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Enigmatic Phylogeny Of Skuas: An Alternative Hypothesis, M. J. Braun, R. T. Brumfield Jun 1998

Enigmatic Phylogeny Of Skuas: An Alternative Hypothesis, M. J. Braun, R. T. Brumfield

Faculty Publications

Last year, Cohen et al. presented molecular data suggesting the surprising result that both currently recognized genera of skuas, Stercorarius and Catharacta (Aves: Stercorariidae), are not monophyletic. However, the most enigmatic conclusion from their analysis, that S. pomarinus is sister to C. skua, rests solely on mtDNA sequence data. When the mtDNA data are analysed in a maximum likelihood framework that accounts for variation in evolutionary rates, Catharacta monophyly cannot be rejected. None of the best trees that can be derived from two nuclear data sets of Cohen et al. support the controversial pomarinus-C. skua node. We propose an alternative …

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Ecosystem Responses To Internal And Watershed Organic Matter Loading: Consequences For Hypoxia In The Eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, Usa, Hans W. Paerl, James L. Pinckney, John M. Fear, Benjamin L. Peierls May 1998

Ecosystem Responses To Internal And Watershed Organic Matter Loading: Consequences For Hypoxia In The Eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, Usa, Hans W. Paerl, James L. Pinckney, John M. Fear, Benjamin L. Peierls

Faculty Publications

The contrasting impacts of externally supplied (runoff) and internally generated (nutrient stimulated phytoplankton blooms) organic matter on oxygen (02) depletion were examined and evaluated in the eutrophic, salinity-stratified Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. This nitrogen (N)- limited estuary is experiencing increasing anthropogenic N loading from expanding urban, agricultural and industrial development in its watershed. Resultant algal blooms, which provided organic matter loads capable of causing extensive low 02 (hypoxic) and depleted 02 (anoxic) conditions, have induced widespread mortality of resident fin- and shellfish. Phytoplankton blooms followed periods of elevated N loading, except during extremely high …

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Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I- And Ii-Deficient Knock-Out Mice Are Resistant To Primary But Susceptible To Secondary Eimeria Papillata Infections, Marco L. Schito, Bill Chobotar, John R. Barta May 1998

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I- And Ii-Deficient Knock-Out Mice Are Resistant To Primary But Susceptible To Secondary Eimeria Papillata Infections, Marco L. Schito, Bill Chobotar, John R. Barta

Faculty Publications

Two distinct mechanisms seem to function in reducing oocyst output during Eimeria papillata infections in mice. For naive mice, immunity was afforded by a T-cell-independent gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) response mediated by natural killer (NK) cells. On reinfection, resistance was associated with T-cells and, to a lesser extent, perforin. To determine if antigen presentation with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules was required to control oocyst production by NK cells during primary infection or by T-cells during secondary infection, mutant mice that lacked H2-IAβb (Aβb(-/-)) or β2-microglobulin (β2m(-/-)) were used. Since MHC molecules are required for the maturation of αβ T-cells, Aβb(-/-) and …

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Regulation Of The Phonotactic Threshold Of The Female Cricket, Acheta Domesticus: Juvenile Hormone Iii, Allatectomy, L1 Auditory Neuron Thresholds And Environmental Factors, John Stout, Jing Hao, P. Kim, David Mbungu, M. Bronsert, S. Slikkers, J. Maier, D. Kim, K. Bacchus, Gordon Atkins May 1998

Regulation Of The Phonotactic Threshold Of The Female Cricket, Acheta Domesticus: Juvenile Hormone Iii, Allatectomy, L1 Auditory Neuron Thresholds And Environmental Factors, John Stout, Jing Hao, P. Kim, David Mbungu, M. Bronsert, S. Slikkers, J. Maier, D. Kim, K. Bacchus, Gordon Atkins

Faculty Publications

Juvenile hormone III (JHIII), when applied to the abdomen of 1-day-old female Acheta domesticus (in quantities that would create JHIII titers in the hemolymph that were within the range measured in females of this species) caused a significant decrease in phonotactic thresholds (Fig. 1). Removal of the corpora allata from 5-day-old females with low phonotactic thresholds caused significantly increased phonotactic thresholds 2-5 days later. After a temporary increase (24 h) of, on average, about 25 dB, the phonotactic thresholds drop to about 10 dB above preallatectomy levels (Fig. 2), but remain significantly higher than controls. Application of JHIII to allatectomized …

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Adoption Of Children In Missouri, Mary M. Beck Apr 1998

Adoption Of Children In Missouri, Mary M. Beck

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this Article is to investigate the effect of Missouri law on adoption and to determine whether its provisions adequately protect the parties to adoption and whether its degree of clarity properly forestalls litigation.

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The Impact Of Obesity And Body Fat Distribution On Ambulatory Blood Pressure In Children And Adolescents, Empar Lurbe, Vicente Alvarez, Youlian Liao, Jose Tacons, Richard Cooper, Beatriz Cremades, Isabel Torro, Josep Redón Apr 1998

The Impact Of Obesity And Body Fat Distribution On Ambulatory Blood Pressure In Children And Adolescents, Empar Lurbe, Vicente Alvarez, Youlian Liao, Jose Tacons, Richard Cooper, Beatriz Cremades, Isabel Torro, Josep Redón

Faculty Publications

To assess the relationship between obesity, body fat distribution, and blood pressure in children and adolescents, various measures of obesity and the waist-to-hip circumference ratio were related to casual and ambulatory blood pressure as measured using a SpaceLabs 90207 monitor during a regular school day. Seventy obese and 70 nonobese children aged 6 to 16 years were included in the study. Regardless of the time period analyzed (24 h, daytime, or nighttime), ambulatory blood pressure and casual blood pressure were significantly higher among the obese children. The differences in systolic blood pressure observed between the groups were attributable to the …

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Electrophoretic Deposition Of Polymer Chains On An Adsorbing Surface In (2+1) Dimensions: Conformational Anisotropy And Nonuniversal Coverage, Grace M. Foo, Ras B. Pandey Apr 1998

Electrophoretic Deposition Of Polymer Chains On An Adsorbing Surface In (2+1) Dimensions: Conformational Anisotropy And Nonuniversal Coverage, Grace M. Foo, Ras B. Pandey

Faculty Publications

Electrophoretic deposition of polymer chains flowing in a (2 + 1)-dimensional system is studied by computer simulations. Steady-state surface coverage θj is found to decay with the chain's length, i.e., θj∼Lc-a with a nonuniversal exponent α≃0.0-0.9 depending on the magnitude of driving field and temperature. Conformational crossover occurs for chains from a surface or wall to an adjacent bulk region with different scaling exponents for their longitudinal and transverse spread.

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Mla's Professional Development Program: How We Took Control Of Our Future, Fred W. Roper Apr 1998

Mla's Professional Development Program: How We Took Control Of Our Future, Fred W. Roper

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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A Novel Α-Type Carbonic Anhydrase Associated With The Thylakoid Membrane In Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Is Required For Growth At Ambient Co2, Jan Karlsson, Adrian K. Ciarke, Zhi Yuan Chen, Stephanie Y. Hugghins, Youn Il Park, H. David Husic, James V. Moroney, Göran Samuelsson Mar 1998

A Novel Α-Type Carbonic Anhydrase Associated With The Thylakoid Membrane In Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Is Required For Growth At Ambient Co2, Jan Karlsson, Adrian K. Ciarke, Zhi Yuan Chen, Stephanie Y. Hugghins, Youn Il Park, H. David Husic, James V. Moroney, Göran Samuelsson

Faculty Publications

A 29.5 kDa intracellular α-type carbonic anhydrase, designated Cah3, from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the first of this type discovered inside a photosynthetic eukaryote cell. We describe the cloning of a cDNA which encodes the protein. Immunoblot studies with specific antibodies raised against Cah3 demonstrate that the polypeptide is associated exclusively with the thylakoid membrane. The putative transit peptide suggests that Cah3 is directed to the thylakoid lumen, which is confirmed further by the presence of mature sized Cah3 after thermolysin treatment of intact thylakoids. Complementation of the high inorganic carbon concentration-requiring mutant, cia3, with a subcloned …

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Differential Expression Of The Arabidopsis Nia1 And Nia2 Genes: Cytokinin-Induced Nitrate Reductase Activity Is Correlated With Increased Nia1 Transcription And Mrna Levels, Xiaodan Yu, Sujatha Sukumaran, László Márton Mar 1998

Differential Expression Of The Arabidopsis Nia1 And Nia2 Genes: Cytokinin-Induced Nitrate Reductase Activity Is Correlated With Increased Nia1 Transcription And Mrna Levels, Xiaodan Yu, Sujatha Sukumaran, László Márton

Faculty Publications

Nitrate reductase (NR) activity increased up to 14-fold in response to treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with the cytokinin benzyladenine. NR induction was observed in seedlings germinated directly on cytokinin-containing medium, seedlings transferred to cytokinin medium, and seedlings grown in soil in which cytokinin was applied directly to the leaves. About the same level of induction was seen in both wild-type and Nia2-deletion mutants, indicating that increased NR activity is related to the expression of the minor NR gene, Nia1. The steady-state Nia1 mRNA level was increased severalfold in both wild-type and mutant seedlings after benzyladenine treatment. Transcript …

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Cryptococcus Neoformans Chemotyping By Quantitative Analysis Of H-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra Of Glucuronoxylomannans With A Computer-Simulated Artificial Neural Network, Robert Cherniak, Homayoun Valafar, Laura C. Morris, Faramarz Valafar Mar 1998

Cryptococcus Neoformans Chemotyping By Quantitative Analysis Of H-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra Of Glucuronoxylomannans With A Computer-Simulated Artificial Neural Network, Robert Cherniak, Homayoun Valafar, Laura C. Morris, Faramarz Valafar

Faculty Publications

The complete assignment of the proton chemical shifts obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of de-O-acetylated glucuronoxylomannans (GXMs) from Cryptococcus neoformanspermitted the high-resolution determination of the total structure of any GXM. Six structural motifs based on an α-(1→3)-mannotriose substituted with variable quantities of 2-O-β- and 4-O-β-xylopyranosyl and 2-O-β-glucopyranosyluronic acid were identified. The chemical shifts of only the anomeric protons of the mannosyl residues served as structure reporter groups (SRG) for the identification and quantitation of the six triads present in any GXM. The assigned protons for the mannosyl residues resonated at clearly …

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Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, Alan D. Manning Mar 1998

Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, Alan D. Manning

Faculty Publications

INSIGHTS about professional communication may come from odd and unexpected places. McCloud's Understanding Comics (hereafter UC) is a case in point. Despite the juvenile connotations evoked by any discussion of comic books, the theory of visual communication presented in UC arguably rivals the best of contemporary semiotics (that is, the study of how we make meaning out of gestures, words, paragraphs, pictures, and so on).

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On The Utility And Disutility Of Jebar, Mark A. Cane, Vladimir M. Kamenkovich, Alexander Krupitsky Mar 1998

On The Utility And Disutility Of Jebar, Mark A. Cane, Vladimir M. Kamenkovich, Alexander Krupitsky

Faculty Publications

The usefulness of the concept of JEBAR, the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief, in large-scale ocean dynamics is critically analyzed. The authors address two questions. Does the JEBAR term properly characterize the joint impact of stratification and bottom topography on the ocean circulation? Do estimates of the JEBAR term from observational data allow reliable diagnostic calculations? The authors give a negative answer to the first question. The JEBAR term need not give a true measure of the effect of bottom relief in a stratified ocean. A simple two-layer model provides examples. As to the second question, it is demonstrated …

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Biodegradation Of Congo Red By Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, Matthew Tatarko, John A. Bumpus Mar 1998

Biodegradation Of Congo Red By Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, Matthew Tatarko, John A. Bumpus

Faculty Publications

The azo dye Congo Red, was degraded extensively by the wood rotting basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium in agitated liquid cultures and in solid malt agar cultures. Upon addition of Congo Red to agitated liquid cultures, the dye was adsorbed to the mycelial pellets in both ligninolytic and non-ligninolytic cultures followed by extensive degradation only in the ligninolytic cultures. This fungus, grown from conidiospores, readily degraded up to 718 μM (500 mg/l) Congo Red in 2.0% malt agar. Decolorization of Congo Red in malt agar plates was suppressed by the addition of supplemental nutrient nitrogen indicating that the lignin degrading system of …

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Determination Of The Asymmetry Parameter And Scattering Coefficient Of Turbid Media From Spatially Resolved Reflectance Measurments, Matthew R. Jones, Yukio Yamada Mar 1998

Determination Of The Asymmetry Parameter And Scattering Coefficient Of Turbid Media From Spatially Resolved Reflectance Measurments, Matthew R. Jones, Yukio Yamada

Faculty Publications

We present a technique for determining the asymmetry parameter and scattering coefficient of turbid media from spatially resolved reflectance measurements. This technique will contribute to the development of medical applications in which it is necessary to predict the distribution and propagation of light in tissue. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, we derived correlations which relate the reduced scattering coefficient and the asymmetry parameter to the relative reflectance curve. Initial estimates of the optical properties are obtained from these correlations. Final values are obtained by adjusting the optical parameters and repeating the Monte Carlo simulations until the simulated reflectance pattern matches …

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Hypertension Treatment And Control In Sub-Saharan Africa: The Epidemiological Basis For Policy, Richard S. Cooper, Charles N. Rotimi, Jay S. Kauftnan, Walinjom F.T. Muna, George A. Mensah Feb 1998

Hypertension Treatment And Control In Sub-Saharan Africa: The Epidemiological Basis For Policy, Richard S. Cooper, Charles N. Rotimi, Jay S. Kauftnan, Walinjom F.T. Muna, George A. Mensah

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Genetic Traces Of Ancient Demography, Henry C. Harpending, Marka Batzer, Michael Gurven, Lynn B. Jorde, Alan R. Rogers, Stephen T. Sherry Feb 1998

Genetic Traces Of Ancient Demography, Henry C. Harpending, Marka Batzer, Michael Gurven, Lynn B. Jorde, Alan R. Rogers, Stephen T. Sherry

Faculty Publications

Patterns of gene differences among humans contain information about the demographic history of our species. Haploid loci like mitochondrial DNA and the nonrecombining part of the Y chromosome show a pattern indicating expansion from a population of only several thousand during the late middle or early upper Pleistocene. Nuclear short tandem repeat loci also show evidence of this expansion. Both mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome coalesce within the last several hundred thousand years, and they cannot provide information about the population before their coalescence. Several nuclear loci are informative about our ancestral population size during nearly the whole Pleistocene. …

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Density Functional Study Of Spin State In Cpm(No)X2 (M = Mo, Cr; X = Cl, Nh2, Ch3): Spectrochemical And Nephelauxetic Effects In Organometallic Compounds, Peter Legzdins, W. Stephen Mcneil, Kevin M. Smith, Rinaldo Poli Feb 1998

Density Functional Study Of Spin State In Cpm(No)X2 (M = Mo, Cr; X = Cl, Nh2, Ch3): Spectrochemical And Nephelauxetic Effects In Organometallic Compounds, Peter Legzdins, W. Stephen Mcneil, Kevin M. Smith, Rinaldo Poli

Faculty Publications

The relationship between spin state and metal-ligand bonding interactions in CpM(NO)-X2 species was investigated using density functional computational techniques. The geometries of CpM(NO)Cl2 (M = Cr, Mo), CpCr(NO)(NH2)X, and CpCr(NO)(CH3)X (X = Cl, CH3) were optimized at the DFT-B3LYP level for both the diamagnetic (S = 0) and paramagnetic (S = 1) electronic configurations. While the geometric parameters of the singlet compounds matched well with structures determined experimentally, the Cr-NO bond lengths in the triplet species exceeded the experimentally observed range by a significant margin, thereby indicating a propensity for nitrosyl-ligand dissociation from the high-spin complexes. The order of relative …

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Freedom And Truth In Veritatis Splendor And The Meaning Of Theonomy, Lois E. Malcolm Jan 1998

Freedom And Truth In Veritatis Splendor And The Meaning Of Theonomy, Lois E. Malcolm

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Foraging Ecology Of The Gray Rat Snake (Elaphe Obsoleta Spiloides). Iii. Searching For Different Prey Types In Structurally Varied Habitats [Abstract], Stephen J. Mullin, Robert J. Cooper, William H. N. Gutzke Jan 1998

The Foraging Ecology Of The Gray Rat Snake (Elaphe Obsoleta Spiloides). Iii. Searching For Different Prey Types In Structurally Varied Habitats [Abstract], Stephen J. Mullin, Robert J. Cooper, William H. N. Gutzke

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Inter-And Intraspecific Interaction Rates Of Three Species Of Lemurs (Subfamily Lemurinae) In An Enclosure At The Memphis Zoo And Aquarium, Stephen J. Mullin Jan 1998

Inter-And Intraspecific Interaction Rates Of Three Species Of Lemurs (Subfamily Lemurinae) In An Enclosure At The Memphis Zoo And Aquarium, Stephen J. Mullin

Faculty Publications

The use of mixed-species exhibits in zoological parks may influence the types and rates of interactions between individuals housed in such enclosures. Inter-and intraspecific behavioral interactions were observed for three species of lemurs (ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta; black lemur, Eulemur macaco macaco; and black-and-white ruffed leumur, Varecia variegata variegata; in an enclosure designed to simulate characteristics of their natural habitat. Intraspecific interactions occurred more frequently than interspecific interactions, and little aggression was observed, either between or within species. Intraspecific interactions among black lemurs increased with decreasing ambient temperature. Black lemurs performed more intraspecific mutual contacts than either agonistic behaviors or …

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The Foraging Ecology Of The Gray Rat Snake (Elaphe Obsoleta Spiloides)-Visual Stimuli Facilitate Location Of Arboreal Prey, Robert J. Cooper, Stephen J. Mullin Jan 1998

The Foraging Ecology Of The Gray Rat Snake (Elaphe Obsoleta Spiloides)-Visual Stimuli Facilitate Location Of Arboreal Prey, Robert J. Cooper, Stephen J. Mullin

Faculty Publications

We examined the responsiveness of adult gray rat snakes to avian prey in enclosures that simulated natural habitat conditions. Subjects searched for arboreal nest contents in the presence or absence of a bird model flown so as to simulate avian provisioning behavior. In the absence of the model, gray rat snake latency to capture prey was over 92 % greater than when searching for nest contents with the model. Snakes responded to model flight by turning their heads in the direction of its movement. We conclude that gray rat snakes perceive relatively distant visual cues from prey, and that nest …

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Does The Fda Have Authority To Regulate Human Cloning?, Elizabeth Price Foley, Elizabeth C. Price Jan 1998

Does The Fda Have Authority To Regulate Human Cloning?, Elizabeth Price Foley, Elizabeth C. Price

Faculty Publications

Examines the FDA's statutory authority to regulate human cloning.

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Population Dynamics, Impacts, And Integrated Management Of Forest Defoliating Insects, David Kulhavy, W. G. Ross, R. R. Cahal Jan 1998

Population Dynamics, Impacts, And Integrated Management Of Forest Defoliating Insects, David Kulhavy, W. G. Ross, R. R. Cahal

Faculty Publications

Pine plantations on Typic Quartzipsamments in East Texas are difficult to establish. Forest management options following clearcutting are limited. An 8-year regeneration study of the growth and survival of loblolly, Pinus taeda, L. shortleaf, P. echinata Mill., slash, P. elliotii Engelm and longleaf pines P. palustris Mill. was conducted to determine optimum tree species and treatments for reforestation, and to recommend practical alternative land uses and management strategies for Typic Quartzipsamments. Successful regeneration provides new opportunities for insects and pathogens. Impacts of the Nantucket pine tip moth, R}iyacionia frustrana (Comstock), the Deodar weevil, Pissodes nemorensis, Germar, Annosus root rot, Heterobasidion …

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First-Year Survival And Growth Of Bareroot, Container, And Direct-Seeded Nuttall Oak Planted On Flood-Prone Agricultural Fields, Hans Michael Williams, Monica N. Craft Jan 1998

First-Year Survival And Growth Of Bareroot, Container, And Direct-Seeded Nuttall Oak Planted On Flood-Prone Agricultural Fields, Hans Michael Williams, Monica N. Craft

Faculty Publications

Container and 1-0 bare root Nuttall oak ( Quercus nuttallii, Palmer) seedlings were hand-planted, and acorns were direct- seeded, in a Sharkey soil (very fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertie Haplaquepts). The seedlings and seed were planted in January, February, March, and June, 1993. Flooding, to a depth of 2 meters, occurred on the study site from late March to late May. Seedlings planted in June were not flooded. Regardless of planting date, mean first-year survival for container seedlings was greater than 80 percent. Overall mean survival for bareroot seedlings was about 40 percent and direct-seeding survival was 30 percent. Bareroot …

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Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Nest-Cavity Selection: Relationships With Cavity Age And Resin Production, Richard N. Conner, Daniel Saenz, D. Craig Rudolph, W. G. Ross, David Kulhavy Jan 1998

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Nest-Cavity Selection: Relationships With Cavity Age And Resin Production, Richard N. Conner, Daniel Saenz, D. Craig Rudolph, W. G. Ross, David Kulhavy

Faculty Publications

ABSTRACT.--We evaluated selection of nest sites by male Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in Texas relative to the age of the cavity when only cavities excavated by the woodpecker were available and when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial cavities we available. We also evaluated nest-cavity selection relative to he ability of naturally excavated cavity trees to produce resin, which is used by the woodpeckers to maintain a barrier against predation by rat snakes (Elaphe spp.), Longleaf pines (Pinus palustris) selected by breeding males as nest trees produced significantly greater resin yields at 2, 8, and 24 h post-wounding than cavity …

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Wilderness In Eastern North America: Research, Management And Planning, David L. Kulhavy, Michael Legg, John H. Burde Jan 1998

Wilderness In Eastern North America: Research, Management And Planning, David L. Kulhavy, Michael Legg, John H. Burde

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Fluctuating Silicate : Nitrate Ratios And Coastal Plankton Food Webs, N Qureshi, N N. Rabalais, Q Dortch, R. Eugene Turner, R F. Shaw, J Cope Jan 1998

Fluctuating Silicate : Nitrate Ratios And Coastal Plankton Food Webs, N Qureshi, N N. Rabalais, Q Dortch, R. Eugene Turner, R F. Shaw, J Cope

Faculty Publications

Marine diatoms require dissolved silicate to form an external shell. and their growth becomes Si-limited when the atomic ratio of silicate to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (SI:DIN) approaches 1:1, also known as the Redfield ratio. Fundamental changes in the diatom-to-zooplankton-to-higher trophic level food web should occur when this ratio falls below 1:1. and the proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community is reduced. We quantitatively substantiate these predictions by using a variety of data from the Mississippi River continental shelf, a system in which the SI:DIN loading ratio has declined from around 3:1 to 1:1 during this century because of land-use …

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A Content Analysis Of Judicial Decision-Making: How Judges Use The Primary Caretaker Standard To Make A Custody Determination, Kathryn Mercer Jan 1998

A Content Analysis Of Judicial Decision-Making: How Judges Use The Primary Caretaker Standard To Make A Custody Determination, Kathryn Mercer

Faculty Publications

This article expands upon Professor Mercer's previous discussion of the efficacy of the primary caretaker standard in West Virginia.

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Hypocrites And Barking Harlots: The Clinton-Lewinsky Affair And The Attack On Women, Christina E. Wells Jan 1998

Hypocrites And Barking Harlots: The Clinton-Lewinsky Affair And The Attack On Women, Christina E. Wells

Faculty Publications

This essay defends against the wholesale castigation of women who support the President. It reveals that such criticism is wrong and unfair. Specifically, it demonstrates that the critics have unreasonably characterized women's responses to Clinton as hypocritical or extremely naive, rather than as examples of astute political decision-making. The essay further exposes the sexism underlying the critics' arguments, revealing that stereotypes regarding (1) women's role as the keeper of morals and (2) women as non-political or non-rational beings are at the heart of much of the criticism. By reinforcing these stereotypes, the critics pose a greater danger to women than …

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