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Porphyrin Depth In Lipid Bilayers As Determined By Iodide And Parallax Fluorescence Quenching Methods And Its Effect On Photosensitizing Efficiency, Irena Bronshtein, Michal Afri, Hana Weitman, Aryeh A. Frimer, Kevin M. Smith, Benjamin Ehrenberg Jan 2004

Porphyrin Depth In Lipid Bilayers As Determined By Iodide And Parallax Fluorescence Quenching Methods And Its Effect On Photosensitizing Efficiency, Irena Bronshtein, Michal Afri, Hana Weitman, Aryeh A. Frimer, Kevin M. Smith, Benjamin Ehrenberg

Faculty Publications

Photosensitization by porphyrins and other tetrapyrrole chromophores is used in biology and medicine to kill cells. This light-triggered generation of singlet oxygen is used to eradicate cancer cells in a process dubbed "photodynamic therapy," or PDT. Most photosensitizers are of amphiphilic character and they partition into cellular lipid membranes. The photodamage that they inflict to the host cell is mainly localized in membrane proteins. This photosensitized damage must occur in competition with the rapid diffusion of singlet oxygen through the lipid phase and its escape into the aqueous phase. In this article we show that the extent of damage can …

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Impaired Coordination Of Nutrient Intake And Substrate Oxidation In Melanocortin-4 Receptor Knockout Mice, Diana C. Albarado, Jennifer Mcclaine, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Randall L. Mynatt, Jianping Ye, Anthony W. Bannon, William G. Richards, Andrew A. Butler Jan 2004

Impaired Coordination Of Nutrient Intake And Substrate Oxidation In Melanocortin-4 Receptor Knockout Mice, Diana C. Albarado, Jennifer Mcclaine, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Randall L. Mynatt, Jianping Ye, Anthony W. Bannon, William G. Richards, Andrew A. Butler

Faculty Publications

Mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are associated with obesity. The obesity syndrome observed in humans with MC4R haploinsufficiency is similar to that observed in MC4R knockout mice: increased longitudinal growth, hyperphagia, and fasting hyperinsulinemia. For comparison with other commonly investigated models of obesity and insulin resistance, we have backcrossed Mc4r-/- mice into the C57BL/6J (B6) background. Female obese Mc4r-/- mice exhibit reduced energy expenditure and an attenuated increase in fatty acid oxidation following exposure to high fat diets compared to obese Lep ob/Lepob mice. The reduced energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation correlates with changes in hepatic gene expression. …

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Hypertension Treatment And Control In Five European Countries, Canada, And The United States, Katharina Wolf-Maier, Richard S. Cooper, Holly Kramer, José R. Banegas, Simona Giampaoli, Michel R. Joffres, Neil Poulter, Paola Primatesta, Birgitta Stegmayr, Michael Thamm Jan 2004

Hypertension Treatment And Control In Five European Countries, Canada, And The United States, Katharina Wolf-Maier, Richard S. Cooper, Holly Kramer, José R. Banegas, Simona Giampaoli, Michel R. Joffres, Neil Poulter, Paola Primatesta, Birgitta Stegmayr, Michael Thamm

Faculty Publications

Levels of hypertension treatment and control have been noted to vary between Europe and North America, although direct comparisons with similar methods have not been undertaken. In this study, we sought to estimate the relative impact of hypertension treatment strategies in Germany, Sweden, England, Spain, Italy, Canada, and the United States by using sample surveys conducted in the 1990s. Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure of 160/95 mm Hg or 140/90 mm Hg, plus persons taking antihypertensive medication. "Controlled hypertension" was defined as a blood pressure less than threshold among persons taking antihypertensive medications. Among persons 35 to 64 …

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A Genome Scan Among Nigerians Linking Resting Energy Expenditure To Chromosome 16, Xiaodong Wu, Amy Luke, Richard S. Cooper, Xiaofeng Zhu, Donghui Kan, Bamidele O. Tayo, Adebowale Adeyemo Jan 2004

A Genome Scan Among Nigerians Linking Resting Energy Expenditure To Chromosome 16, Xiaodong Wu, Amy Luke, Richard S. Cooper, Xiaofeng Zhu, Donghui Kan, Bamidele O. Tayo, Adebowale Adeyemo

Faculty Publications

Energy requirements at rest account for 50% to 75% of total energy expenditure. Interindividual variation in resting energy expenditure (REE) has been studied for potential links to obesity and hypertension. REE is a modestly heritable trait, and yet virtually nothing is known about the genetic factors that might influence the familial patterns. The objectives of this study were to identify the genomic regions showing genetic linkage to REE variation in a Nigerian population. For linkage analysis across the genome, three hundred seventy-seven microsatellite markers were typed on DNA from 995 individuals in 153 families. A genome scan was performed using …

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Impaired Glucose Regulation In Adults In Jamaica: Who Should Have The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?, Lincoln A. Sargeant, Michael S. Boyne, Franklyn I. Bennett, Terrence E. Forrester, Richard S. Cooper, Rainford J. Wilks Jan 2004

Impaired Glucose Regulation In Adults In Jamaica: Who Should Have The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?, Lincoln A. Sargeant, Michael S. Boyne, Franklyn I. Bennett, Terrence E. Forrester, Richard S. Cooper, Rainford J. Wilks

Faculty Publications

Objective. To compare the 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criteria and the WHO 2-hour post-challenge glucose (2hPG) criteria during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in identifying adults in Jamaica with hyperglycemia. As the OGTT is not commonly used in clinical practice, factors associated with the failure of the FPG criteria to detect persons with impaired 2hPG were investigated. Methods. A random sample of 2 096 adults, 25-74 years old, living in the town of Spanish Town, Jamaica, was evaluated for diabetes. After excluding 215 individuals for reasons such as missing data, the remaining 1 881 …

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Positional Identification Of Hypertension Susceptibility Genes On Chromosome 2, Ruth Ann Barkley, Aravinda Chakravarti, Richard S. Cooper, R. Curtis Ellison, Steven C. Hunt, Michael A. Province, Stephen T. Turner, Alan B. Weder, Eric Boerwinkle Jan 2004

Positional Identification Of Hypertension Susceptibility Genes On Chromosome 2, Ruth Ann Barkley, Aravinda Chakravarti, Richard S. Cooper, R. Curtis Ellison, Steven C. Hunt, Michael A. Province, Stephen T. Turner, Alan B. Weder, Eric Boerwinkle

Faculty Publications

Chromosome 2 has been consistently identified as a genomic region with genetic linkage evidence suggesting that one or more loci contributes to blood pressure and hypertension status. As with all complex disease traits, following-up linkage evidence to identify the underlying susceptibility gene(s) is an arduous yet biologically and clinically important task. Using combined positional candidate gene methods, the Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) has concentrated efforts in narrowing a large region of chromosome 2, demonstrating evidence for linkage in several populations, and identifying underlying candidate hypertension susceptibility gene(s). Initial informatics efforts identified the boundaries of the region and the known …

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Is Anyone To Blame For Pollution?, Aaron Lercher Jan 2004

Is Anyone To Blame For Pollution?, Aaron Lercher

Faculty Publications

By making use of a distinction between "making something happen" and "allowing it to happen," a polluting act can be defined as making something happen with widely scattered externalized costs. Not all polluting acts are blameworthy, but we can investigate which polluting acts are sufficiently badly performed as to be blameworthy. This definition of polluting act permits us to justify the belief we often have that behavior concerning pollution may be blameworthy, even when we do not know whether the behavior caused harm.

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Genome-Wide Analysis Of The Human Alu Yb-Lineage., Anthony B. Carter, Abdel Halim Salem, Dale J. Hedges, Catherine Nguyen Keegan, Beth Kimball, Jerilyn A. Walker, W. Scott Watkins, Lynn B. Jorde, Mark A. Batzer Jan 2004

Genome-Wide Analysis Of The Human Alu Yb-Lineage., Anthony B. Carter, Abdel Halim Salem, Dale J. Hedges, Catherine Nguyen Keegan, Beth Kimball, Jerilyn A. Walker, W. Scott Watkins, Lynn B. Jorde, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

The Alu Yb-lineage is a 'young' primarily human-specific group of short interspersed element (SINE) subfamilies that have integrated throughout the human genome. In this study, we have computationally screened the draft sequence of the human genome for Alu Yb-lineage subfamily members present on autosomal chromosomes. A total of 1,733 Yb Alu subfamily members have integrated into human autosomes. The average ages of Yb-lineage subfamilies, Yb7, Yb8 and Yb9, are estimated as 4.81, 2.39 and 2.32 million years, respectively. In order to determine the contribution of the Alu Yb-lineage to human genomic diversity, 1,202 loci were analysed using polymerase chain reaction …

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Factors Influencing The Exercise Behavior Of Adults With Physical Disabilities, Bradley J. Cardinal, Maria Kosma, Jeffrey A. Mccubbin Jan 2004

Factors Influencing The Exercise Behavior Of Adults With Physical Disabilities, Bradley J. Cardinal, Maria Kosma, Jeffrey A. Mccubbin

Faculty Publications

Purpose: Examine the theorized associations of transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change constructs (behavioral and cognitive processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy), along with exercise barriers, by stage of change for exercise behavior among individuals with physical disabilities. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 322 adults with physical disabilities residing in the United States. Most participants (84.3%) used some form of assistive device (e.g., artificial limb, wheelchair), were female (62.1%), and Caucasian (91.9%). The mean age of participants was 52.5 yr (SD = 13.9). Participants completed and returned questionnaires for each TTM construct, along with an exercise barriers measure. Results: In …

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The Bankruptcy Code At Twenty-Five And The Next Generation Of Lawmaking, Melissa B. Jacoby Jan 2004

The Bankruptcy Code At Twenty-Five And The Next Generation Of Lawmaking, Melissa B. Jacoby

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Can Congress Use Its War Powers To Protect Military Employees From State Sovereign Immunity?, Jeffrey M. Hirsch Jan 2004

Can Congress Use Its War Powers To Protect Military Employees From State Sovereign Immunity?, Jeffrey M. Hirsch

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Debtor-Patient: In Search Of Non-Debt Alternatives, Melissa B. Jacoby Jan 2004

The Debtor-Patient: In Search Of Non-Debt Alternatives, Melissa B. Jacoby

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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You've Got To Be In It To Win It: Six Steps To Securing And Completing A Research Grant, Stephanie Burke, Kathryn Hensiak, Donna L. Nixon Jan 2004

You've Got To Be In It To Win It: Six Steps To Securing And Completing A Research Grant, Stephanie Burke, Kathryn Hensiak, Donna L. Nixon

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Mothers Who Kill: Coming To Terms With Modern American Infanticide, Michelle Oberman Jan 2004

Mothers Who Kill: Coming To Terms With Modern American Infanticide, Michelle Oberman

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Brief Of Appellees Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., Northwestern Public Service, And Otter Tail Power Company, Neil Fulton, Dave Gerdes Jan 2004

Brief Of Appellees Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., Northwestern Public Service, And Otter Tail Power Company, Neil Fulton, Dave Gerdes

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Defining Speech In An Entertainment Age: The Case Of First Amendment Protection For Video Games, Patrick Garry Jan 2004

Defining Speech In An Entertainment Age: The Case Of First Amendment Protection For Video Games, Patrick Garry

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Irrationality Of Shareholder Class Action Lawsuits: A Proposal For Reform, Patrick Garry, Candice J. Spurlin, Debra A. Owen, William A. Williams, Lindsay J. Efting Jan 2004

The Irrationality Of Shareholder Class Action Lawsuits: A Proposal For Reform, Patrick Garry, Candice J. Spurlin, Debra A. Owen, William A. Williams, Lindsay J. Efting

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Public Policy Considerations Warranting Denial Of Reimbursement To Erisa Plans: It's Time To Recognize The Elephant In The Courtroom, Roger Baron Jan 2004

Public Policy Considerations Warranting Denial Of Reimbursement To Erisa Plans: It's Time To Recognize The Elephant In The Courtroom, Roger Baron

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Introduction: The Triangulation Of International Intellectual Property Law: Cooperation, Power, And Normative Welfare, Peter M. Gerhart Jan 2004

Introduction: The Triangulation Of International Intellectual Property Law: Cooperation, Power, And Normative Welfare, Peter M. Gerhart

Faculty Publications

Introduction to the symposium "The Future of International Intellectual Property: The International Relations of Intellectual Property Law," Cleveland, Ohio March 26,2004.

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Observation Of KS0KS0 Resonances In Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera, S. Chekanov, M. Derrick, D. Krakauer, J. H. Loizides, S. Magill, B. Musgrave, J. Repond, R. Yoshida, Margarita C. K. Mattingly, P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, A. Margotti, A. Montanari, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, A. Pesci, G. Sartorelli, A. Zichichi Jan 2004

Observation Of KS0KS0 Resonances In Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera, S. Chekanov, M. Derrick, D. Krakauer, J. H. Loizides, S. Magill, B. Musgrave, J. Repond, R. Yoshida, Margarita C. K. Mattingly, P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, A. Margotti, A. Montanari, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, A. Pesci, G. Sartorelli, A. Zichichi

Faculty Publications

Inclusive Ks0Ks0 production in deep inelastic ep scattering at HERA has been studied with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 120 pb-1. Two states are observed at masses of 1537-8-9 MeV and 1726 ± 7 MeV, as well as an enhancement around 1300 MeV. The state at 1537 MeV is consistent with the well established f′2(1525). The state at 1726 MeV may be the glueball candidate f0(1710). However, it's width of 38 -14-20 MeV is narrower than 125 ± 10 MeV observed by previous experiments for the f0(1710). © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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101 Life Changing Ideas, Trevor O'Reggio Jan 2004

101 Life Changing Ideas, Trevor O'Reggio

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The International Significance Of An Instance Of Urban Environmental Inequity In Tijuana, Mexico, Tseming Yang Jan 2004

The International Significance Of An Instance Of Urban Environmental Inequity In Tijuana, Mexico, Tseming Yang

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Turning Girls Into Women: Re-Evaluating Modern Statutory Rape Law, Michelle Oberman Jan 2004

Turning Girls Into Women: Re-Evaluating Modern Statutory Rape Law, Michelle Oberman

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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"The Right To Be Sexual" (Revisited): Remembering Mary Dunlap, Patricia A. Cain Jan 2004

"The Right To Be Sexual" (Revisited): Remembering Mary Dunlap, Patricia A. Cain

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Darfur And The Rhetoric Of Genocide, Beth Van Schaack Jan 2004

Darfur And The Rhetoric Of Genocide, Beth Van Schaack

Faculty Publications

The ancient concept of humanitarian intervention has become the subject of renewed debate and discussion at the inter-governmental level, within the non-governmental sector, and in the academy. This concept can be defined as the intervention into the territorial state by another state or a collective of states, with or without authorization from the United Nations Security Council, for the promotion or protection of basic human rights where the territorial state is perpetuating abuses or is unable or unwilling to provide the necessary protection to its inhabitants. Although intrigued by the concept in theory, interested parties are grappling with the specifics …

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Rethinking The Role Of The Dormant Commerce Clause In State Tax Jurisdiction, Bradley W. Joondeph Jan 2004

Rethinking The Role Of The Dormant Commerce Clause In State Tax Jurisdiction, Bradley W. Joondeph

Faculty Publications

Perhaps the biggest controversy in state and local taxation today concerns the constitutional authority of the states to impose taxes on goods purchased over the Internet. Some argue that the current, bright-line rule of "physical presence" is the appropriate standard for determining a state's jurisdiction under the dormant Commerce Clause. Others contend that jurisdiction should instead be resolved on the more pragmatic basis of a firm's "economic presence" in the taxing state. Regardless, commentators seem to agree that the dormant Commerce Clause imposes jurisdictional limits on state taxation; the dispute concerns the content of those standards. This article contends that …

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The Chevron Two-Step And The Toyota Sidestep: Dancing Around The Eeoc's Disability Regulations Under The Ada, Lisa A. Eichhorn Jan 2004

The Chevron Two-Step And The Toyota Sidestep: Dancing Around The Eeoc's Disability Regulations Under The Ada, Lisa A. Eichhorn

Faculty Publications

The definition of "disability" is among the most frequently litigated issues under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") because the statute protects only individuals with disabilities. The ADA defines a disability, in part, as an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity, and the EEOC has issued a regulation further defining the term "substantially limits" for purposes of the Act's employment-related provisions. Although the EEOC's regulation is the product of a valid rulemaking process and is entitled to a high degree of deference under settled administrative law principles, the Supreme Court, in Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, …

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Content Analysis Of The Leading General Academic Databases, Kelly D. Blessinger, Maureen Olle-Lajoie Jan 2004

Content Analysis Of The Leading General Academic Databases, Kelly D. Blessinger, Maureen Olle-Lajoie

Faculty Publications

Title lists from the three leading general academic databases were compared to evaluate journal content. Some of the elements that were analyzed include subject coverage, the quality of titles provided, accessibility issues, and trends over time for these databases. While database title lists are now readily available on the Internet for comparison, as our article illustrates, these lists need further evaluation for proper assessment.

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Rapid Pcr In A Continuous Flow Device, Masahiko Hashimoto, Pin Chuan Chen, Michael W. Mitchell, Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos, Steven A. Soper, Michael C. Murphy Jan 2004

Rapid Pcr In A Continuous Flow Device, Masahiko Hashimoto, Pin Chuan Chen, Michael W. Mitchell, Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos, Steven A. Soper, Michael C. Murphy

Faculty Publications

Continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (CFPCR) devices are compact reactors suitable for microfabrication and the rapid amplification of target DNAs. For a given reactor design, the amplification time can be reduced simply by increasing the flow velocity through the isothermal zones of the device; for flow velocities near the design value, the PCR cocktail reaches thermal equilibrium at each zone quickly, so that near ideal temperature profiles can be obtained. However, at high flow velocities there are penalties of an increased pressure drop and a reduced residence time in each temperature zone for the DNA/reagent mixture, that potentially affect amplification …

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Tribal Courts And Federal Courts: A Very Preliminary Set Of Notes For Federal Courts Teachers, Frank Pommersheim Jan 2004

Tribal Courts And Federal Courts: A Very Preliminary Set Of Notes For Federal Courts Teachers, Frank Pommersheim

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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