Digital Commons Network^™

Prevalence Of Elder Abuse And Associated Factors Among Older Adults Attending Urban Health Centres In Golestan Province, Iran, David Onchonga, Atefeh Mir, Raha Salehabadi, Neda Mahdavifar

Faculty Publications

Background: Elder abuse is a major public health and social concern affecting older adults worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of elder abuse and examine its sociodemographic, health-related, and psychosocial correlates among older adults attending urban health centres in Golestan Province, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 2022 using a multistage sampling approach. Five cities and urban health centres were randomly selected, and eligible participants were subsequently recruited using convenience sampling. A total of 400 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years participated. Elder abuse was assessed using a validated instrument, with a mean score > 0.40 …

Ai And Creativity, Herbert Midgley

Faculty Publications

This article argues that artificial intelligence is best understood as a tool in continuity with earlier technologies like digital cameras, non-linear editing, MIDI, and desktop publishing, rather than as a magical threat that will erase creativity or employment. Drawing on historical shifts from film to digital video, manual paste‑up to graphic design software, and acoustic instruments to synthesizers, the author shows that new tools disrupt workflows and certain jobs, yet ultimately broaden access and generate new creative opportunities. Concerns about AI’s resource use are contextualized by comparing its water footprint to bottled water, agriculture, beef production, and textiles, concluding that …

Panda-Plus: Improved Dataset Of Prostate Whole Slide Images From Panda Challenge With Pixel-Level Expert Annotations, Spencer Hopson, Carson Mildon, Corbyn Kubalek, Joshua L. Ebbert, Ryan Vance, Lauren Laverty, Paul Urie, Dennis Della Corte

Faculty Publications

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based prostate cancer detection through whole slide images (WSIs) offers promising potential to address the global pathologist shortage while improving clinical consistency. Digital slides and improving image analysis methods encourage the creation of tools to aid in WSI classification. Despite promising advances, these tools are still limited by available training data. Current publicly available datasets, such as Kaggle's PANDA Challenge, while large in scale, rely on slide-level labels that may introduce noise and limit model reliability. Others contain detailed annotations, but are smaller in size due to manual processing efforts. In this work, we introduce PANDA-PLUS, a 546-image …

The Value In Rapid, Multi-Site Team Ethnography For Understanding Context To Design Public Health Interventions: Learning From The Passport Study, Danielle House, Robert Walker, Simona Kent-Saisch, Lydia Emm-Collison, Ruth Salway, Alice Porter, Frank De Vocht, Michael Beets Med, Mph, Phd, Russell Jago, Rebecca Langford

Faculty Publications

Low levels of physical activity is a global public health challenge, and children are not taking part in recommended amounts of physical activity. To date, the majority of school-based physical activity interventions have not yielded increases in pupils’ physical activity levels, and it is suggested that this is partly due to traditional intervention approaches ignoring the role of individual school context. By context we mean the school setting, ethos, staff, and sociodemographic factors. Public health interventions must consider the context in which they are intervening to be sustainable and to capture complexity. Yet in this field, ethnographic approaches have been …

An Algorithm For Extracting Bathymetry From Icesat-2 Data That Employs Structure And Density Using Concentric Ellipses, Yuri Rzhanov, Kim Lowell

Faculty Publications

The ICESat-2 satellite collects LiDAR data along linear orbital tracks using a photon-counting green wavelength (532.27 nm) instrument. The utility of combining ICESat-2 data with satellite imagery for training and subsequently applying satellite-derived bathymetry models to provide estimates of shallow water depth is well-established. However, automating and improving the accuracy of the identification of ICESat-2 photon events (PEs) representing bathymetry remains a challenge. This article presents an algorithm for automated extraction of PEs reflected from the ocean floor (rather than the ocean surface or noise in the water column). The algorithm is unique in examining both the density of PEs …

Energetics And Kinetics Of Alkali Ion Exchange In Analcime, Jinyi Liu, An T. Ta, R. Seaton Ullberg, Jean Wilfried Hounfodji, Michael Badawi, Hans Conrad Zur Loye, Simon R. Phillpot

Faculty Publications

We employ density functional theory calculations to investigate the energetics and diffusion mechanisms of alkali metal ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺) within the analcime framework. While Na⁺preferentially adsorbs at the center of the 8-member ring, DFT calculations show that larger ions, such as Cs⁺, occupy the center of the cage due to steric constraints. The computed exchange energies indicate that exchange of Na⁺by Cs⁺is thermodynamically favorable. Migration energy barriers, determined using the climbing image nudged elastic band method, show that Na⁺is …

Sexual And Bystander Harassment Among Part-Time Employees: Effects On Work Attitudes, Stress, And Withdrawal, Robert T. Hitlan

Faculty Publications

This study investigated the impact of sexual and bystander harassment experiences on work attitudes, stress, withdrawal, and psychological well-being of part-time employees. Participants included 314 female employees who worked part-time in their organizations. All participants completed a computer-administered workplace experience survey assessing various aspects of their work environment, including personal and bystander harassment experiences, work-related attitudes (supervisor satisfaction, coworker satisfaction, and general job stress), work behaviors (work and job withdrawal), and psychological well-being. Experiences of sexual harassment and bystander harassment were predicted to be negatively related to satisfaction and psychological health and positively related to stress and withdrawal. Both forms …

Amp: Single-Shot Ultra-Wide Fisheye-To-Cubemap Pnp Pose Estimation, Ryan M. Raettig, Richard R. Nyquist, Scott L. Nykl, Clark N. Taylor, Christine M. Schubert Kabban

Faculty Publications

Estimating the position and orientation of a rigid object from an image is critical for situational awareness in robotics and autonomous systems. This study explores relative pose estimation using an ultra-wide fisheye camera for unmanned aircraft inspection vehicles. Ultra-wide fisheye lenses introduce radial distortion and capture features beyond the rectilinear image plane, rendering rectilinear Perspective-n-Point (PnP) algorithms inadequate. Designing a bespoke ultra-wide fisheye localization algorithm requires consideration of both the feature detection method and the pose estimator itself. This study proposes a novel method that combines (1) a fisheye-to-cubemap reprojection, (2) a You Only Look Once (YOLO) convolutional neural network …

Programmable Acoustofluidic Engineering For Creating Gradient Biomaterials, Jujing Lu, Ye He, Jianping Xia, Mingyuan Liu, Joseph Rich, Ke Jin, Ruoyu Zhong, Kaichun Yang, Jiao Qian, Ying Chen, Ke Li, Zhiteng Ma, Tony Jun Huang

Faculty Publications

Gradient biomaterials that exhibit spatially varying physical, chemical, or biological properties can be used in various applications such as tissue engineering, organoid development, mechanobiology, and spatially controlled drug delivery. However, current fabrication methods often suffer from limited gradient precision, restricted material compatibility, and poor reproducibility. Here, we introduced gradient regulation via acoustofluidic dynamic engineering (GRADE), a programmable system to generate high-fidelity gradient biomaterials across different material systems. By incorporating focused interdigital transducers with the pulsed surface acoustic wave actuation, GRADE can achieve tunable and directional acoustic streaming (0 to 22 millimeters per second), which allows accurate regulation of the gradient …

Mechanistic Roles And Design Criteria For Catalysts In Lithium–Sulfur Batteries, Saheed Lateef, Golareh Jalilvand

Faculty Publications

Catalysis is widely explored in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries to address challenges related to limited capacity and cycle durability. Despite extensive research, catalyst development has often focused on materials without a clear understanding of the mechanistic landscape underlying the complex, multi-step, multi-electron sulfur redox pathway. In fact, our understanding of the thermodynamic, kinetic, and mass transport framework in Li–S systems is still evolving, particularly with respect to the reaction pathways during charge and discharge, and the dynamic evolution of materials in both liquid and solid phases. These evolving insights may fundamentally shift the requirements for catalyst design and future research priorities. …

Tennyson & Contemporary Science: Herschel’S Preliminary Discourse, A Book That Got Away, Patrick Scott

Faculty Publications

Discusses the rediscovery, provenance, and authenticity of the copy of John Herschel's Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1831), with an ownership inscription by Tennyson dated 1843, and marginal markings on multiple pages, that was previously only known from a brief catalogue description for a 1924 auction.

Search For Light Sterile Neutrinos With Two Neutrino Beams At Microboone, C. Zhang, J. Zennamo, G. P. Zeller, H. W. Yu, L. E. Yates, T. Yang, E. Yandel, W. Wu, K. Wresilo, T. Wongjirad, S. Wolbers, A. J. White, H. Wei, M. Weber, J. Wang, B. Viren, T. Usher, M. A. Uchida, J. Tyler, Y. T. Tsai, A. Trettin, M. Toups, D. Totani, D. Torbunov, C. Thorpe, K. Terao, N. Taniuchi, A. M. Szelc, T. Strauss, J. St John, M. Stancari, J. Spitz, S. Söldner-Rembold

Faculty Publications

The existence of three distinct neutrino flavours, νe, νμ and ντ, is a central tenet of the Standard Model of particle physics^1,2. Quantum-mechanical interference can allow a neutrino of one initial flavour to be detected sometime later as a different flavour, a process called neutrino oscillation. Several anomalous observations inconsistent with this three-flavour picture have motivated the hypothesis that an additional neutrino state exists, which does not interact directly with matter, termed as ‘sterile’ neutrino, νs (refs. ^{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8–9}). This includes anomalous observations from the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND)³ experiment and …

Introduction To The Special Issue, “Forgiveness Education Around The World: Considerations, Benefits, And Approaches”, Suzanne Freedman

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer For The Removal Of Nutrients From Water: Synthesis, Application, Performance And Limitation, Emmanuella Anang, Abolade Busari

Faculty Publications

Nutrient contamination is a major contributor to eutrophication and water quality degradation worldwide. Conventional treatment technologies often lack selectivity and efficiency in complex aquatic environments, highlighting the need for advanced materials with tailored recognition capabilities. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged as promising adsorbents for nutrient remediation due to their high selectivity, stability and reusability. This review synthesizes recent progress on the synthesis strategies of MIPs. Applications of MIPs in removing phosphate, nitrate and ammonia from water are critically examined, with particular attention to adsorption performance under varying environmental conditions. The limitations of current systems, including modest adsorption capacities, incomplete …

The Influence Of Reactive Iron On Organic Carbon Preservation In Sediment Of The Mississippi River-Influenced Shelf, Manab Kumar Dutta, Neha A. Ghaisas, Kanchan Maiti

Faculty Publications

Reactive iron is a key driver of organic carbon preservation in marine sediments, but its participation in organic carbon remineralization complicates efforts to mechanistically constrain its role in preservation. To address this, we investigated the dual role of iron in the Mississippi River-influenced shelf sediment during low discharge (August 2016) and high discharge (May 2017). Duplicate sediment cores (30 cm depth) were collected from two stations; one core served as a natural reference, while the other was used for an incubation experiment. In the natural cores, reactive iron concentrations in the upper 9 cm were lower in August 2016 than …

Elucidating The Role Of Marine Benthic Carbon In A Changing World, Cristina Schultz, Jessica Y. Luo, Damian C. Brady, Robinson W. Fulweiler, Matthew H. Long, Colleen M. Petrik, Jeremy M. Testa, Heather M. Benway, David Burdige, Marta M. Cecchetto, Isa Elegbede, Natalya Evans, Alexandra Frenzel, Kayla Gillen, Lisa C. Herbert, Heidi K. Hirsh, Gennadi Lessin, Lisa Levin, Kanchan Maiti, Sairah Malkin, Sarah L. Mincks, Stanley Nmor, Anh Pham, James Pinckney, Christophe Rabouille, Shaily Rahman, Subhadeep Rakshit, Nicholas E. Ray, Dalton K. Sasaki, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Christopher Somes, Aron Stubbins, Olivier Sulpis

Faculty Publications

The ocean plays a major role in controlling atmospheric carbon at decadal to millennial timescales, with benthic carbon representing the only geologic-scale storage of oceanic carbon. Despite its importance, detailed benthic ocean observations are limited and representation of the benthic carbon cycle in ocean and Earth system models (ESMs) is mostly empirical with little prognostic capacity, which hinders our ability to properly understand the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle and climate change-related feedbacks. The Benthic Ecosystem and Carbon Synthesis (BECS) working group, with the support of the US Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program (OCB), identified key challenges limiting our …

Hurricanes And Human Health In Louisiana: Insights From Hurricanes Laura, Delta, And Ida, Shobha Kumari Yadav, Robert V. Rohli, M. E. Betsy Garrison, Elisabeth Ponce-Garcia, Nazla Bushra, Charleen Mcneill

Faculty Publications

Louisiana is one of the most disaster-prone states, with hurricanes ranking among the most destructive hazards. Hurricanes impede sustainability by straining hospital infrastructure, overwhelming emergency departments, and disrupting continuity of care. Louisiana’s healthcare system, characterized by high uninsured rates, limited rural access, and notable racial and socioeconomic disparities, is particularly vulnerable during disasters. This research explores trends of mental and respiratory health in Louisiana surrounding Hurricanes Laura (2020), Delta (2020), and Ida (2021). Analysis reveals a substantial increase in admissions after landfall of all three storms, with mental health conditions showing a larger surge than respiratory ones in already-vulnerable communities. …

Nonlinear Proudman Resonance Under Moving Atmospheric System, Chunyan Li

Faculty Publications

A nonlinear theoretical model with an exact solution is developed to critically examine the Proudman resonance problem. In this framework, a moving atmospheric pressure system forces a wave governed by the square of the wave Froude number (n=F²). Proudman’s classical linear solution, although widely cited, diverges to infinity at resonance (n=1), limiting its physical realism. This work extends the linear regime into the nonlinear by solving the governing equations exactly. The resulting solution remains finite at resonance. The first-order approximation recovers Proudman’s solution, while the second-order approximation already yields a finite resonant response—providing a more accurate and physically …

Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions And Their Roles In Climate Change, Biyun Guo, Chunyan Li

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Understanding Landowner Perceptions: Enhancing Conservation Easement Adoption In Missouri's Priority Landscapes, Mckenna N. Thompson, Jennah I. Klein, Robin M. Rotman, Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis, Gus C. Raeker, Michele D. Baumer

Faculty Publications

Conservation of private lands is essential for protecting open space, supporting ecosystems and species, preserving resources, and facilitating outdoor recreation. One tool for private land conservation is a conservation easement – a voluntary legal agreement where a landowner surrenders certain rights to use or develop their property. This study explores landowner perceptions of perpetual conservation easements in areas of high conservation value in Missouri, focusing on landowners without existing easements. Through interviews, four themes emerge containing both motivations and constraints: prior knowledge, land protection, regulations, and finance. Many landowners were unfamiliar with conservation easements or had misconceptions or misunderstandings. The …

Contrasting Climate Oscillations Impacts On Phytoplankton In The Western And Eastern Tropical Pacific, Lina An, Edward A. Laws, Xin Liu, Ruiying Chen, Shanlin Wang, Shijian Hu, Yuchen Zhang, Yibin Huang, Feipeng Xu, Fei Chai, Bangqin Huang

Faculty Publications

Climate oscillations like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation significantly impact marine ecosystems. Traditionally, warm events are thought to suppress nutrient availability, reduce phytoplankton biomass, and change community structure. However, using two decades of field observations, remote sensing, Copernicus reanalysis, and Earth system modeling, we find very different responses in the western tropical Pacific. During El Niño, chlorophyll concentrations and diatom contributions increase, while La Niña reverses that trend. The further amplification of these El Niño-Southern Oscillation-driven contrasts by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation can be attributed to its effects on regional circulation, including the enhancement of eddy activity …

Bringing Weak Transitions To Light, Yu He, Xiao Min Tong, Shuyuan Hu, Gergana D. Borisova, Hao Liang, Maximilian Hartmann, Veit Stooß, Chunhai Lyu, Zoltán Harman, Christoph H. Keitel, Kenneth J. Schafer, Mette B. Gaarde, Christian Ott, Thomas Pfeifer

Faculty Publications

Weak transitions between quantum states are of fundamental importance for a broad range of phenomena from analytical biochemistry to precision physics, but generally challenge experimental detection. Due to their small cross sections scaling with the absolute square of their transition matrix elements, spectroscopic measurements often fail in particular in the presence of competing background processes. Here we introduce a general concept to break this scaling law and enhance the transition probability by exploiting a stronger laser-coupled pathway to the same excited state. We demonstrate the concept experimentally by attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in helium atoms. The quasi-forbidden transitions from the …

Reducing Classical Communication Costs In Multiplexed Quantum Repeaters Using Hardware-Aware Quasi-Local Policies, Stav Haldar, Pratik J. Barge, Xiang Cheng, Kai Chi Chang, Brian T. Kirby, Sumeet Khatri, Chee Wei Wong, Hwang Lee

Faculty Publications

Future quantum networks will have nodes equipped with multiple quantum memories, allowing for multiplexing and entanglement distillation strategies for long-distance entanglement distribution. In this work, we focus on quasi-local policies for multiplexed quantum repeater chains. In fully-local policies, nodes use the knowledge of only their own states, whereas more efficient global policies use knowledge of the entire network state. The classical communication costs of using this knowledge have not been explored in existing literature. We show that quasi-local policies not only obtain improved performance over local policies, but also reduce classical communication costs considerably. Our policies also outperform the widely …

Flux Crystal Growth Of A Series Of Calcium Rare Earth Silicate Chlorides Calnsio4Cl (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, And Tb): Mixed Anion Materials With A Spodiosite-Type Structure, Maria Goncalves, Mark D. Smith, Hans Conrad Zur Loye

Faculty Publications

A series of calcium rare earth silicate chlorides, CaLnSiO4Cl (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb), was obtained as single crystals from flux crystal growth. The structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and were found to be related to the spodiosite/Wagnerite mineral structure, Ca2PO4F. The obtained compositions are variations of the spodiosite structure that result from two simultaneous elemental substitutions. Replacing one calcium for one rare earth element and the simultaneous replacement of one VO4³⁻ or PO4³⁻ with one SiO4⁴⁻. CaEuSiO4Cl was found to luminesce, and its photoluminescence spectrum is reported.

Water Circulation Beneath A Hovering Suas For Water Quality Monitoring Applications, Erin E. Hackett, Boone Fleenor, Jensine C. Coggin, Duvall Dickerson-Evans, Nikolaos Vitzilaios, Whitney E. Schuler, Paige K. Williams, Michael L. Myrick

Faculty Publications

Water quality has traditionally been measured via in situ sensors and satellites. The latter has limited applicability for smaller inland water bodies, while the former requires significant logistics, labor, and expense for routine sampling, and reactive/spurious sampling is often not feasible as a result (e.g., sampling pre-/post-storm). Consequently, small uncrewed aircraft system-based (sUAS-based) sampling has emerged as a potential solution to bridge these sampling gaps and challenges. But sampling from an sUAS is complicated by the need to pump water from depth, rather than suspending a sensor from the sUAS, due to concern over sampling sUAS-impacted waters. Here, we measure …

Thermodynamic Assessment Of The Li, Na, K, Cs | F, I Reciprocal Salt For Msr Applications, Clara M. Dixon, Mina Aziziha, Amir Mofrad, Jorge Paz Soldan Palma, Ronald E. Booth, Aiswarya Padinhare Manissery, Jack A. Wilson, Hans Conrad Zur Loye, Hunter B. Tisdale, Juliano Schorne-Pinto, Theodore M. Besmann

Faculty Publications

Gibbs energy models necessary to describe the thermochemical behavior of cesium and iodine in molten FLiNaK (46.5LiF-11.5NaF-42KF mol%), a proposed molten salt reactor coolant and fuel solvent, have been developed as they are of concern due to their high radiotoxicity and volatility. The six constituent pseudo-binary systems LiI-CsI, LiI-KI, LiI-NaI, NaI-KI, KI-CsI and NaI-CsI were evaluated using available phase equilibria and mixing enthalpy measurements. The models for the ternary reciprocal salt systems Li,Cs|F,I, Li,K|F,I, Li,Na|F,I, Na,K|F,I, Na,Cs|F,I and K,Cs|F,I were obtained by interpolation of the optimized pseudo-binary systems and parameters fit as necessary based on observed behavior. The additive (common …

The Cost Effectiveness Of A Free Summer Day Camp Voucher Program To Prevent Summer Weight Gain Among Children From Disadvantaged Households, Brian K. Chen, Michael Beets Med, Mph, Phd, Sarah Burkart, Christopher D. Pfledderer, Elizabeth Adams, Robert Glenn Weaver Med, Phd, Bridget Armstrong Ph.D., Keith Brazendale, Xuanxuan Zhu, Alexander Mclain

Faculty Publications

Introduction

Summer day camps can mitigate summer weight gain by providing a structured daily environment that promotes healthy behaviors, but summer day camps are often cost prohibitive to families with low income. This study evaluated the cost effectiveness of providing free summer day camps to disadvantaged children to prevent summer weight gain.

Methods

A total of 422 children from a low-income school district in South Carolina were recruited and randomly assigned to receive 8–10 weeks of free summer day camps or to experience summer as usual in 2021–2023. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated by dividing summer day camp cost …

Streams Guidelines: Standards For Technical Reporting In Environmental And Host-Associated Microbiome Studies, Julia M. Kelliher, Chloe Mirzayi, Sarah R. Bordenstein, Aaron Oliver, Christina A. Kellogg, Eneida L. Hatcher, Maureen Berg, Petr Baldrian, Mashael Aljumaah, Cassandra Maria Luz Miller, Christopher Mungall, Vlastimil Novak, Alexis Palucki, Ethan Smith, Nazifa Tabassum, Gregory Bonito, J. Rodney Brister, Patrick S. Chain, Mingfei Chen, Samuel Degregori, Xuefeng Peng, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

The interdisciplinary nature of microbiome research, coupled with the generation of complex multi-omics data, makes knowledge sharing challenging. The Strengthening the Organization and Reporting of Microbiome Studies (STORMS) guidelines provide a checklist for the reporting of study information, experimental design and analytical methods within a scientific manuscript on human microbiome research. Here, in this Consensus Statement, we present the standards for technical reporting in environmental and host-associated microbiome studies (STREAMS) guidelines. The guidelines expand on STORMS and include 67 items to support the reporting and review of environmental (for example, terrestrial, aquatic, atmospheric and engineered), synthetic and non-human host-associated microbiome …

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Roadways: Challenges, Advances, And Future Directions, Heba Gaber, Mohamed Abdelraheem

Faculty Publications

As the global demand for renewable energy intensifies, piezoelectric energy harvesting from roadways has emerged as a promising avenue for sustainable power generation. This systematic literature review analyzes 61 peer-reviewed studies to assess the feasibility, performance, and potential of integrating piezoelectric systems into roadway infrastructure. While technology faces challenges, such as high installation costs, limited energy output, and a scarcity of thorough economic evaluations, findings suggest it holds considerable promise as a supplementary renewable energy source. The review analyzes the operational characteristics and efficiencies of various piezoelectric transducers, identifies key factors influencing system performance, and evaluates recent technological advances. It …

The Combined Effects Of Multiple Stressors In An Endangered, Long-Lived Species: Lessons Learned And Ways Forward, Enrico Pirotta, Peter L. Tyack, Michael J. Asaro, Phil J. Bouchet, Daniel E. Crocker, John W. Durban, Alisa J. Hall, Catriona M. Harris, Amy R. Knowlton, Scott D. Kraus, Caroline Lehoux, Daniel W. Linden, Caroline P. Good, Erin L. Meyer-Gutbrod, Alicia S. Miller, Carolyn A. Miller, Patrick J.O. Miller, Michael J. Moore, Christopher D. Orphanides, Erin M. Patterson, Heather M. Pettis, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

Exploring solutions to expanding industrial activities and climate change requires assessments of the combined effects of multiple stressors on wildlife populations. We present a spatially explicit state-space model for the health, survival, reproduction, and somatic growth of individuals in a long-lived, wide-ranging species. The model is applied to critically endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) to investigate the combined effects of three primary stressors affecting the species' viability: entanglements in fishing gear, vessel strikes, and prey availability. We estimate exposure to these stressors in space and time and assess how their effects may combine in the pathway …