Digital Commons Network^™

Effect Of Commercial Fat Replacers On The Microstructure Of Low-Fat Cheddar Cheese, Kayanush J. Aryana, Zahur U. Haque

Faculty Publications

This objective of this study was to determine the effect of protein-and carbohydrate-based fat replacers on the microstructure of low-fat Cheddar cheese. Microstructure was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Protein-based fat replacers were Dairy LoTM (DL) and SimplesseTM (SIMP), while the carbohydrate-based fat replacers were NovagelTM (NOV) and StellarTM (STEL). Low-fat Cheddar cheese was manufactured using these commercial fat replacers and aged for 6 months at 5 °C. Low-fat control (LFC) and low-fat Cheddar cheese made with SIMP and DL showed a rippled surface microstructure while incorporation of NOV and STEL resulted in cheese with an undulated and …

The Fcc's Third Report On Broadband Deployment: Inequitable, Untimely And Unreasonable, Allen S. Hammond Iv

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Race And Races: Constructing A New Legal Actor, Margalynne J. Armstrong

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Holding-Up More Than Half The Sky: Marketization And The Status Of Women In China, Anna M. Han

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this article is to examine generally how Chinese women fared under communism and more specifically, delve into how marketization has adversely impacted the status of women in China. It is this author's contention that despite the overall improvements in the standard of living, Chinese women are increasingly being marginalized economically. The long-term effects of subjugating the advancement of women for the immediate benefits of China's experimentation with a market economy hold vast implications for the future of the country. As China progresses economically, politically and socially, it cannot afford to leave half of its population behind as …

Patent And Copyright Term Extension And The Constitution: A Historical Perspective, Tyler T. Ochoa

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Story Behind The Book: [Illinois Justice: The Scandal Of 1969 And The Rise Of John Paul Stevens], Kenneth A. Manaster

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Electrochemical Generation Of Superoxide In Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids, Inas M. Alnashef, Matthew L. Leonard, Matthew C. Kittle, Michael A. Matthews, John W. Weidner

Faculty Publications

We have demonstrated that superoxide ion can be generated electrochemically in room-temperature ionic-liquid solvents. In the absence of impurities, cyclic voltammetry showed that the super oxide ion is stable in these solvents. Similar superoxide ion chemistry has previously been demonstrated in volatile and environmentally suspect aprotic solvents such as dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile. However, ionic liquids are nonvolatile and should minimize the problems of secondary solvent waste. It is proposed that the resultant superoxide ion can be used to perform low temperature oxidation of wastes. Low-temperature oxidation of waste solvents can provide a much needed alternative to high-temperature waste incinerators, …

Confronting The Agency In Battered Mothers, Elaine M. Chiu

Faculty Publications

Despite the progress of the last three decades, the American public and even feminists remain caught in a web of ambivalence and contradictory attitudes and beliefs about battered women. Are battered women traumatized victims who suffer at the hands of their individual abusers and from the systemic failures of a male-dominated culture? Are they, therefore, unable to save themselves or their children? In contrast, are these women survivors who manage to protect themselves as best they can under uniquely difficult circumstances? Do they deserve recognition for their efforts, or do battered women somehow contribute to or exacerbate their own abuse …

Law And International Relations: Introductory Remarks And Panel Discussion, Julian Knowles, Christopher J. Borgen, Arthur Rovine, William Paul, Carlos Manuel Vazquez

Faculty Publications

This panel was cosponsored by the American Society of International Law (ASIL). The ASIL was founded in 1906 by Secretary of State Elihu Root to inform and engage the public on issues of international law. It is a nonprofit, nonpartisan membership association and research institute dedicated to providing both information about international law in all its forms and a forum for debate and discussion. This panel was one such forum. It was organized under the auspices of the ASIL Judicial Outreach Program, chaired by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. The Judicial Outreach Program provides information resources for federal and state judiciaries. …

Tortious Interference And The Law Of Contract: The Case For Specific Performance Revisited, Deepa Varadarajan

Faculty Publications

What is the role of contract law in remedying breach? The question of the appropriate legal remedy, specific performance versus money damages, has provided adequate fodder for three decades of debate in the law and economics discourse. In the legal discipline at large, the topic has spurred centuries of debate, as illustrated by Oliver Wendell Holmes's famous line: “The only universal consequence of a legally binding promise is, that the law makes the promisor pay damages if the promised event does not come to pass.” Holmes's approach to contractual remedy would evolve during the latter half of the twentieth century …

Securites Law For The Next Millennium: A Forward-Looking Statement, Michael A. Perino

Faculty Publications

This article serves as the introduction to a symposium on the future of the securities markets and securities regulation which was held as part of St. John's University School of Law's year-long 75th anniversary celebration. The introduction serves to place the symposium in an historical context to set the stage for a discussion of the future.

Spanish Epenthesis: Formal And Preformance Perspectives, David Eddington

Faculty Publications

Epenthesis of /e/ before sC- clusters in Spanish is documented word-initially (e.g., eJfera) as well as in word-internal contexts (e.g., subestimar). Cases of alternating epenthesis also exist (e.g., arteriosclerosis I arterioeclerosis). Epe nthesis is examined in the formal frameworks of lexical phonology and optimality theory. Both formal analyses are able to account for the majority of the data presented, however, each requires some arguably ad hoc manipulation in order to do so. From a performance standpoint, it is argued that epenthesis plays no role in the processing of native Spanish words. The appearance of epenthesis in loan words (e.g., stress …

Two Sides Of A River: Mormon Transmigration Through Quincy, Illinois, And Hannibal, Missouri, Fred E. Woods

Faculty Publications

The infamous extermination order issued 27 October 1838 by Missouri Governor Lilburn W. Boggs caused thousands of Latter-day Saints to flee the state and seek refuge in Illinois across the Mississippi River. Illinois, established in 1817, had high hopes for its future, but just two decades later it was smitten, like the rest of America, with the economic depression of 1837. In such a needy condition, the people Illinois welcomed the Mormon migrants for three central reasons. Financially motivated, the state viewed the Latter-day Saint influx as an opportunity to raise its population to boost the economy through the collection …

Formulating Rational Drug Policy In California, Gerald F. Uelmen

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Does Technology Require New Law?, David D. Friedman

Faculty Publications

Technological change affects the law in at least three ways: (1) by altering the cost of violating and enforcing existing legal rules; (2) by altering the underlying facts that justify legal rules; and (3) by changing the underlying facts implicitly assumed by the law, making existing legal concepts and categories obsolete, even meaningless. The legal system can choose to ignore such changes. Alternatively, it may selectively alter its rules legislatively or via judicial interpretation. In this essay I first discuss, as an interesting historical example, past technological changes relevant to copyright law and the law's response. I then go on …

Understanding Infanticide In Context: Mothers Who Kill, 1870-1930 And Today, Michelle Oberman

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Safeguarding Juror Privacy: A New Framework For Court Policies And Procedures, Paula Hannaford-Agor

Faculty Publications

This article briefly discusses the difficulty courts face in balancing the privacy of citizens summoned for jury service with the rights of litigants and the public to information about those individuals. I propose that focusing on the content of the information re­quested of prospective jurors and the purposes for which juror infor­mation is used by courts provides a more helpful analysis than the legal framework traditionally employed in case law. Specifically, I argue that distinguishing between information that is relevant and information that is not relevant to the fairness or im­partiality of prospective jurors should be the primary analytical framework …

Impeachment Defanged And Other Institutional Ramifications Of The Clinton Scandals, Michael J. Gerhardt

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Impeachment Defanged And Other Institutional Ramifications Of The Clinton Scandals, Michael J. Gerhardt

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Role Clarification And Role Dilemmas: New Challenges For Teacher-Librarians?, Ken Haycock

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Latin American Legal History: Some Essential Spanish Terms, M C. Mirow

Faculty Publications

Terms related to Latin American legal history translated into English.

Beyond The Polemic Against Junk Science: Navigating The Oceans That Divide Science And Law With Justice Breyer At The Helm, Joelle A. Moreno

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Problem With Ya Literature, Chris Crowe

Faculty Publications

Despite their incredible success, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter books, which, now that Hariy is fourteen years old in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire can be comfortably considered YA literature, have had plenty of criticism. The cited faults of the Potter books are many, ranging from pedestrian writing to occult content.

Attacks on YA books are nothing new. For more than a century there have been vocal parents, teachers, and librarians who have attacked books written specifically for teenagers.

A Non-Authoritative Educational Metadata Ontology For Filtering And Recommending Learning Objects, David Wiley, Mimi M. Recker

Faculty Publications

Digital libraries populated with learning objects are becoming popular tools in the creation of instructional technologies. Many current efforts to create standard metadata structures that facilitate the discovery and instructional use of learning objects recommend a single, authoritative metadata record per version of the learning object. However, as we argue in this paper, a single metadata record -- particularly one with fields that emphasize knowledge management and technology, while evading instructional issues -- provides information insufficient to support instructional utilization decisions. To put learning objects to instructional use, users must examine the individual objects, forfeiting the supposed benefits of the …

The Supreme Court, Bush V. Gore, And Rough Justice, William P. Marshall

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Apologies Or Apologisits? Remembering The Japanese American Internment In Wyoming, Eric L. Muller

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Probability And Agents, Marco Valtorta, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

To make sense of the information that agents gather from the Web, they need to reason about it. If the information is precise and correct, they can use engines such as theorem provers to reason logically and derive correct conclusions. Unfortunately, the information is often imprecise and uncertain, which means they will need a probabilistic approach. More than 150 years ago, George Boole presented the logic that bears his name. There is concern that classical logic is not sufficient to model how people do or should reason. Adopting a probabilistic approach in constructing software agents and multiagent systems simplifies some …

Trust And Persistence, Paul A. Buhler, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

We rely on computers to control our power plants and water supplies, our automobiles and transportation systems, and soon our economic and political systems. Increasingly, software agents are enmeshed in these systems, serving as the glue that connects distributed components. Clearly, we need mechanisms to determine whether these agents are trustworthy. What do we need to establish trust? Agents are often characterized by features such as autonomy, sociability, proactiveness, and persistent identity. This latter feature is key in determining trust. When agents operate over an extended period, they can earn a reputation for competence, timeliness, ease of use, and trustworthiness, …

Trends And Disparities In Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, And Other Cardiovascular Diseases In The United States: Findings Of The National Conference On Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Richard Cooper, Jeffrey Cutler, Patrice Desvigne-Nickens, Stephen P. Fortmann, Lawrence Friedman, Richard Havlik, Gary Hogelin, John Marler, Paul Mcgovern, Gregory Morosco, Lori Mosca, Thomas Pearson, Jeremiah Stamler, Daniel Stryer, Thomas Thom

Faculty Publications

A workshop was held September 27 through 29, 1999, to address issues relating to national trends in mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular diseases; the apparent slowing of declines in mortality from cardiovascular diseases; levels and trends in risk factors for cardiovascular diseases; disparities in cardiovascular diseases by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography; trends in cardiovascular disease preventive and treatment services; and strategies for efforts to reduce cardiovascular diseases overall and to reduce disparities among subpopulations. The conference concluded that coronary heart disease mortality is still declining in the United States as a whole, although perhaps at a slower rate than …

Carbon Monoxide Production Is Not Enhanced By Nitrogenase Activity, P. Milligan, G. M. King

Faculty Publications

A diverse group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and two heme degraders were grown with and without fixed nitrogen sources under oxic and suboxic conditions, with and without addition of heme-containing compounds. Several of the strains produced carbon monoxide (CO) under one or more of these conditions, but nitrogenase activity did not stimulate rates of production relative to controls. Although nitrogenase can reduce CO2 to CO in vitro in the absence of N2, this process likely contributes minimally to CO production in soils under in situ conditions. In contrast, myoglobin or hematin addition under oxic conditions significantly stimulated CO production by the …