Digital Commons Network^™

Taking Advantage Of Institutional Weakness? Political Stability And Foreign Subsidiary Survival In Primary Industries, Nathaniel C. Lupton, Donya Behnam, Alfredo Jiménez

Faculty Publications

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the extent to which locating primary industry subsidiaries in politically unstable countries impacts their survival. The authors argue that foreign multinational enterprises in less stable political environments can shape policies that are impactful on the costs of operating in primary industries and avoid compliance with more stringent policies at home.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a sample of 753 primary sector investments of Japanese multinational enterprises during the period 1986 to 2013, the authors conduct a parametric survival analysis of the relationship between political stability and subsidiary survival.

Findings

Political instability has a slight, curvilinear relationship with …

Urban-Rural Differences In Covid-19 Exposures And Outcomes In The South: A Preliminary Analysis Of South Carolina, Qian Huang, Sarah Jackson, Sahar Derakhshan, Logan Lee, Erika Pham, Amber Jackson, Susan L. Cutter

Faculty Publications

As the COVID-19 pandemic moved beyond the initial heavily impacted and urbanized Northeast region of the United States, hotspots of cases in other urban areas ensued across the country in early 2020. In South Carolina, the spatial and temporal patterns were different, initially concentrating in small towns within metro counties, then diffusing to centralized urban areas and rural areas. When mitigation restrictions were relaxed, hotspots reappeared in the major cities. This paper examines the county-scale spatial and temporal patterns of confirmed cases of COVID-19 for South Carolina from March 1st—September 5th, 2020. We first describe the initial diffusion of the …

Assessing Chlorophyll A Spatiotemporal Patterns Combining In Situ Continuous Fluorometry Measurements And Landsat 8/Oli Data Across The Barataria Basin (Louisiana, Usa), Ivan A. Vargas-Lopez, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, John W. Day, Julie Whitbeck, Kanchan Maiti, Christopher J. Madden, Armando Trasviña-Castro

Faculty Publications

The acquisition of reliable and accurate data to assess environmental changes over large spatial scales is one of the main limitations to determine the impact of eutrophication, and the effectiveness of management strategies in coastal systems. Here, we used a continuous in situ Chl-a fluorometry sensor and L8/OLI satellite data to develop an algorithm and map Chl-a spatial distribution to assess the impact of freshwater diversions and associated high nutrient loading rates in the Barataria Basin (BB) complex, a coastal system in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We collected water quality samples at 24 sampling stations and high-frequency continuous fluorometry …

Integrating The Jrc Monthly Water History Dataset And Geostatistical Analysis Approach To Quantify Surface Hydrological Connectivity Dynamics In An Ungauged Multi-Lake System, Lili Wu, Yueqing Chen, Guangxin Zhang, Y. Jun Xu, Zhiqiang Tan

Faculty Publications

Determining the dynamics of surface hydrological connectivity in a landscape of multiple lakes with different sizes and depths is challenging. This is especially the case for ungagged, large areas of multi-lake systems. Integrated use of remote sensing and geostatistical analysis can be a useful approach for developing metrics that can be used to identify the hydrological connectivity and their changes. In this study, we conducted a geostatistical analysis of 18 wet and dry binary state rasters derived from Landsat images over a large ungauged multi-lake system, the Momoge National Nature Reserve in Northeast China. Our goal was to investigate applicability …

Temporal And Spatial Blood Feeding Patterns Of Urban Mosquitoes In The San Juan Metropolitan Area, Puerto Rico, Matthew W. Hopken, Limarie J. Reyes-Torres, Nicole Scavo, Antoinette J. Piaggio, Zaid Abdo, Daniel Taylor, James Pierce, Donald A. Yee

Faculty Publications

Urban ecosystems are a patchwork of habitats that host a broad diversity of animal species. Insects comprise a large portion of urban biodiversity which includes many pest species, including those that transmit pathogens. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabit urban environments and rely on sympatric vertebrate species to complete their life cycles, and in this process transmit pathogens to animals and humans. Given that mosquitoes feed upon vertebrates, they can also act as efficient samplers that facilitate detection of vertebrate species that utilize urban ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed DNA extracted from mosquito blood meals collected temporally in multiple neighborhoods of …

Effects Of Nonlinearity And Network Architecture On The Performance Of Supervised Neural Networks, Nalinda Kulathunga, Nishath Rajiv Ranasinghe, Daniel Vrinceanu, Zackary Kinsman, Lei Huang, Yunjiao Wang

Faculty Publications

The nonlinearity of activation functions used in deep learning models is crucial for the success of predictive models. Several simple nonlinear functions, including Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) and Leaky-ReLU (L-ReLU) are commonly used in neural networks to impose the nonlinearity. In practice, these functions remarkably enhance the model accuracy. However, there is limited insight into the effects of nonlinearity in neural networks on their performance. Here, we investigate the performance of neural network models as a function of nonlinearity using ReLU and L-ReLU activation functions in the context of different model architectures and data domains. We use entropy as a …

International Journal Of Electrical And Computer Engineering, Fred Lacy

Faculty Publications

A superconductor has the ability to conduct electricity perfectly and exclude magnetic fields from its interior. In order to understand electromagnetic characteristics of superconductors, their material properties need to be examined. To facilitate this understanding, a theoretical model based on concepts of electromagnetics is presented to explain the electrical and magnetic properties of superconductors. The permittivity response is the key aspect of the model and it describes the electrical resistance response and why it vanishes at the material’s critical temperature. The model also explains the behavior of magnetic fields and why they cannot exist inside superconducting materials. The theoretical concepts …

Transepithelial Anti-Neuroblastoma Response To Kale Among Four Vegetable Juices Using In Vitro Model Co-Culture System, John Piletz, Yuhan Mao, Debarshi Roy, Bilal Qizilbash, Eurielle Nkamssi, Enleyona Weir, Jessica Graham, Mary Emmanuel, Suwaira Iqbal, Kellie Brue, Bidisha Roy Sengupta

Faculty Publications

Juicing vegetables is thought to be an anticancer treatment. Support exists for a rank order of anticancer greens (kale > dandelion > lettuce > spinach) based on degrees of bioavailability of different phytochemicals, also offset by some noxious molecules (i.e., calcium-oxalate). We developed a new in vitro transepithelial anti-neuroblastoma model system. The juices were diluted as predicted once in the small intestine. They were applied to apical Caco-2Bbe1 cells atop dividing SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell growth were considered with juice spectroscopies. Studied first in monoculture, kale and dandelion were the most cytostatic juices on SH-SY5Ys, …

The Establishment Clause: Its Original Public Meaning And What We Can Learn From The Plain Text, Carl H. Esbeck

Faculty Publications

Modern times in church-state relations began in 1947 with the Supreme Court’s decision in Everson v. Board of Education. The justices in both the majority and dissent said they were interpreting the Establishment Clause based on the intent of the founding generation. However, rather than looking to Congress’s lawmaking in the summer of 1789 that led to the First Amendment, the justices relied on the Virginia disestablishment from four years prior, as well as the efforts of just two statesmen, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

For the next half century, the High Court’s search was for events and prominent …

Plausible Harassment, Joseph Seiner

Faculty Publications

Despite the overwhelming public awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace, many federal courts still apply an unnecessarily stringent evidentiary burden to these claims. Following the Supreme Court’s lead in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), the lower courts have imposed a heightened plausibility pleading standard on harassment cases, preventing these claims from proceeding at the nascent stages of the case.

Workplace harassment is an undeniable fact of our society, and the courts should accept this fact when it is pled in a discrimination complaint, rather than prematurely eviscerating …

Neural Responses To Happy, Fearful And Angry Faces Of Varying Identities In 5-And 7-Month-Old Infants, Laurie Bayet, Katherine L. Perdue, Hannah F. Behrendt, John E. Richards, Alissa Westerlund, Julia K. Cataldo, Charles A. Nelson Iii

Faculty Publications

The processing of facial emotion is an important social skill that develops throughout infancy and early childhood. Here we investigate the neural underpinnings of the ability to process facial emotion across changes in facial identity in cross-sectional groups of 5- and 7-month-old infants. We simultaneously measured neural metabolic, behavioral, and autonomic responses to happy, fearful, and angry faces of different female models using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), eye-tracking, and heart rate measures. We observed significant neural activation to these facial emotions in a distributed set of frontal and temporal brain regions, and longer looking to the mouth region of angry …

Revealing Short-Period Exoplanets And Brown Dwarfs In The Galactic Bulge Using The Microlensing Xallarap Effect With The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, Shota Miyazaki, Samson A. Johnson, Takahiro Sumi, Matthew T. Penny, Naoki Koshimoto, Tsubasa Yamawaki

Faculty Publications

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) will provide an enormous number of microlensing light curves with much better photometric precision than ongoing ground-based observations. Such light curves will enable us to observe high-order microlensing effects which have been previously difficult to detect. In this paper, we investigate Roman's potential to detect and characterize short-period planets and brown dwarfs (BDs) in source systems using the orbital motion of source stars, the so-called xallarap effect. We analytically estimate the measurement uncertainties of xallarap parameters using Fisher matrix analysis. We show that the Roman Galactic Exoplanet Survey can detect warm Jupiters with …

Inflationary Dynamics And Particle Production In A Toroidal Bose-Einstein Condensate, Anshuman Bhardwaj, Dzmitry Vaido, Daniel E. Sheehy

Faculty Publications

We present a theoretical study of the dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped inside an expanding toroid that can realize an analog inflationary universe. As the system expands, we find that phonons in the BEC undergo redshift and damping due to quantum pressure effects, owing to the thinness of the ring. We predict that rapidly expanding toroidal BEC's can exhibit spontaneous particle creation, and study this phenomenon in the context of an initial coherent state wave function. We show how particle creation would be revealed in the atom density and density correlations, and discuss connections to the cosmological theory …

Identification Of A Local Sample Of Gamma-Ray Bursts Consistent With A Magnetar Giant Flare Origin, E. Burns, D. Svinkin, K Hurley, Z. Wadiasingh, M. Negro, G. Younes, R. Hamburg, A. Ridnaia, D. Cook, S. B. Cenko, R. Aloisi, G. Ashton, M. Baring, M. S. Briggs, N. Christensen, D. Frederiks, A. Goldstein, C. M. Hui, D. L. Kaplan, M. M. Kasliwal, D. Kocevski, O. J. Roberts, V. Savchenko, A. Tohuvavohu, P. Veres, C. A. Wilson-Hodge

Faculty Publications

Cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to arise from distinct progenitor channels: short GRBs mostly from neutron star mergers and long GRBs from a rare type of core-collapse supernova (CCSN) called collapsars. Highly magnetized neutron stars called magnetars also generate energetic, short-duration gamma-ray transients called magnetar giant flares (MGFs). Three have been observed from the Milky Way and its satellite galaxies, and they have long been suspected to constitute a third class of extragalactic GRBs. We report the unambiguous identification of a distinct population of four local (<5 Mpc) short GRBs, adding GRB 070222 to previously discussed events. While identified solely based on alignment with nearby star-forming galaxies, their rise time and isotropic energy release are independently inconsistent with the larger short GRB population at >99.9% confidence. These properties, the host galaxies, and nondetection in gravitational waves …

Correction To: The Measure Mix Matters: Multiple-Component Plant Protection Is Indispensable For Coping With The Enormous Genome Plasticity And Mutation Rates In Pathogenic Microorganisms (Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection, (2021), 128, 1, (3-6), 10.1007/S41348-020-00404-Z), Ely Oliveira-Garcia, Andreas Von Tiedemann, Holger B. Deising

Faculty Publications

In the original publication of the article, the first author name is incorrectly published as “Ely Oliceira-Garcia” but the correct name should read as “Ely Oliveira-Garcia”. This has been corrected in this paper.

Anomalies In The Cmb From A Cosmic Bounce, Ivan Agullo, Dimitrios Kranas, V. Sreenath

Faculty Publications

We explore a model of the early universe in which the inflationary epoch is preceded by a cosmic bounce, and argue that this scenario provides a common origin to several of the anomalous features that have been observed at large angular scales in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). More concretely, we show that a power suppression, a dipolar asymmetry, and a preference for odd-parity correlations, with amplitude and scale dependence in consonance with observations, are expected from this scenario. The model also alleviates the tension in the lensing amplitude. These signals originate from the indirect effect that non-Gaussian correlations between …

Novel Adjective Processing In Preschool Children: Evidence From Event-Related Brain Potentials, Katelyn L. Gerwin, Laurence B. Leonard, Jennifer Schumaker, Patricia Deevy, Eileen Haebig, Christine Weber

Faculty Publications

Purpose: Recent findings in preschool children indicated novel adjective recall was enhanced when learned using repeated retrieval with contextual reinstatement (RRCR) compared to repeated study (RS). Recall was similar for learned pictures used during training and new (generalized) pictures with the same adjective features. The current study compared the effects of learning method and learned/ generalized pictures on the neural processes mediating the recognition of novel adjectives. Method: Twenty typically developing children aged 4;6– 5;11 (years;months) learned four novel adjectives, two using RRCR and two using RS. Five-minute and 1-week tests assessed adjective recall using learned and generalized pictures. Also, …

Interdependencies Between Acoustic And High-Speed Videoendoscopy Parameters, Patrick Schlegel, Andreas M. Kist, Melda Kunduk, Stephan Dürr, Michael Döllinger, Anne Schützenberger

Faculty Publications

In voice research, uncovering relations between the oscillating vocal folds, being the sound source of phonation, and the resulting perceived acoustic signal are of great interest. This is especially the case in the context of voice disorders, such as functional dysphonia (FD). We investigated 250 high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) recordings with simultaneously recorded acoustic signals (124 healthy females, 60 FD females, 44 healthy males, 22 FD males). 35 glottal area waveform (GAW) parameters and 14 acoustic parameters were calculated for each recording. Linear and non-linear relations between GAW and acoustic parameters were investigated using Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) and distance correlation …

Digital Anthropometry For Body Circumference Measurements: Toward The Development Of Universal Three-Dimensional Optical System Analysis Software, Sima Sobhiyeh, Samantha Kennedy, Alexander Dunkel, Marcelline E. Dechenaud, Jerome A. Weston, John Shepherd, Peter Wolenski, Steven B. Heymsfield

Faculty Publications

Background/Objective: Digital anthropometric (DA) assessments are increasingly being administered with three-dimensional (3D) optical devices in clinical settings that manage patients with obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, anatomic measurement sites are not standardized across manufacturers, precluding use of published reference values and pooling of data across research centers. Subjects/Methods: This study aimed to develop universal 3D analysis software by applying novel programming strategies capable of producing device-independent DA estimates that agree with conventional anthropometric (CA) measurements made at well-defined anatomic sites. A series of technical issues related to proprietary methods of 3D geometrical reconstruction and image analysis were addressed in …

Exploring The Louisiana Purchase And Its Borderlands: The Lewis And Clark, Hunter And Dunbar, Zebulon Pike, And Freeman And Custis Expeditions In Perspective [Part 2], Jay H. Buckley

Faculty Publications

Simply conducting expeditions was not enough to define the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase. To be useful, the knowledge of Louisiana that Jefferson’s and Wilkinson’s soldiers and scientists gained from observation and inquiry needed to be interpreted and published. Jefferson’s “Message from the President” delivered to Congress on February 19, 1806, made some of their findings available to the public for the first time. His report informed the world that the Lewis and Clark and Hunter-Dunbar expeditions had collected a wealth of scientific information. It contained Lewis and Clark’s interim report written during the winter of 1804-1805, information documenting Hunter …

Shared Developmental Trajectories For Fractional Reasoning And Fine Motor Ability In 4 And 5 Year Olds, Lindsey Clark, John Shelley-Tremblay, Julie Cwikla

Faculty Publications

We investigated preschool-aged children’s understanding of early fractional tasks and how that performance correlates with fine motor skills and use of gestures while counting. Participants were 33 preschoolers aged 4 to 5 in two Southeastern public elementary schools. Children were tested individually in an interview-like setting. Mathematics tasks were presented in a paper and pencil format and the Grooved Pegboard test assessed fine motor skills. Finally, utilization of gestures was evaluated by taking a behavioral rating of the child’s hand morphology, accuracy of gestures, and synchrony of gestures and spoken word while performing a counting task. Results indicate that performance …

Biophysical Characteristics Of Lipid-Induced Aβ Oligomers Correlate To Distinctive Phenotypes In Transgenic Mice, Jhinuk Saha, Dexter N. Dean, Shailendra Dhakal, Kelli A. Stockmal, Sarah E. Morgan, Kristy D. Dillon, Munir F. Adamo, Yona Levites, Vijayaraghavan Rangachari

Faculty Publications

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects cognition and memory. Recent advances have helped identify many clinical sub-types in AD. Mounting evidence point toward structural polymorphism among fibrillar aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) to being responsible for the phenotypes and clinical manifestations. In the emerging paradigm of polymorphism and prion-like propagation of aggregates in AD, the role of low molecular weight soluble oligomers, which are long known to be the primary toxic agents, in effecting phenotypes remains inconspicuous. In this study, we present the characterization of three soluble oligomers of Aβ42, namely 14LPOs, 16LPOs, and GM1Os with discreet …

Streamline-Based Simulation Of Nanoparticle Transport In Field-Scale Heterogeneous Subsurface Systems, Bin Wang, Yin Feng, John Blears, Karsten Thompson, Richard Hughes

Faculty Publications

Nanoparticle (NP) transport is increasingly relevant to subsurface engineering applications such as aquifer characterization and enhanced oil recovery. An efficient field-scale simulation framework is critical for predicting NP performance and designing subsurface applications. In this work, for the first time, a streamline-based model is presented to simulate NP transport in field-scale subsurface systems with heterogeneous permeability. It considers a series of smart behaviors exhibited by engineered nanoparticles (NPs), including time-triggered encapsulation, retention, formation damage effects and variable nanofluid viscosity. The key methods employed by the algorithm are streamline-based simulation (SLS) and an operator-splitting (OS) technique for modeling NP transport. The …

Sparc: Statistical Performance Analysis With Relevance Conclusions, Justin C. Tullos, Scott R. Graham, Jeremy D. Jordan, Pranav R. Patel

Faculty Publications

The performance of one computer relative to another is traditionally characterized through benchmarking, a practice occasionally deficient in statistical rigor. The performance is often trivialized through simplified measures, such as the approach of central tendency, but doing so risks a loss of perspective of the variability and non-determinism of modern computer systems. Authentic performance evaluations are derived from statistical methods that accurately interpret and assess data. Methods that currently exist within performance comparison frameworks are limited in efficacy, statistical inference is either overtly simplified or altogether avoided. A prevalent criticism from computer performance literature suggests that the results from difference …

Zynq System-On-Chip Dma Messaging For Processor Monitoring, Daniel F. Koranek, Douglas D. Hodson, Scott R. Graham

Faculty Publications

Xilinx Zynq-7000 System-on-Chip architectures combine an ARM Cortex-A9 core with an FPGA fabric. One benefit of this hybrid architecture is that it allows fast prototyping of designs where the security of either the processing system (PS) is monitored by the programmable logic (PL) or vice versa. The choice of implementing a design in the PS or PL is driven by cost-to-benefit analysis across many factors. This effort examines the design process required to construct security monitoring designs that use both the PS and PL. For background, this effort reviews similar security monitoring projects. For the effort, a PL peripheral was …

Photoinduced Trapping Of Charge At Sulfur Vacancies And Copper Ions In Photorefractive Sn2P2S6 Crystals, Timothy D. Gustafson, Eric M. Golden, Elizabeth M. Scherrer, Nancy C. Giles, A. A. Grabar, Sergey A. Basun, Jonathan E. Slagle [*], Larry E. Halliburton

Faculty Publications

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used to monitor photoinduced changes in the charge states of sulfur vacancies and Cu ions in tin hypothiodiphosphate. A Sn₂P₂S₆ crystal containing Cu+ (3d10) ions at Sn²⁺ sites was grown by the chemical vapor transport method. Doubly ionized sulfur vacancies (V²⁺S) are also present in the as-grown crystal (where they serve as charge compensators for the Cu+ ions). For temperatures below 70 K, exposure to 532 or 633 nm laser light produces stable Cu²⁺ (3d⁹) ions, as electrons move from Cu⁺ ions to …

An Assessment Of The Spatial Variation Of Isotopic Ratios In A Candu Reactor For Nuclear Treaty Monitoring, Aaron W. Burkhardt, James E. Bevins, Stephen H. Baxter

Faculty Publications

A 3-D Quarter-Core CANDU-6 is modeled using Serpent 2 for nuclear treaty monitoring. The spatial variation of flux spectra and isotopic concentrations is analyzed to determine the potential isotopic distribution of key radionuclides from standard reactor operations relevant to non-proliferation. The initial results of the model show a 46% difference in overall flux magnitude throughout the core as well as a 2-30% difference in discrete energy flux. The coupled production rate (magnitude) and spectral differences can contribute to significant spatial variations in isotope ratios throughout the core. Initial results indicate 239 Pu/ 240 Pu ratios vary by as much as …

An Evaluation Of The Performance Of The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Version 3, L. C. Slivinski, G. P. Compo, P. D. Sardeshmukh, J. S. Whitaker, C. Mccoll, R. J. Allan, P. Brohan, X. Yin, C. A. Smith, L. J. Spencer, R. S. Vose, M. Rohrer, R. P. Conroy, D. C. Schuster, J. J. Kennedy, L. Ashcroft, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, D. Camuffo, R. Cornes, T. A. Cram, F. Domínguez-Castro, J. E. Freeman, J. Gergis, E. Hawkins, P. D. Jones, H. Kubota, T. C. Lee, A, M. Lorrey, J. Luterbacher, Cary J. Mock, R. K. Przybylak, C. Pudmenzky, V. C. Slonosky, B. Tinz, B. Trewin, X. L. Wang, C. Wilkinson, K. Wood, P. Wyszyński

Faculty Publications

The performance of a new historical reanalysis, the NOAA–CIRES–DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 3 (20CRv3), is evaluated via comparisons with other reanalyses and independent observations. This dataset provides global, 3-hourly estimates of the atmosphere from 1806 to 2015 by assimilating only surface pressure observations and prescribing sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, and radiative forcings. Comparisons with independent observations, other reanalyses, and satellite products suggest that 20CRv3 can reliably produce atmospheric estimates on scales ranging from weather events to long-term climatic trends. Not only does 20CRv3 recreate a ‘‘best estimate’’ of the weather, including extreme events, it also provides an …

Property And Intellectual Property In Vaccine Markets, Ana Santos Rutschman

Faculty Publications

As biopharmaceutical forms of technology, vaccines constitute one of the most important tools for the promotion and maintenance of public health. Tolstoy famously wrote that “[h]appy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” Vaccine markets offer perhaps one of the most extreme embodiments of Tolstoy’s principle in the field of biopharmaceutical innovation.

Vaccines are often described as one of the most unprofitable types of biopharmaceutical goods, under-incentivized from a research and development (“R&D”) perspective, and routinely failing to attract sufficient investment from traditional funders in biopharma. In this sense, and despite the scientifically well-established …

Topological Hall Effect And Magnetic States In The Nowotny Chimney Ladder Compound Cr11ge19, Yu Li, Xin Gui, Mojammel A. Khan, Weiwei Xie, David P. Young, J. F. Ditusa

Faculty Publications

We have investigated the magnetic and charge transport properties of single crystals of the Nowotny chimney ladder compound Cr11Ge19 and mapped out a comprehensive phase diagram reflecting the complicated interplay between the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, the dipolar interaction, and the magnetic anisotropy. We have identified a set of interesting magnetic phases and attributed a finite topological Hall effect to the recently discovered biskyrmion phase. These data also suggest the existence of an antiskyrmion state at finite fields for temperatures just below the magnetic ordering temperature Tc as indicated by a distinct change in sign of the topological Hall effect. Above …