Digital Commons Network^™

Particulate And Dissolved Organic Matter In Stormwater Runoff Influences Oxygen Demand In Urbanized Headwater Catchments, Kelly M. Mccabe, Erik M. Smith, Susan Q. Lang, Claudia Benitez-Nelson

Faculty Publications

Increasing inputs of organic matter (OM) are driving declining dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in coastal ecosystems worldwide. The quantity, source, and composition of OM transported to coastal ecosystems via stormwater runoff have been altered by land use changes associated with urbanization and subsequent hydrologic flows that accompany urban stormwater management. To elucidate the role of stormwater in the decline of coastal DO, rain event sampling of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in samples collected from the outfall of stormwater ponds and wetlands, as well as samples of largely untreated runoff carried by stormwater ditches, was conducted across a range of urban …

The Tensile Root Strength Of Spartina Patens Declines With Exposure To Multiple Stressors, R. Eugene Turner, Lauris O. Hollis

Faculty Publications

Coastal wetlands may be subjected to numerous biotic and abiotic stressors from natural and anthropogenic forces in the landscape. The influx of nutrients, inorganic compounds and xenobiotics are suspected of degrading the belowground biomass of coastal macrophytes. Spartina patens acts as an ecosystem engineer for lower salinity coastal marshes and its biomechanical properties are vital to the stability and resilience of coastal wetlands. S.patens was exposed to one natural (flooding) and two anthropogenic stressors (atrazine and nutrient addition) in a greenhouse experiment to test the hypothesis that these three stressors reduce the tensile root strength of S. patens. A one-way …

Time-Varying Insomnia Symptoms And Incidence Of Cognitive Impairment And Dementia Among Older Us Adults, Nicholas V. Resciniti, Valerie Yelverton, Bezawit Eyob Kase, Jiajia Zhang, Matthew C. Lohman

Faculty Publications

There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between insomnia and the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. This study aimed to evaluate if time-varying insomnia is associated with the development of MCI and dementia. Data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 13,833) from 2002 to 2014 were used (59.4% female). The Brief Insomnia Questionnaire was used to identify insomnia symptoms which were compiled in an insomnia severity index, ranging from 0 to 4. In analysis, participants’ symptoms could vary from wave-to-wave. Dementia was defined using results from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) global cognitive …

Hepatoenteric Recycling Is A New Disposition Mechanism For Orally Administered Phenolic Drugs And Phytochemicals In Rats, Yifan Tu, Lu Wang, Yi Rong, Vincent Tam, Taijun Yin, Song Gao, Rashim Singh, Ming Hu

Faculty Publications

Many orally administered phenolic drugs undergo enterohepatic recycling (EHR), presumably mediated by the hepatic phase II enzymes. However, the disposition of extrahepatically generated phase II metabolites is unclear. This paper aims to determine the new roles of liver and intestine in the disposition of oral phenolics. Sixteen representative phenolics were tested using direct portal vein infusion and/or intestinal perfusion. The results showed that certain glucuronides were efficiently recycled by liver. OATP1B1/1B3/2B1 were the responsible uptake transporters. Hepatic uptake is the rate-limiting step in hepatic recycling. Our findings showed that the disposition of many oral phenolics is mediated by intestinal glucuronidation …

Contact Stress In Helical Bevel Gears, Edward E. Osakue, Lucky Anetor, Kendall Harris

Faculty Publications

Helical bevel gears have inclined or twisted teeth on a conical surface and the common types are skew, spiral, zerol, and hypoid bevel gears. However, this study does not include hypoid bevel gears. Due to the geometric complexities of bevel gears, commonly used methods in their design are based on the concept of equivalent or virtual spur gear. The approach in this paper is based on the following assumptions, a) the helix angle of helical bevel gears is equal to mean spiral angle, b) the pitch diameter at the backend is defined as that of a helical gear, and c) …

Signal Timing And Geometric Design At Contraflow Left-Turn Lane Intersections, Rongwei Guo, Jinli Liu, Qun Zhao, Yi Qi

Faculty Publications

As a type of innovative intersection, Contraflow left-turn lane (CLL) intersection, has been increasingly implemented at the signalized intersections for increasing the leftturn capacity. This study developed a systematic method for determining the length of CLL and the signal timing plan for implementing CLL at signalized intersections. At first, the signal timing and geometric design requirements in the implementation of CLL were analyzed. Then, these requirements were thoroughly considered in the development of the proposed method. A case study was conducted for evaluating the operational benefits of redesigning a real-world CLL intersection using the recommended signal timing plan and CLL …

Content Literacy Pd: Middle Grades Language Arts Teachers Perceptions, Nichole L. Smith, Brian K. Williams

Faculty Publications

In this study, middle school language arts teachers engaged in focus group interviews and shared their perceptions of content literacy, experiential learning, assessment data, and refined practice prior to and after participating in a sustained content literacy professional development. Findings based on these perceptions demonstrate a need for continued development in the aforementioned areas.

Marginal Warming Associated With A Covid-19 Quarantine And The Implications For Disease Transmission, P. W. Miller, C. Reesman, M. K. Grossman, S. A. Nelson, V. Liu, P. Wang

Faculty Publications

During January-February 2020, parts of China faced restricted mobility under COVID-19 quarantines, which have been associated with improved air quality. Because particulate pollutants scatter, diffuse, and absorb incoming solar radiation, a net negative radiative forcing, decreased air pollution can yield surface warming. As such, this study (1) documents the evolution of China's January-February 2020 air temperature and concurrent particulate changes; (2) determines the temperature response related to reduced particulates during the COVID-19 quarantine (C19Q); and (3) discusses the conceptual implications for temperature-dependent disease transmission. C19Q particulate evolution is monitored using satellite analyses, and concurrent temperature anomalies are diagnosed using surface …

Early Diagenesis In The Hypoxic And Acidified Zone Of The Northern Gulf Of Mexico: Is Organic Matter Recycling In Sediments Disconnected From The Water Column?, C. Rabouille, B. Lansard, S.M. Owings, N.N. Rabalais, B. Bombled, E. Metzger, J. Richirt, E.M. Eitel, A.D. Boever, J.S. Beckler, M. Taillefert

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Astronomical Tide And Storm Surge Signals Observed In An Isolated Inland Maar Lake Near The Coast, Mingming Li, Chunyan Li, Lingling Xie, Wei Huang, Quanan Zheng, Keyi Tan, Yingbin Hong

Faculty Publications

Aimed at the explanation of clear tidal signal and storm surge signals in a closed inland lake near the coast (the Huguangyan Lake), this work uses a combined approach with observations and model experiments. Huguangyan Lake is a closed inland freshwater coneless volcanic crater lake near the coast in tropical southern China, less than 5 km from an estuary. It has a diameter of about 1.5 km and relatively deep water of up to 20 m. Bottom pressure was measured from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) for 10 days in September 2018 and 10 days in January 2019. The …

Ab Initio Hydrogen Dynamics And The Morphology Of Voids In Amorphous Silicon, Parthapratim Biswas, Dil Limbu

Faculty Publications

This article presents an ab initio study of hydrogen dynamics inside nanometer-size voids in amorphous silicon (a-Si) within the framework of the density-functional theory for a varying hydrogen load of 10–30 atoms per void at the low and high temperature of 400 and 700 K, respectively. Using the local density approximation (LDA) and its generalized-gradient counterpart (GGA), the dynamics of hydrogen atoms inside the voids are examined with an emphasis on the diffusion of H atoms/molecules, and the resulting nanostructural changes of the void surfaces. The results from simulations suggest that the microstructure of the hydrogen distribution on the void …

User Guide For Dust Modeling Using Cmaq 5.3.1 And Wrf 4.2.1, Zachary D. Lawless, Ariel S. Cable, Cameron B. Van Dyke, Bradley R. Adams

Faculty Publications

Researchers at Brigham Young University (BYU) have developed a software framework for modeling dust emission and transport using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system in conjunction with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and other utility programs. This framework uses meteorological data, land use data, and soil properties to predict dust concentrations for a specified area. This User Guide describes the start-to-finish process required to install and utilize relevant software to calculate and visualize dust concentrations. Note that the examples and figures provided in the guide are specific to Utah in the western United States, where this …

Open Data From The First And Second Observing Runs Of Advanced Ligo And Advanced Virgo, Ligo Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, Tiffany Z. Summerscales

Faculty Publications

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are monitoring the sky and collecting gravitational-wave strain data with sufficient sensitivity to detect signals routinely. In this paper we describe the data recorded by these instruments during their first and second observing runs. The main data products are gravitational-wave strain time series sampled at 16384 Hz. The datasets that include this strain measurement can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at http://gw-openscience.org, together with data-quality information essential for the analysis of LIGO and Virgo data, documentation, tutorials, and supporting software.

The Effects Of High Estimate Uncertainty In Auditor Negligence Litigation*, Jeffrey Pickerd, M. David Piercey

Faculty Publications

We examine how jurors’ negligence judgments and attorneys’ out-of-court settlements are differently impacted by two features of a materially misstated accounting estimate—the amount of estimate uncertainty and whether the misstated account is disaggregated into its own line-item or aggregated with other accounts into a single financial statement line-item. We predict and find that jurors and attorneys react to estimate uncertainty in opposite directions under common conditions. This finding is important because when jurors’ judgments and attorneys’ settlements differ, research into juror judgments alone may not capture a complete picture of auditor liability because the vast majority of audit litigation is …

Extending Critical Infrastructure Element Longevity Using Constellation-Based Id Verification, Christopher M. Rondeau, Michael A. Temple, J. Addison Betances, Christine M. Schubert Kabban

Faculty Publications

This work supports a technical cradle-to-grave protection strategy aimed at extending the useful lifespan of Critical Infrastructure (CI) elements. This is done by improving mid-life operational protection measures through integration of reliable physical (PHY) layer security mechanisms. The goal is to improve existing protection that is heavily reliant on higher-layer mechanisms that are commonly targeted by cyberattack. Relative to prior device ID discrimination works, results herein reinforce the exploitability of constellation-based PHY layer features and the ability for those features to be practically implemented to enhance CI security. Prior work is extended by formalizing a device ID verification process that …

The Evidence Rules That Convict The Innocent, Jeffrey Bellin

Faculty Publications

Over the past decades, DNA testing has uncovered hundreds of examples of the most important type of trial errors: innocent defendants convicted of serious crimes like rape and murder. The resulting Innocence Movement spurred reforms to police practices, forensic science, and criminal procedure. This Article explores the lessons of the Innocence Movement for American evidence law.

Commentators often overlook the connection between the growing body of research on convictions of the innocent and the evidence rules. Of the commonly identified causes of false convictions, only flawed forensic testimony has received sustained attention as a matter of evidence law. But other …

Workshop Outcomes Report: 1st International Workshop On Seismic Resilience Of Arctic Infrastructure And Social Systems, Majid Ghayoomi, Katharine Duderstadt, Alexander Kholodov, Alexander Shiklomanov, Matthew Turner, Elham Ajorlou

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Second Law Of Entanglement Dynamics For The Non-Asymptotic Regime, Mark M. Wilde

Faculty Publications

The distillable entanglement of a bipartite quantum state does not exceed its entanglement cost. This well known inequality can be understood as a second law of entanglement dynamics in the asymptotic regime of entanglement manipulation, excluding the possibility of perpetual entanglement extraction machines that generate boundless entanglement from a finite reserve. In this paper, I establish a refined second law of entanglement dynamics that holds for the non-asymptotic regime of entanglement manipulation.

Clinical Commissioning Of Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Systems: Report Of Aapm Task Group 185, Jonathan B. Farr, Michael F. Moyers, Chris E. Allgower, Martin Bues, Wen Chien Hsi, Hosang Jin, Dimitris N. Mihailidis, Hsiao Ming Lu, Wayne D. Newhauser, Narayan Sahoo, Roelf Slopsema, Daniel Yeung, X. Ronald Zhu

Faculty Publications

Proton therapy is an expanding radiotherapy modality in the United States and worldwide. With the number of proton therapy centers treating patients increasing, so does the need for consistent, high-quality clinical commissioning practices. Clinical commissioning encompasses the entire proton therapy system's multiple components, including the treatment delivery system, the patient positioning system, and the image-guided radiotherapy components. Also included in the commissioning process are the x-ray computed tomography scanner calibration for proton stopping power, the radiotherapy treatment planning system, and corresponding portions of the treatment management system. This commissioning report focuses exclusively on intensity-modulated scanning systems, presenting details of how …

Nuclear Dynamics And Reactions In The Ab Initio Symmetry-Adapted Framework, Kristina D. Launey, Alexis Mercenne, Tomas Dytrych

Faculty Publications

We review the ab initio symmetry-adapted (SA) framework for determining the structure of stable and unstable nuclei, along with related electroweak, decay, and reaction processes. This framework utilizes the dominant symmetry of nuclear dynamics, the shape-related symplectic Sp(3, R) symmetry, which has been shown to emerge from first principles and to expose dominant degrees of freedom that are collective in nature, even in the lightest species or seemingly spherical states. This feature is illustrated for a broad scope of nuclei ranging from helium to titanium isotopes, enabled by recent developments of the ab initio SA no-core shell model expanded to …

Searches For Continuous Gravitational Waves From 15 Supernova Remnants And Fomalhaut B With Advanced Ligo (Vol 875, 122, 2019), B P. Abbott, R Abbott, T D. Abbott, S Abraham, K Ackley, C Adams, R X. Adhikari, V B. Adya, C Affeldt, M Agathos, K Agatsuma, N Aggarwal, O D. Aguiar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, G Allen, A Allocca, M A. Aloy, P A. Altin, A Amato, A Ananyeva, S B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S V. Angelova, S Antier, S Appert, K Arai, M C. Araya, J S. Areeda, M Arene, N Arnaud, K G. Arun, S. Ascenzi, G. Ashton, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, F. Aubin, P. Aufmuth, K. Aultoneal, C. Austin, V. Avendano, A. Avila-Alvarez, S. Babak, P. Bacon, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bae, P. T. Baker, F. Baldaccinni

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Anomalies In The Cosmic Microwave Background And Their Non-Gaussian Origin In Loop Quantum Cosmology, I Agullo, D Kranas, V Sreenath

Faculty Publications

Anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) refer to features that have been observed, mostly at large angular scales, and which show some tension with the statistical predictions of the standard ?CDM model. In this work, we focus our attention on power suppression, dipolar modulation, a preference for odd parity, and the tension in the lensing parameter A ( L ). Though the statistical significance of each individual anomaly is inconclusive, collectively they are significant, and could indicate new physics beyond the ?CDM model. In this article, we present a brief, but pedagogical introduction to CMB anomalies and propose a …

Fast-Transient Searches In Real Time With Ztfrest: Identification Of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows And New Constraints On The Kilonova Rate, Igor Andreoni, Michael W. Coughlin2, Erik C. Kool, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Harsh Kumar, Varun Bhalerao, Ana Sagues Carracedo, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Peter T. Pang, Divita Saraogi, Kritti Sharma, Vedant Shenoy, Eric Burns, Tomas Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Leo P. Singer, Daniel A. Perley, Kishalay De, U. C. Fremling, Eric C. Bellm, Mattia Bulla, Arien Crellin-Quick, Tim Dietrich, Andrew Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Ariel Goobar, Matthew J. Graham, David L. Kaplan, S. R. Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Ashish A. Mahabal, David L. Shupe, Jesper Sollerman, Richard Walters, Yuhan Yao

Faculty Publications

The most common way to discover extragalactic fast transients, which fade within a few nights in the optical, is via follow-up of gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave triggers. However, wide-field surveys have the potential to identify rapidly fading transients independently of such external triggers. The volumetric survey speed of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) makes it sensitive to objects as faint and fast fading as kilonovae, the optical counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, out to almost 200 Mpc. We introduce an open-source software infrastructure, the ZTF REaltime Search and Triggering, ZTFReST, designed to identify kilonovae and fast transients in ZTF …

Reducing Scattered Light In Ligo's Third Observing Run, S. Soni, C. Austin, A. Effler, R. M.S. Schofield, G. González, V. V. Frolov, J. C. Driggers, A. Pele, A. L. Urban, G. Valdes, R. Abbott, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, A. Ananyeva, S. Appert, K. Arai, J. S. Areeda, Y. Asali, S. M. Aston, A. M. Baer, M. Ball, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, D. Barker, L. Barsotti, J. Bartlett, B. K. Berger, J. Betzwieser, D. Bhattacharjee, G. Billingsley, S. Biscans, C. D. Blair, R. M. Blair

Faculty Publications

Noise due to scattered light has been a frequent disturbance in the advanced LIGO gravitational wave detectors, hindering the detection of gravitational waves. The non stationary scatter noise caused by low frequency motion can be recognized as arches in the time-frequency plane of the gravitational wave channel. In this paper, we characterize the scattering noise for LIGO and Virgo's third observing run O3 from April, 2019 to March, 2020. We find at least two different populations of scattering noise and we investigate the multiple origins of one of them as well as its mitigation. We find that relative motion between …

Open Data From The First And Second Observing Runs Of Advanced Ligo And Advanced Virgo, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, S. Abraham, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, A. Aich, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, G. Allen, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin, A. Amato, S. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S. V. Angelova, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Arène

Faculty Publications

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are monitoring the sky and collecting gravitational-wave strain data with sufficient sensitivity to detect signals routinely. In this paper we describe the data recorded by these instruments during their first and second observing runs. The main data products are gravitational-wave strain time series sampled at 16384 Hz. The datasets that include this strain measurement can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at http://gw-openscience.org, together with data-quality information essential for the analysis of LIGO and Virgo data, documentation, tutorials, and supporting software.

Kepler K2 Campaign 9-I. Candidate Short-Duration Events From The First Space-Based Survey For Planetary Microlensing, I Mcdonald, E Kerins, R Poleski, M T. Penny, I Mcdonald, S Mao, P Fouque, W Zhu, W Zang

Faculty Publications

We present the first short-duration candidate microlensing events from the Kepler K2 mission. From late April to early July 2016, Campaign 9 of K2 obtained high temporal cadence observations over a 3.7 deg(2) region of the Galactic bulge. Its primary objectives were to look for evidence of a free-floating planet (FFP) population using microlensing, and demonstrate the feasibility of space-based planetary microlensing surveys. Though Kepler K2 is far from optimal for microlensing, the recently developed MCPM photometric pipeline enables us to identify and model microlensing events. We describe our blind event-selection pipeline in detail and use it to recover 22 …

Gaia Gral: Gaia Dr2 Gravitational Lens Systems. Vi. Spectroscopic Confirmation And Modeling Of Quadruply Imaged Lensed Quasars, D Stern, S G. Djorgovski, A Krone-Martins, D Sluse, D Stern, C Ducourant, R Teixeira, J Surdej, C Boehm, B R. Den, D O. J, D R. D, G A. A, G R. L, J A. Mj, K L. P, L L. J, J F. Campion, A Mahabal, F Mignard, T Murphy, A Nierenberg, S Scarano, J Simon, J Slezak, C Spindola-Duarte, J Wambsganss

Faculty Publications

Combining the exquisite angular resolution of Gaia with optical light curves and WISE photometry, the Gaia Gravitational Lenses group (GraL) uses machine-learning techniques to identify candidate strongly lensed quasars, and has confirmed over two dozen new strongly lensed quasars from the Gaia Data Release 2. This paper reports on the 12 quadruply imaged quasars identified by this effort to date, which is a similar to 20% increase in the total number of confirmed quadruply imaged quasars. We discuss the candidate selection, spectroscopic follow-up, and lens modeling. We also report our spectroscopic failures as an aid for future investigations.

An Earth-Mass Planet In A Time Of Covid-19: Kmt-2020-Blg-0414lb, Leandro De Almeida, Andrew Gould, Cheongho Han, Iona Kondo, Chung-Uk Lee, Shude Mao, Yossi Shvartzvald, Jennifer C. Yee, Weicheng Zang, Xiangyu Zhang

Faculty Publications

We report the discovery of KMT-2020-BLG-0414Lb, with a planet-to-host mass ratio q (2) = 0.9-1.2 x 10(-5) = 3-4 circle plus at 1 sigma, which is the lowest mass-ratio microlensing planet to date. Together with two other recent discoveries (4 less than or similar to q/q (circle plus) less than or similar to 6), it fills out the previous empty sector at the bottom of the triangular (log s, log q) diagram, where s is the planet-host separation in units of the angular Einstein radius theta E. Hence, these discoveries call into question the existence, or at least the strength, …

Sugar Recovery Rates In Louisiana, Florida, And Australia (1901–2018): Sugarcane Varietal Development And Cultural Practices, P. Lynn Kennedy, Andrew Schmitz, Fangyi Zhang

Faculty Publications

Australia, Florida, and Louisiana are dominant sugar producers. We use piecewise regression to compare the growth in sugar recovery rates. To discuss sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varietal development and cultural practices, we consider two scenarios: the entire period 1901 to 2018 and two subperiods using country-specific breakpoints. The overall annual increase in the sugar recovery rate for all three regions ranged between 0.0180% for Australia and 0.0525% for Florida. In the first subperiod, Florida (0.2380%, 1928–1941) and Australia (0.1233%, 1901–1927) have the greatest annual gains, but in the second subperiod, Louisiana experiences the greatest annual gains (0.0813%, 1969–2018), followed by …

Decay Of Information For The Kac Evolution, F. Bonetto, R. Han, M. Loss

Faculty Publications

We consider a system of M particles in contact with a heat reservoir of N≫ M particles. The evolution in the system and the reservoir, together with their interaction, is modeled via the Kac’s master equation. We chose the initial distribution with total energy N+ M and show that if the reservoir is initially in equilibrium, that is, if the initial distribution depends only on the energy of the particle in the reservoir, then the entropy of the system decays exponentially to a very small value. We base our proof on a similar property for the Information. A similar argument …