Digital Commons Network^™

Gnss Software Defined Radio: History, Current Developments, And Standardization Efforts, Thomas Pany, Dennis Akos, Javier Arribas, M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Pau Closas, Fabio Dovis, Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez, Carles Fernandez-Prades, Sanjeev Gunawardena, Todd Humphreys, Zaher M. Kassas, Jose A. Lopez Salcedo, Mario Nicola, Mario L. Psiaki, Alexander Rugamer, Yong-Jin Song, Jong-Hoon Won

Faculty Publications

Taking the work conducted by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) software-defined radio (SDR) working group during the last decade as a seed, this contribution summarizes, for the first time, the history of GNSS SDR development. This report highlights selected SDR implementations and achievements that are available to the public or that influenced the general development of SDR. Aspects related to the standardization process of intermediate-frequency sample data and metadata are discussed, and an update of the Institute of Navigation SDR Standard is proposed. This work focuses on GNSS SDR implementations in general-purpose processors and leaves aside developments conducted on …

Speech Regulation And Tobacco Harm Reduction, Jonathan H. Adler, Jacob James Rich

Faculty Publications

Part I of this essay describes what is currently understood about the relative health risks of ENDS [electronic nicotine delivery systems] and other vaping products, particularly as compared to combustible cigarettes.

Part II of this essay describes the current regulatory regime governing tobacco products and how this regime has been applied to ENDS and other vaping products.

Part III of this essay explains how the FDA’s regulatory regime hampers the ability of ENDS manufacturers to inform consumers about the relative risks of their products and the potential use of ENDS as smoking cessation aids.

Part IV explains why this regulation …

Permitting The Future, Jonathan H. Adler

Faculty Publications

Introduction to the research colloquium, "Permitting the Future" (2023) sponsored by the Coleman P. Burke Center for Environmental Law and the Property and Environment Research Center.

Papers "explore the ways in which the extensive permitting and review requirements adopted at the federal and state level are constraining needed development and infrastructure and suggest possible avenues of reform."

Caring For The Caregivers: Reimagining Institutional Recognition Of Caregiving Work After The Covid Care Crisis, Shruti Rana

Faculty Publications

The COVID-19 pandemic washed over the already uneven landscape of legal academia with an unrelenting force, hitting the most vulnerable most harshly while leaving others bobbing or churning in the waves, loosening the tethers to the social and institutional structures that had previously supported them. Some of the most devastating losses were unsurprising and indeed played out as had long been feared or predicted in times of crisis. Other harms played out in entirely new ways, creating new scars and obstacles. As we survey the changes brought across this landscape in the pandemic's wake, several emerging themes deserve further scrutiny …

The Success Of Pre-Enforcement Challenges To Antidiscrimination Laws, Alexander Gouzoules

Faculty Publications

Formally, judicial analysis of a challenged statute's validity should be consistent, regardless of the challenge's pre- or post-enforcement posture. A post-enforcement posture arises when an aggrieved party defensively challenges a purportedly unconstitutional statute being enforced against them. Alternatively, a pre-enforcement posture arises when an impacted party strikes first, attacking the statute by asserting a credible threat that the law will be enforced against them in the future. Either way, judicial evaluation of a statute's validity should turn on its content and effect-not on whether it was challenged before or after enforcement.

This Article challenges that assumption, arguing that pre-enforcement challengers …

Choosing Your Judge, Alexander Gouzoules

Faculty Publications

Accounts of American litigation pose a contradiction: Forum shopping is acceptable, but judge shopping is not. Formal disfavor toward judge shopping is pervasive, and attempts by parties to manipulate the assignment of their case are deemed abusive and even sanctionable. Nevertheless, sophisticated judge-shopping tactics have proliferated in specific areas of the law—particularly in challenges to executive branch policies and in the reorganization of large companies under Chapter 11. In these disparate areas, judge-shopping strategies have been deployed in high-profile cases, ranging from a challenge to the FDA’s authorization of an abortion drug to the opioid-driven bankruptcy of Purdue Pharma. In …

Heritable Genome Editing, And The Future Of Novel Reproductive Technologies, Kerry L. Macintosh

Faculty Publications

This Article compares human reproductive cloning (HRC) and
heritable genome editing (HGE) to identify factors that encourage bans
on novel reproductive technologies. HRC drew legislative opposition
in part because it involved asexual reproduction and was incorrectly
associated with copying. HGE and other technologies that involve
sexual reproduction do not have those problematic qualities. HRC also
became entangled with research in which human embryos were cloned
to be harvested for their stem cells. HGE did not because scientists
learned how to create and edit pluripotent stem cells without creating
embryos. However, the legal history of HRC predicts that reproductive
technologies strongly …

Stem Pathways For Rural Youth: Experience Sampling Feedback And Scoring Manual, Amanda Bastoni, Sam Catherine Johnston, Andrew D. Coppens, Jayson Seaman, Cindy Hartman

Faculty Publications

This Pilot and Feasibility project involved CAST, a non-profit education research organization, the University of New Hampshire (UNH), and outdoor-recreation and informal STEM community-based youth-serving organizations in New Hampshire (NH). The research investigated the contributions of youth's participation in outdoor recreation in developing high school aged students' STEM identities and considerations of careers in STEM. The study addressed three questions: How can outdoor recreation be used as an informal STEM learning context to broaden participation for underrepresented rural youth who face known barriers to the traditional learning experiences necessary for developing positive STEM identities? How can outdoor recreation be used …

Serine Proteinase Inhibitors From Nicotiana Benthamiana, A Nonpreferred Host Plant, Inhibit The Growth Of Myzus Persicae (Green Peach Aphid), Honglin Feng, Georg Jander

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is a severe agricultural crop pest that has developed resistance to most current control methods, requiring the urgent development of novel strategies. Plant proteinase inhibitors (PINs) are small proteins that protect plants against pathogens and/or herbivores, likely by preventing efficient protein digestion. RESULTS: We identified 67 protease genes in the transcriptomes of three M. persicae lineages (USDA-Red, G002 and G006). Comparison of gene expression levels in aphid guts and whole aphids showed that several proteases, including a highly expressed serine protease, are significantly overexpressed in the guts. Furthermore, we identified three genes encoding …

Biology, Ecology, And Management Of Redbanded Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Olabimpe O. Okosun, Justin George, Maribel Portilla, James P. Glover, Katherine A. Parys, Gadi V.P. Reddy

Faculty Publications

The redbanded stink bug (RBSB), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive stink bug species and a polyphagous pest of cultivated crops and non-cultivated wild plants. The increase in soybean cultivation during the 1960s-1970s led to the spread of RBSB as an economic pest of soybean throughout South America, especially in Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In the early 2000s, RBSB became an economic concern to US agriculture and is currently a key species in a stink bug complex that damages soybean in many mid-southern states. RBSB causes extensive damage to soybeans and other economically important leguminous crops by feeding …

Multinational Prediction Of Soil Organic Carbon And Texture Via Proximal Sensors, Marcelo Mancini, Renata Andrade, Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva, Rogério Borguete Alves Rafael, Swagata Mukhopadhyay, Bin Li, Somsubhra Chakraborty, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme, Autumn Acree, David C. Weindorf, Nilton Curi

Faculty Publications

Novel technologies help to monitor the environmental impact of human activities, but tests involving datasets from several countries, encompassing a large variability of soil properties, are still scarce. This study utilized proximal sensors to predict soil organic carbon (OC) and soil texture of samples from Brazil, France, India, Mozambique, and United States. A total of 1749 samples were analyzed by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Sand (R2 = 0.89), silt (0.87), and clay (0.84) predictions were very accurate, despite contrasting climates, soil parent materials, and weathering degrees. Soil OC predictions were similarly successful (0.74) …

The Lavatory Lens: Tracking The Global Movement Of Pathogens Via Aircraft Wastewater, Aaron Bivins, Robert Morfino, Andrew Franklin, Stuart Simpson, Warish Ahmed

Faculty Publications

Modern commercial air travel connects disparate human populations. The global airline industry transported as many as 4.5 billion passengers annually in the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic. While such connections are convenient for commerce and tourism, air travel networks can also be efficient distributors of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health agencies used multi-layered control strategies to manage the risk of COVID-19 transmission associated with air travel. Simultaneously, the surveillance of aircraft wastewater was further developed as a promising new method to screen for COVID-19, including newly emerging lineages, among international travelers. Herein, we review the …

Establishment Of A Practical Sperm Cryopreservation Pathway For The Axolotl (Ambystoma Mexicanum): A Community-Level Approach To Germplasm Repository Development, Nicholas Coxe, Yue Liu, Lucía Arregui, Rose Upton, Sarah Bodenstein, Steven Randal Voss, Maria T. Gutierrez-Wing, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) draws great attention around the world for its importance as a biomedical research model, but housing and maintaining live animals is increasingly expensive and risky as new transgenic lines are developed. The goal of this work was to develop an initial practical pathway for sperm cryopreservation to support germplasm repository development. The present study assembled a pathway through the investigation of axolotl sperm collection by stripping, refrigerated storage in various osmotic pressures, cryopreservation in various cryoprotectants, and in vitro fertilization using thawed sperm. By the stripping of males, 25–800 µL of sperm fluid was collected at …

Covid-19 As A Chronic Stressor And The Importance Of Individual Identity: A Data-Driven Look At Academic Productivity During The Pandemic, Breanna N. Harris, Carolyn M. Bauer, James A. Carr, Caitlin R. Gabor, Jennifer L. Grindstaff, Caleigh Guoynes, Jennifer J. Heppner, Cris C. Ledon-Rettig, Patricia C. Lopes, Sharon E. Lynn, Carla B. Madelaire, Lorin A. Neuman-Lee, Maria G. Palacios, Paul Soto, Jennifer Terry

Faculty Publications

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted personal and professional life. For academics, research, teaching, and service tasks were upended and we all had to navigate the altered landscape. However, some individuals faced a disproportionate burden, particularly academics with minoritized identities or those who were early career, were caregivers, or had intersecting identities. As comparative endocrinologists, we determine how aspects of individual and species-level variation influence response to, recovery from, and resilience in the face of stressors. Here, we flip that framework and apply an integrative biological lens to the impact of the COVID-19 chronic stressor on our endocrine community. We address how …

Rationale And Challenges For A New Instrument For Remote Measurement Of Negative Symptoms, David Gordon Daniel, Alex S. Cohen, Philip D. Harvey, Dawn I. Velligan, William Z. Potter, William P. Horan, Raeanne C. Moore, Stephen R. Marder

Faculty Publications

There is a broad consensus that the commonly used clinician-administered rating scales for assessment of negative symptoms share significant limitations, including (1) reliance upon accurate self-report and recall from the patient and caregiver; (2) potential for sampling bias and thus being unrepresentative of daily-life experiences; (3) subjectivity of the symptom scoring process and limited sensitivity to change. These limitations led a work group from the International Society of CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology (ISCTM) to initiate the development of a multimodal negative symptom instrument. Experts from academia and industry reviewed the current methods of assessing the domains of negative symptoms …

Use Of Cryopreserved Sperm Of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) For Seed Production At The Hatchery Level Of Bangladesh—A Need For Development Of Germplasm Repositories, Shajjad Hossian, Md Faijan Reza, Mohammad Matiur Rahman, Mariom, Mohammed Jahangir Alam, Md Abdur Razzak, Md Fazlul Awal Mollah, Terrence R. Tiersch, Md Rafiqul Islam Sarder

Faculty Publications

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), a freshwater nonnative fish species, is a potential aquaculture candidate in Bangladesh. The seed of the species is produced in the hatcheries by hypophysation, but the quality of seedstock of grass carp is deteriorated due to inbreeding, negative selection, and interspecific introgression among fishes. To increase the availability of quality seed and best genetic traits of grass carp, this study dealt with finding suitable conditions of sperm cryopreservation protocols and evaluated the effectiveness of cryopreserved sperm through breeding trials of C. idella. A broodstock population was developed from fingerlings imported from China by the Bangladesh Department …

Webster Parish Library, 1929-1935 : A Rosenwald Demonstration Library, Suzanne Marie Stauffer

Faculty Publications

In 1929 the Julius Rosenwald Fund instituted its County Demonstration Library program of matching grants to promote public library service to Blacks in the South. By the end of the program, total circulation in the demonstration counties averaged 5.2 per capita, with circulation among Blacks more than twice what it had been the previous year. One such segregated library system was established in Webster Parish Louisiana with the support of the State Library Commission. The central white library and eight branches opened on October 4, 1929. The central Black library and four branches opened a short time later. The Library …

Controlling Foodborne Pathogens In Irrigation Water: The Effectiveness Of Zeolite Modified With Cetrimonium Bromide, Jose L.Brandao Delgado, Jose Fuentes, Katheryn Parraga, Kathryn Fontenot, Achyut Adhikari, Marlene E. Janes

Faculty Publications

Recurring foodborne outbreaks, attributed to Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella sp., and Listeria monocytogenes, have identified irrigation water as a potential source of contamination, and creating the necessity for safe irrigation water in produce cultivation, as emphasized by the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). In response to this imperative, this study explored the efficacy of surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) enhanced with Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) as a sustainable water purification solution for surface water. The SMZ was assessed to have the capacity to filter contaminated water with high loads of foodborne pathogens. A laboratory study was conducted using a 100 g SMZ column. …

Antioxidant Activity, Structural And Physical Properties Of Soy-Based Textured Vegetable Protein With Added Cannabis Leaves As Affected By Extrusion Process, Kamolwan Jangchud, Hataichanok Kantrong, Benjarat Tepsongkroh, Anuvat Jangchud, Khanchat Sangchum, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul

Faculty Publications

The effects of cannabis leaf powder substituted for defatted soy flour (CP; 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) and the moisture content of the mixture (MC; 25%, 35% and 45% on a wet basis) on physical properties and antioxidant activities of textured vegetable protein (TVP) prepared using a twin-screw extruder were studied. Increasing CP and MC decreased expansion, resulting in small air cells within the structure, which, in turn, led to an increased bulk density and decreased water absorption capacity, water holding capacity and water solubility index. After rehydration, TVP with the higher CP and MC levels tended to exhibit higher …

Characterization Of Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity And Selection Of Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria At The Flowering And Fruiting Stages Of Rapeseed, Mengjiao Wang, Haiyan Sun, Zhimin Xu

Faculty Publications

Plant rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in modulating plant growth and productivity. This study aimed to elucidate the diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms at the flowering and fruiting stages of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Microbial communities in rhizosphere soils were analyzed via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA regions for fungi. A total of 401 species of bacteria and 49 species of fungi in the rhizosphere soil samples were found in three different samples. The composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly different at different stages of rapeseed growth. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) …

Challenges And Opportunities In Sustainability Reporting: A Focus On Small And Medium Enterprises (Smes), Santi Setyaningsih, Rosita Widjojo, Peter Kelle

Faculty Publications

The purpose of the study was to observe how Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) struggle to develop the sustainability reports that are today important and required by consumers. The rationale is that the sustainability report is influenced by governance practices, social responsibility, and environmental impact. The research successfully summarizes the barriers from 37 influential sustainability report papers by employing a thorough systematic literature review. It was based on 6 well-known databases with the limitation of exclusion criteria such as 11 years of research (2012–2023), used English, and more than 4 pages articles. According to the findings of this literature review …

Promoting Equity And Addressing Concerns In Teaching And Learning With Artificial Intelligence, Jennifer Garcia Ramos, Zakiya Wilson-Kennedy

Faculty Publications

This perspective article focuses on the exploration and advocacy of approaches to be considered in designing equitable learning experiences for students’ use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and technology through the Universal Design for Learning Framework (UDL) exemplifying chemistry examples that can be applied to any course in STEM. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are causing disruptions within learning in higher education and is also casting a spotlight on systemic inequities particularly affecting minoritized groups broadly and in STEM fields. Particularly, the emergence of AI has focused on inequities toward minoritized students in academic and professional …

The Role Of Magnetar Transient Activity In Time-Domain And Multimessenger Astronomy, Michela Negro, George Younes, Zorawar Wadiasingh, Eric Burns, Aaron Trigg, Matthew Baring

Faculty Publications

Time-domain and multimessenger astronomy (TDAMM) involves the study of transient and time-variable phenomena across various wavelengths and messengers. The Astro2020 Decadal Survey has identified TDAMM as the top priority for NASA in this decade, emphasizing its crucial role in advancing our understanding of the universe and driving new discoveries in astrophysics. The TDAMM community has come together to provide further guidance to funding agencies, aiming to define a clear path toward optimizing scientific returns in this research domain. This encompasses not only astronomy but also fundamental physics, offering insights into properties of gravity, the formation of heavy elements, the equation …

Efficacious Qubit Mappings For Quantum Simulations Of The 12c Rotational Band, Darin C. Mumma, Zhonghao Sun, Alexis Mercenne, Kristina D. Launey, Soorya Rethinasamy, James A. Sauls

Faculty Publications

Solving atomic nuclei from first principles places enormous demands on computational resources, which grow exponentially with increasing number of particles and the size of the space they occupy. We present first quantum simulations based on the variational quantum eigensolver for the low-lying structure of the ¹²C nucleus that provide acceptable bound-state energies even in the presence of noise. We achieve this by taking advantage of two critical developments. First, we utilize an almost perfect symmetry of atomic nuclei that, in a complete symmetry-adapted basis, drastically reduces the size of the model space. Second, we use the efficacious Gray encoding, …

The Future Of Attosecond Science, Nirit Dudovich, Li Fang, Mette Gaarde, Ursula Keller, Alexandra Landsman, Maria Richter, Nina Rohringer, Linda Young

Faculty Publications

Conferences are incredible opportunities to strengthen the inclusive outlook of our scientific community. The participation of female scientists, postdocs, and graduate students in the ATTO VIII conference was remarkable, with more than 40% of female invited speakers. The Local Organizing Committee seized this opportunity to promote an atmosphere that welcomes all. An entirely female evening panel, with experience across the attosecond science spectrum, was convened to explore the Future of Attosecond Science in the evening session of Wednesday, July 13. Furthermore, a booklet entitled Perspectives in Attosecond Science was compiled by Dr. Shima Gholam-Mirzaei of the University of Ottawa and …

The Beta-Decay Paul Trap Mk Iv: Design And Commissioning, L. Varriano, G. Savard, J. A. Clark, D. P. Burdette, M. T. Burkey, A. T. Gallant, T. Y. Hirsh, B. Longfellow, N. D. Scielzo, R. Segel, E. J. Boron, M. Brodeur, N. Callahan, A. Cannon, K. Kolos, B. Liu, S. Lopez-Caceres, M. Gott, B. Maaß, S. T. Marley, C. Mohs, G. E. Morgan, P. Mueller, M. Oberling, P. D. O'Malley, W. S. Porter, Z. Purcell, D. Ray, F. Rivero, A. A. Valverde, G. L. Wilson, R. Zite

Faculty Publications

The Beta-decay Paul Trap is an open-geometry, linear trap used to measure the decays of ⁸Li and ⁸B to search for a tensor contribution to the weak interaction. In the latest ⁸Li measurement of Burkey et al. (2022), β scattering was the dominant experimental systematic uncertainty. The Beta-decay Paul Trap Mk IV reduces the prevalence of β scattering by a factor of 4 through a redesigned electrode geometry and the use of glassy carbon and graphite as electrode materials. The trap has been constructed and successfully commissioned with ⁸Li in a new data campaign that collected …

The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer 2.5 Years Later, Paolo Soffitta, Luca Baldini, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Stephen D. Bongiorno, Niccolò Bucciantini, Enrico Costa, Michal Dovčiak, Steven Ehlert, Philip E. Kaaret, Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Frédréic Marin, Alan P. Marscher, Herman L. Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Fabio Muleri, Stephen L. O'Dell, Juri Poutanen, Brian Ramsey, Roger W. Romani, Patrick Slane, Allyn F. Tennant, Roberto Turolla, Martin C. Weisskopf, Iván Agudo, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Matteo Bachetti, Stefano Bianchi, Raffaella Bonino, Alessandro Brez, Fiamma Capitanio, Simone Castellano

Faculty Publications

We have, at last, an observatory dedicated to X-ray polarimetry that has been operational since December 9^th, 2021. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a NASA SMEX mission, in partnership with ASI, based on three X-ray telescopes, each equipped with a polarization-sensitive detector in the focus. An extending boom was deployed in orbit, positioning the detectors at the optimal distance from the optics, which have a 4-meter focal length. The spacecraft is three-axis stabilized, providing power, attitude determination and control, transmission, and commanding capabilities. After two and a half years of observation, IXPE has detected positive polarization …

The African Light Source: History, Context And Future, Simon H. Connell, Kathleen Dollman, Gihan Kamel, Sameen A. Khan, Edward Mitchell, Sekazi K. Mtingwa, Marcus C. Newton, Prosper Ngabonziza, Emmanuel Nji, Lawrence Norris, Michele Zema

Faculty Publications

The African Light Source (AfLS) project is now almost eight years old. This article assesses the history, current context and future of the project. There is by now considerable momentum in building the user community, including deep training, facilitating access to current facilities, growing the scientific output, scientific networks and growing the local laboratory-scale research infrastructure. The Conceptual Design Report for the AfLS is in its final editing stages. This document specifies the socio-economic and scientific rationales and the technical aspects amongst others. The AfLS is supported by many national and Pan-African scientific professional bodies and voluntary associates across many …

Feature Engineering Of Environmental Covariates Improves Plant Genomic-Enabled Prediction, Osval A. Montesinos-López, Leonardo Crespo-Herrera, Carolina Saint Pierre, Bernabe Cano-Paez, Gloria Isabel Huerta-Prado, Brandon Alejandro Mosqueda-González, Sofia Ramos-Pulido, Guillermo Gerard, Khalid Alnowibet, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, Abelardo Montesinos-López, José Crossa

Faculty Publications

Introduction: Because Genomic selection (GS) is a predictive methodology, it needs to guarantee high-prediction accuracies for practical implementations. However, since many factors affect the prediction performance of this methodology, its practical implementation still needs to be improved in many breeding programs. For this reason, many strategies have been explored to improve the prediction performance of this methodology. Methods: When environmental covariates are incorporated as inputs in the genomic prediction models, this information only sometimes helps increase prediction performance. For this reason, this investigation explores the use of feature engineering on the environmental covariates to enhance the prediction performance of genomic …

Ba5sb8: The Highest Homologue Of The Family Of Binary Semiconducting Barium Antimonides Bansb2n−2 (N ≥ 2), S. M.Gayomi K. Samarakoon, Alexander Ovchinnikov, Sviatoslav Baranets, Svilen Bobev

Faculty Publications

A novel binary compound within the Ba–Sb phase diagram, Ba5Sb8, was synthesized by combining elements with an excess of Sb in an alumina crucible. Structural elucidation was performed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 with unit cell parameters of a = 15.6568(13) Å, b = 35.240(3) Å, c = 6.8189(6) Å, adopting its own structure type. The most distinctive features of the structure are the eight-membered [Sb8]¹⁰⁻ polyanionic fragments which have no known precedents among antimonides. They are separated by five Ba²⁺ cations, which afford the charge balance and enable adherence …