soluble in a host of organic solvents (e.g., DMF, toluene, THF, chloroform, dichloromethane) and shows excellent photooxidative resistance in solution phases exposed to light and air. Further, it is readily sublimed from the solid-state without decomposition, and can be functionalized using different chemistries. We have demonstrated the utility of acene-2,3-dicarbaldehydes as reactants in the syntheses of novel diaryl-2,3-acenedimethanols and …

Acousto-Dielectric Tweezers Enable Independent Manipulation Of Multiple Particles, Liang Shen, Zhenhua Tian, Kaichun Yang, Joseph Rich, Jinxin Zhang, Jianping Xia, Wesley Collyer, Brandon Lu, Nanjing Hao, Zhichao Pei, Chuyi Chen, Tony Jun Huang

Faculty Publications

Acoustic tweezers have gained substantial interest in biology, engineering, and materials science for their label-free, precise, contactless, and programmable manipulation of small objects. However, acoustic tweezers cannot independently manipulate multiple microparticles simultaneously. This study introduces acousto-dielectric tweezers capable of independently manipulating multiple microparticles and precise control over intercellular distances and cyclical cell pairing and separation for detailed cell-cell interaction analysis. Our acousto-dielectric tweezers leverage the competition between acoustic radiation forces, generated by standing surface acoustic waves (SAWs), and dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces, induced by gradient electric fields. Modulating these fields allows for the precise positioning of individual microparticles at points where …

Effects Of Fluid Slip On Heat Transfer In The Thin Film Region In A Microchannel, Rama S. R. Gorla, John Brewer, Abdeel Roman

Faculty Publications

A theoretical study was undertaken to investigate the influence of interfacial slip on evaporation of a thin liquid film in a microfluidic channel. The disjoining pressure and the capillary force which drive the liquid flow at the liquid-vapor interface in thin film region are adopted. The evaporating thin film region is an extended meniscus beyond the apparent contact line at a liquid/solid interface. Thin film evaporation plays a key role in a highly efficient heat pipe. Slip length was found to affect the heat transfer in the microchannel by altering the thin film geometry.

Why Are There So Many Definitions Of Eutrophication?, Alexandrine Pannard, Philippe Souchu, Christian Chauvin, Monique Delabuis, Chantal Gascuel-Odoux, Erik Jeppesen, Morgane Le Moal, Alain Ménesguen, Gilles Pinay, Nancy N. Rabalais, Yves Souchon, Elisabeth M. Gross

Faculty Publications

Because of the first observations in the 1900s of the oligotrophic and eutrophic states of lakes, researchers have been interested in the process that makes lakes become turbid because of high phytoplankton biomass. Definitions of eutrophication have multiplied and diversified since the mid-20th century, more than for any other ecological process. Reasons for the high number of definitions might be that the former ones did not sufficiently describe their causes and/or consequences. Global change is bringing eutrophication more into the spotlight than ever, highlighting the need to find consensus on a common definition, or at least to explain and clarify …