Digital Commons Network^™

International Society Of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Ketogenic Diets, Arny A. Ferrando, Robert R. Wolfe, Katie R. Hirsch Phd,Ep-C, Cissn, David D. Church, Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky, Michael D. Roberts, Jeffrey R. Stout, Drew E. Gonzalez, Ryan J. Sowinski, Richard B. Kreider, Chad M. Kerksick, Nicholas A. Burd, Stefan M. Pasiakos, Michael J. Ormsbee, Shawn M. Arent Ph.D., Cscs*D, Fissn, Facsm, Fnak, Paul J. Arciero, Bill I. Campbell, Trisha A. Vandusseldorp, Ralf Jager, Darryn S. Willoughby, Douglas S. Kalman, Jose Antonio

Faculty Publications

Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions …

International Society Of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Energy Drinks And Energy Shots, Andrew R. Jagim, Patrick S. Harty, Grant M. Tinsley, Chad M. Kerksick, Adam M. Gonzalez, Richard B. Kreider, Shawn M. Arent Ph.D., Cscs*D, Fissn, Facsm, Fnak, Ralf Jager, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, Jeffrey R. Stout, Bill I. Campbell, Trisha Vandusseldorp, Jose Antonio

Faculty Publications

Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, …

The Impact Of Weibo Features On User’S Information Comprehension: The Mediating Role Of Cognitive Load, Ying Xu, Jia-Qiong Xie, Fu-Xing Wang, Rebecca L. Monk, James Gaskin, Jin-Liang Wang

Faculty Publications

Social media, such as Microblogs, have become an important source for people to obtain information. However, we know little about how this would influence our comprehension over online information. Based on the cognitive load theory, this research explores whether and how two important features of Weibo, which are the feedback function and information fragmentation, would increase cognitive load and may in turn hinder users’ information comprehension in Weibo. A 2 (feedback or non-feedback) × 2 (strong-interference or weak-interference information) between-participants experimental design was conducted. Our results revealed that the Weibo feedback function and interference information exerted a negative impact over …

Uncertainty, Sensory Processing, And Stress In Autistic Children During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Garrett Cardon, Mollie Bradley

Faculty Publications

Background: COVID-19 increased uncertainty for most and was especially disruptive to autistic people and their families, due in part to tendencies toward intolerance for uncertainty across this population. As such, COVID presented a natural experiment of uncertainty and its correlates in autism. Previous reports have shown associations between intolerance of uncertainty, sensory difficulty, and stress. Aims: We investigated changes in sensory difficulties and stress associated with COVID-related increases in uncertainty. Methods and procedures: Primary caregivers of 47 autistic children (ages 6–15) completed online surveys containing questions about demographics, experiences, and supports received during the pandemic. Additionally, caregivers filled out measures …

Multiple-Choice Reading Behaviors Of Esl Students: An Eye-Tracking Study, Juan Escalante, Grant Eckstein, Troy L. Cox, Steven Luke

Faculty Publications

Only recently has eye-tracking been used to investigate test-taker reading behavior, and results have been primarily used to confirm a range of cognitive tasks elicited by test items. This study explores test taker reading behavior for its own sake by describing how ESL readers of different proficiency levels behaviorally view multiple-choice passages and test items at different difficulty levels. Data were gathered from 51 students at three proficiency levels attending a university-sponsored intensive English program (IEP). Participants read eight validated reading comprehension items at varying difficulty levels while their eye movements were recorded on the passage, multiple-choice stem, correct answer, …

Religious Nondelegation, B. Jessie Hill

Faculty Publications

The problem of religious exemptions has given rise to a rich body of scholarly literature, as well as a flood of litigation. One recent set of cases involved challenges to the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) health care mandates—Section 1557 and the contraceptive mandate—and their religious exemptions. Some scholars have argued that religious exemptions violate the Establishment Clause when they confer a benefit on religious individuals, the costs of which are largely borne by those who do not share the religious individuals’ beliefs—a notion that is sometimes expressed in terms of “third-party harms.” The third-party harms approach to Establishment Clause violations …

School Resource Officers' Impact On Violence And Crime, Angelo Kevin Brown

Faculty Publications

School resource officers (SRO) have been involved in the American school system for about 70 years. SRO programs began in the early 1950s beginning within a school district in Flint, Michigan. Since the start of SRO programs, police officers were predominately placed in schools with a high percentage of African American students and in low-income communities. School administration had implemented a program to station law enforcement officers in the school because of crime, drugs, and violence within the school. The community in the Flint School District had a lot of racial discrimination and elevated levels of racial inequality and segregation. …

The Traditional Restorative Justice Practices That Have Influenced Southern Africa, Angelo Kevin Brown

Faculty Publications

The indigenous peoples of Southern Africa have a tradition of using restorative justice practices. The region has used restorative justice practices primarily until European colonization had enforced a Western criminal justice and legal system. During and after colonization, Southern Africa has continued to use traditional methods for public safety and resolving conflicts in communities. This led to governments having a dual system in which nonserious violations are usually handled in the traditional courts, and the more serious crimes are handled in the formal criminal courts.

Understanding Uncontested Prosecutor Elections, Carissa Byrne Hessick, Sarah Treul, Alexander Love

Faculty Publications

Prosecutors are very powerful players in the criminal justice system. One of the few checks on their power is their periodic obligation to stand for election. But very few prosecutor elections are contested, and even fewer are competitive. As a result, voters are not able to hold prosecutors accountable for their decisions. The problem with uncontested elections has been widely recognized, but little understood. The legal literature has lamented the lack of choice for voters, but any suggested solutions have been based on only anecdote or simple descriptive analyses of election data.

Using a logistic regression analysis, this Article estimates …

Pregnancy Advance Directives, Joan H. Krause

Faculty Publications

Part I of this Article provides a general introduction to the various types of advance directives available in the United States, including their goals and limitations. Part II provides a detailed overview of pregnancy restrictions, including comparisons of the substantive restrictions, procedural issues, and rationales for restricting the application of advance directives during pregnancy. Part III offers a critical analysis of both the scholarship addressing pregnancy restrictions and the litigation seeking to challenge the restrictions, demonstrating that the existing legal framework has not been satisfactory in resolving the issues—a situation that will only be exacerbated by the Supreme Court’s recent …

Gender Violence As Legacy: To Imagine New Approaches, Deborah M. Weissman

Faculty Publications

This essay considers gender violence as a consequence of systemic problems rooted in patriarchal structures, transacted through poverty and inequality, and embedded in a historically conditioned political economy. It is informed by the scholarship that propounds the need to develop community responses independent of the carceral system as a means to address the systemic source factors that contribute to Intimate Partner Violence (“IPV”), with attention to restorative and transformative justice approaches (RJ/TJ). This essay advances anti-violence scholarship to suggest the need to reconceptualize gender discrimination, poverty, and inequality as cause and consequence of social ills, and, moreover, to contribute to …

Contracting As A Class, Caleb N. Griffin

Faculty Publications

Contract law is stuck in a loop of path dependency and stale precedent. Its metaphors, like “the meeting of the minds,” are today laughably implausible. Its values, like “consent,” have been stripped of any real meaning. No one reads or understands the overwhelming majority of contracts to which they agree. And no one should. Reading them is meaningless, because it simply does not matter what they say. Individuals must agree to them— indeed, are effectively forced to agree to them—if they wish to participate in the modern world.

Modern digital contracting is not a collaborative process. Today, most “contracting” involves …

Sorting Bugs And Features Of Mass Tort Bankruptcy, Melissa B. Jacoby

Faculty Publications

In 1997, after two years of study, the National Bankruptcy Review Commission recognized bankruptcy’s potential as a forum to address mass tort problems. It emphasized, however, that Congress needed to do much more to ensure due process, address major risks of under-compensation and inconsistent compensation, and reduce uncertainty about the lawfulness of these cases. United States Supreme Court cases invalidating particular limited-fund class actions raised the stakes, casting doubt on certain analogous bankruptcy practices.

Congress adopted neither the Commission’s proposals nor others on the topic. Mass tort bankruptcy practice continued without legislative clarifications or improvements, culminating in recent high-profile and …

Psychedelic Capitalism And The Perceptual Threshold, Dustin Marlan

Faculty Publications

This invited response to Mason Marks et al., Microdosing Psychedelics Under Local, State, and Federal Law examines how evolving psychedelic regulation may ultimately favor below‑perceptual‑threshold approaches—such as microdosing and nonsubjective psychoplastogens—over the traditional, above‑threshold psychedelic experience.

Because such developments risk marginalizing the culturally, spiritually, and cognitively significant psychedelic experience, the author contends that access to above‑threshold psychedelic states requires justification beyond clinical utility. Invoking principles of cognitive liberty, neurodiversity, and equitable access, the article recommends that decriminalization and supported adult‑use models accompany therapeutic frameworks to preserve the legal viability of non‑ordinary states of consciousness, even if below‑threshold medicines come to …

Mysterizing Religion, Marc O. Degirolami

Faculty Publications

(Excerpt)

A mystery of faith is a truth of religion that escapes human understanding. The mysteries of religion are not truths that human beings happen not to know, or truths that they could know with sufficient study and application, but instead truths that they cannot know in the nature of things. In the Letter to the Colossians, St. Paul writes that as a Christian apostle, his holy office is to “bring to completion for you the word of God, the mystery hidden from ages and from generations past.” Note that Paul does not say that his task is to make …

Thompson V. Clark And The “Reasonable” Policing Of Marginalized Families, Anna Arons

Faculty Publications

This Article uses the experience of Larry Thompson, the plaintiff in Thompson v. Clark, 142 S. Ct. 1332 (2022), to examine the absence of privacy for poor families, particularly poor Black, Latinx, and Native families, in the United States. Mr. Thompson may end up remembered in legal history as a victor, as the Supreme Court lowered the barriers to bringing malicious prosecution claims and reinstated Mr. Thompson’s own previously dismissed malicious prosecution claim. Yet before securing this victory, Mr. Thompson lost a slew of other Fourth Amendment claims against the police. Mr. Thompson’s claims arose from state agents’ warrantless …

Copyright’S Capacity Gap, Andrew Gilden, Eva E. Subotnik

Faculty Publications

Most areas of law require that individuals meet a certain threshold of capacity before their decisions — e.g., to marry, to enter into a contract, or to execute an estate plan — are given legal effect. Copyright law, by contrast, gives legal effect to creative decisions by granting the decisionmaker many decades of exclusive rights so long as they are a human being and have demonstrated a “creative spark.” This Article examines the overlooked consequences of this gap in capacity standards between copyright and other areas of law. It shows that this gap has produced numerous opportunities for vulnerable creators …

Judge Frankel’S Fifty-Year-Old Invitation To Reconstruct Sentencing, Jelani Jefferson Exum

Faculty Publications

(Excerpt)

America was a different place at the time Judge Marvin Frankel penned his now-famous text Criminal Sentences: Law without Order in 1973. Richard Nixon was the U.S. president. The Vietnam War was ending. The Watergate scandal was unfolding. There was much to grab the public’s attention, and criminal sentencing was not a national or international headline. Just two years earlier, President Nixon had declared a war on drugs and targeted drug abuse as “public enemy number one,” but it would be over a decade before punitive mandatory minimum drug sentences would become our sentencing norm. At the time of …

Investing In Abolition, Sandeep Singh Dhaliwal

Faculty Publications

This Article situates the prison within a broader macro-financial trend, what I call “community capture.” As private equity firms have consolidated the market for carceral services, they have also gained control over other essential social infrastructure, like housing and healthcare. By layering debt, fees, and aggressive profit expectations over companies or assets that provide for basic needs, their strategies intensify the economic pressures communities face. These strategies rely on various forms of coordination and legal protection from contestation. To demonstrate this process in the context of mass incarceration, this Article tells the story of Securus, a dominant carceral service company …

In Pursuit Of Sustainable Educational Development: The Philippines And The English Dilemma, Rosemary C. Salomone

Faculty Publications

The English language poses a dilemma in meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially for education in countries with high multilingualism, high poverty and unequal schooling, such as the Philippines. This chapter considers Goal 1 (reducing poverty), Goal 4 (promoting educational quality) and Goal 10 (reducing inequalities) in relation to what has become an array of executive orders, regulations and laws that have shifted in the political winds, even as the judiciary has tried to navigate a measured course. It underscores how the primacy of English in the national consciousness, tied to global markets, undercuts multilingual policies based in …

Evaluating Ethics Of Machine Learning: Industry 4.0 Implementation In Aerospace And Defense Industries, Lina Khan, Ahmad Elshennawy, Sandra Furterer, Elizabeth Cudney, Chad Laux

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Healing A Broken Spirit, David Sedlacek, Beverly Sedlacek

Faculty Publications

Abuse of any kind as well as significant losses such as death of a loved one can result in a broken spirit (Proverbs 15:13, 17:22). However, we have a wonderful God who heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds (Isaiah 51:3). He often leads us into communities where we can experience being seen, soothed, safe, and secure. This chapter describes the experience of brokenness and the process of healing integrating both biblical and interpersonal neurobiological perspectives.

Discipling The Whole Student, Scott R. Ward, David Sedlacek, Rogelio Paquini, Jasmine Fraser

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Steps To Radiant Living, Trevor O'Reggio

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Automatic Enrollment With A 12 Percent Default Contribution Rate, Josh Beshears, Ruofei Guo, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, James J. Choi

Faculty Publications

We study a retirement savings plan with a default contribution rate of 12 percent of income, which is much higher than previously studied defaults. Twenty-five percent of employees had not opted out of this default 12 months after hire; a literature review finds that the corresponding fraction in plans with lower defaults is approximately one-half. Because only contributions above 12 percent were matched by the employer, 12 percent was likely to be a suboptimal contribution rate for employees. Employees who remained at the 12 percent default contribution rate had average income that was approximately one-third lower than would be predicted …

Near-Universal Marriage, Early Childbearing, And Low Fertility: India’S Alternative Fertility Transition, Narae Park, Sangita Vyas, Kathleen Broussard, Dean Spears

Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVETo compare fertility in India to both low-to-middle-income and high-income countries (LMICs and HICs) and describe the patterns that have accompanied India’s transition to low fertility.

METHODS We use data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the United Nations (UN), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to observe factors associated with fertility decline in 36 Indian states and 76 countries.

RESULTS Although fertility in India has declined to levels similar to HICs, women’s entry into marriage and initiation of childbearing are more in line with patterns found in LMICs. The vast majority of women in …

Residential Segregation And County-Level Covid-19 Booster Coverage In The Deep South: Surveillance Report And Ecological Study, Chengbo Zeng, Jiajia Zhang Ph.D., Zhenlong Li, Xiaowen Sun, Huan Ning, Xueying Yang, Sharon Weissman, Bankole Olatosi Ph.D., Xiaoming Li Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Background: COVID-19 had a greater impact in the Deep South compared with other regions in the United States. While vaccination remains a top priority for all eligible individuals, data regarding the progress of booster coverage in the Deep South and how the coverage varies by county and age are sparse. Despite existing evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccinations at the individual level, there is an urgent need for evidence at the population level. Such information could highlight vulnerable communities and guide future health care policy-making and resource allocation.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate county-level COVID-19 booster coverage …

Using Geospatial Social Media Data For Infectious Disease Studies: A Systematic Review, Fengrui Jing, Zhenlong Li, Shan Qiao Ph.D., Jiajia Zhang Ph.D., Bankole Olatosi Ph.D., Xiaoming Li Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Geospatial social media (GSM) data has been increasingly used in public health due to its rich, timely, and accessible spatial information, particularly in infectious disease research. This review synthesized 86 research articles that use GSM data in infectious diseases published between December 2013 and March 2022. These articles cover 12 infectious disease types ranging from respiratory infectious diseases to sexually transmitted diseases with spatial levels varying from the neighborhood, county, state, and country. We categorized these studies into three major infectious disease research domains: surveillance, explanation, and prediction. With the assistance of advanced computing, statistical and spatial methods, GSM data …

Ecologic Analysis Of Antimicrobial Use In South Carolina Hospitals During 2020–2022, Pamela Bailey, Shujie Chen, Majdi N. Al-Hasan, Bankole Olatosi Ph.D., Xiaoming Li Ph.D., Jiajia Zhang Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Background:

Factors influencing excessive antimicrobial utilization in hospitalized patients remain poorly understood, particularly with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort, we compared administrative data regarding antimicrobial prescriptions in hospitalized patients in South Carolina from March 2020 through September 2022. The study examined variables associated with antimicrobial use across demographics, COVID status, and length of stay, among other variables.

Results:

Significant relationships were seen with antimicrobial use in COVID-19 positive patients (OR 2.00, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.9–2.1), young adults (OR 1.08, 95% CI: 0.99–1.12, COVID-19 positive Blacks and Hispanics (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11, OR 1.05, 95% CI: …

Food Insufficiency, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (Snap) Status, And 9-Year Trajectory Of Cognitive Function In Older Adults: The Longitudinal National Health And Aging Trends Study, 2012–2020, Muzi Na, Nan Dou, Monique J. Brown Ph.D., Mph, Lenis P. Chen-Edinboro, Loretta R. Anderson, Alexandra Wennberg

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.