Digital Commons Network^™

The Continuing Vitality Of Tribal Sovereignty Under The Constitution, Erik M. Jensen

Faculty Publications

This article discusses James A. Porres III's essay, The Constitution of the United States Applies to Indian Tribes.

Certainty, Fence Building, And The Useful Arts, Craig Allen Nard

Faculty Publications

In "Certainty, Fence Building, and the Useful Arts," 74 Ind. L.J. 759-800 (1999), the author, based upon contract theory, economic theory, and an empirical survey of federal district court judges, proposes that the United States adopt a patent opposition proceeding. Whereas United States trademark law allows for the publication of and third-party opposition to the issuance of a federal trademark, American patent law, unlike European and Asian patent systems, allows for no such proceeding regarding the patentability of a claimed invention before issuance.

Hindsight Bias And Tort Liability: Avoiding Premature Conclusions, Philip G. Peters Jr.

Faculty Publications

Cognitive psychologists know that judgments made in hindsight are distorted by two cognitive heuristics-hindsight bias and outcome bias. Hindsight bias makes bad outcomes seem more predictable in hindsight than they were ex ante. Outcome bias induces us to assume that people who cause accidents have been careless. Because of these biases, individuals who know that a bad outcome has occurred tend to evaluate prior conduct more harshly than they would if they were unaware of the actual outcome. In negligence actions, defendants are supposed to be judged by the reasonableness of their conduct, not by its outcome. Jurors are asked …

Integrating Translation Technologies Using Salt, Deryle W. Lonsdale, Gerhard Budin, Alan K. Melby, Sue Ellen Wright, Arle R. Lommel

Faculty Publications

The acronym SALT stands for Standards-based Access to multilingual Lexicons and Terminologies. The objective of the SALT project is to develop and promote a range of tools that will be made available on the World Wide Web to various user groups, in particular translators, terminology managers, localizers, technical communicators, but also tools developers, database managers, and language engineers. The resulting toolkit will facilitate access and re-use of heterogeneous multilingual resources derived from both NLP lexicons and human-oriented terminology databases.

The Case For Sound Symbolism, Janis B. Nuckolls

Faculty Publications

proposal that linguistic sounds such as phonemes, features, syllables, or tones can be meaningful, or sound-symbolic, contradicts the principles of arbitrariness and double articulation that are axiomatic to structural linguistics. Nevertheless, a considerable body of research that supports principles of sound symbolism has accumulated. This review discusses the most widely attested forms of sound symbolism and the research programs linked to sound symbolism that have influenced linguists and anthropologists most. Numerous reports of magnitude sound symbolism in the form of experimental studies and comparative surveys have been integrated into a biologically based theory of its motivation. Magnitude sound symbolism also …

Measurement Of Jet Shapes In High-Q2 Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera, J. Breitweg, M. Derrick, D. Krakauer, S. Magill, D. Mikunas, B. Musgrave, J. Repond, R. Stanek, R. L. Talaga, R. Yoshida, H. Zhang, Margarita C. K. Mattingly, F. Anselmo, P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, G. Castellini, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, N. Coppola, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, G. Laurenti

Faculty Publications

The shapes of jets with transverse energies, EjetT, up to 45 GeV produced in neutral- and charged-current deep inelastic e+p scattering (DIS) at Q2 > 100 GeV2 have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA. Jets are identified using a cone algorithm in the η-φ plane with a cone radius of one unit. The jets become narrower as EjetT increases. The jet shapes in neutral- and charged-current DIS are found to be very similar. The jets in neutral-current DIS are narrower than those in resolved processes in photoproduction and closer to those in direct-photon processes for the same ranges in …

Creating The 'Portable' Guardianship: Legal And Practical Implications Of Probate Court Cooperation In Interstate Guardianship Cases, Charlene D. Daniel, Paula Hannaford-Agor

Faculty Publications

In this article, we discuss the legal and practical issues associ­ated with interstate guardianships--that is, those guardianships in which the ward has ties to more than one state. Part I addresses these issues in the context of jurisdictional questions, securing nec­essary information, judicial monitoring and enforcement of guardi­anship orders, and property management. Part II proposes some modest solutions to these problems, many borrowed from other ar­eas of law (e.g., child support enforcement, child custody determinations, enforcement of civil protection orders, involuntary civil commitment).

This abstract has been taken from the authors' introduction.

The Arizona Jury Reform Permitting Civil Jury Trial Discussions: The Views Of Trial Participants, Judges, And Jurors, Valerie P. Hans, Paula Hannaford-Agor, G. Thomas Munsterman

Faculty Publications

In 1995, the Arizona Supreme Court reformed the jury trial process by allowing civil jurors to discuss the evidence presented during trial prior to their formal deliberations. This Article examines and evaluates the theoretical, legal, and policy issues raised by this reform and presents the early results of a field experiment that tested the impact of trial discussions. Jurors, judges, attorneys, and litigants in civil jury trials in Arizona were questioned regarding their observations, experi­ences, and reactions during trial as well as what they perceived to be the benefits and drawbacks of juror discussions. The data revealed that the majority …

Attributes Of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Oxidation By Maine Forest Soils, G. M. King

Faculty Publications

CO, one of the most important trace gases, regulates tropospheric methane, hydroxyl radical, and ozone contents. Ten to 25% of the estimated global CO flux may be consumed by soils annually. Depth profiles for 14CO oxidation and CO concentration indicated that CO oxidation occurred primarily in surface soils and that photooxidation of soil organic matter did not necessarily contribute significantly to CO fluxes. Kinetic analyses revealed that the apparent K(m) was about 18 nM (17 ppm) and the V(max) was 6.9 μmol g (fresh weight)-1 h-1; the apparent K(m) was similar to the apparent K(m) for atmospheric methane consumption, but …

Cointegration And Causality In International Agricultural Economics Research, Hector O. Zapata, José M. Gil

Faculty Publications

A review of literature on applications of Granger causality to problems in international agricultural economics research is summarized. The review relates to cointegration theory, and it identifies the areas where recent econometric developments may be of value. Testing procedures are outlined, and a discussion is provided on questions such as non-stationarity and asymptotic distribution of non-causality tests, the relationship between cointegration and causation, the relative merits of various testing procedures, and concerns about testing bivariate causality in higher dimensional models. Finally, a recent econometric development is discussed and its future use in applied research is discussed.

Tax Exemptions And The Establishment Clause, Erika Lietzan

Faculty Publications

Churches are exempted from a variety of taxes collected by the various levels and jurisdictions of government in the United States. For instance, they are almost always exempt from payment of property tax at the local level and from payment of income tax to both state and federal government. They are often exempt from payment of state sales tax on the products they sell. A person making a contribution to a religious organization is usually entitled to deduct the contribution from his income when calculating both his state and his federal income taxes at the end of the taxable year. …

Ada Mediation After Sutton, Murphy And Albertson, James Levin

Faculty Publications

Judith Cohen's summary of the Interim ADA Mediation Standards in the last issue of The Journal of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Employment acknowledges the "skyrocketing" number of cases mediated under the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). The United States Supreme Court's recent opinions in Sutton v. United Airlines, Inc., Murphy v. United Parcel Service, Inc., and Albertson, Inc. v. Kirkingberg surprised many in the disability community by explicitly excluding an individual from ADA coverage if she mitigates her mental or physical impairment and the impairment as mitigated no longer substantially limits a major life activity. Will the Supreme Court's narrowing …

Clearing The Underbrush For Real-Life Contracting, William J. Woodward Jr.

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Importance Of Convection And Damping On Rates Of Convergence For The Lax-Wendroff Method, Joseph Kolibal

Faculty Publications

It is well known that in solving steady state problems using hyperbolic time-stepping methods the intent is to drive the transients to zero as quickly as possible. In this paper the convergence to steady state of the Lax-Wendroff method applied to solving the equations of gas dynamics is analyzed for the Laval nozzle problem by comparing the relative rates of damping and convection using a linearized eigenmode analysis. This analysis is developed for the simpler isenthalpic system and then extended to the full Euler equations. Finally, this allows a comparison between these systems. For both models, useful analytical information can …

Host Galaxy Statistics, D. L. Band, D. H. Hartmann, B. E. Schaefer

Faculty Publications

The galaxies observed within the error boxes of gamma-ray bursts are inconsistent with the host galaxies predicted by the simplest "minimal" cosmological model where bursts emit ∼ 6 1050 ergs but are consistent with a standard candle energy of ∼ 1053 ergs (if radiated isotropically). Although these calculations utilize the host galaxy data but not the burst intensities, we have developed the methodology to use all the available observations to model the redshift and intensity distributions.

Severe New Limits On The Host Galaxies Of Gamma-Ray Bursts, B. E. Schaefer

Faculty Publications

Most burst models require bursters to reside in normal host galaxies with peak luminosities of L = 1 1057 photon s-1 or L = 2 1058 photon s-1. These models can be directly tested by looking for host galaxies in small GRB error boxes in either of two data sets: (1) 8 optical transients detected for SAX bursts and (2) 23 of the all-time bright bursts. If the hosts are normal galaxies, then analysis of either data set shows L > 6 1058 photon s-1. This result strongly rejects both luminosity cases provided bursters appear in normal host galaxies, with the …

Time Dilation And The Star Formation Scenario, M. Deng, B. E. Schaefer

Faculty Publications

We investigate the dependence of the redshift vs. brightness relation of GRBs upon the width of GRB luminosity function and the cosmological models. The relation is then fit to our observed time dilation data of GRBs. It is found that the best fit average luminosity ranges from L0 = 1.1 ± 0.3 1057 photons s-1 in a standard candle luminosity model to < L > = 8.7 ± 3.6 1057 photons s-1 in a cosmological model with a broad luminosity function φ(L) = C·L-β. Our fits suggest that it is only possible to accomodate the large distance scale suggested by the Star Formation …

The Late-Time Light Curve Of Sn 1998bw Associated With Grb 980425, Eric H. Mckenzie, Bradley E. Schaefer

Faculty Publications

We report 139 photometric observations through the B, V, and I filters of the supernova SN 1998bw, an object which is associated with the gamma-ray burst GRB 980425. Detailed light curves of this unique supernova can be compared with theoretical models, so we report here our light curve for 123 days between 1998 June 27 and 1998 October 28. The light curve of SN 1998bw is consistent with those of the Type Ic class. We find that the magnitude versus time relation for this supernova is linear to within 0.05 mag in all colors over the entire duration of our …

Severe Limits On Variations Of The Speed Of Light With Frequency, Bradley E. Schaefer

Faculty Publications

Explosive astrophysical events at high redshift can be used to place severe limits on the fractional variation in the speed of light with frequency (Δc/c), the photon mass (mγ), and the energy scale of quantum gravity (EQG). I find Δc/c<6.3×10-21 based on the simultaneous arrival of a flare in GRB 930229 with a rise time of 220±30μs for photons of 30 and 200 keV. The limit on mγ is 4.2×10-44g for GRB 980703 from radio to gamma ray observations. The limit on EQG is 8.3×1016GeV for GRB 930131 from 30 keV to 80 MeV photons. © 1999 The American Physical Society.

Anisotropic Thermodynamics Of (Formula Presented)-Wave Superconductors In The Vortex State, I. Vekhter

Faculty Publications

We show that the density of states and the thermodynamic properties of a two-dimensional (Formula presented)-wave superconductor in the vortex state with applied magnetic field H in the plane depend on the angle between H and the order-parameter nodes. Within a semiclassical treatment of the extended quasiparticle states, we obtain fourfold oscillations of the specific heat, measurement of which provides a simple probe of gap symmetry. The frequency dependence of the density of states and the temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties obey different power laws for field in the nodal and antinodal direction. The fourfold pattern is changed to twofold …

Quasiparticle Thermal Conductivity In The Vortex State Of High- Tccuprates, I. Vekhter, A. Houghton

Faculty Publications

We present the results of a microscopic calculation of the longitudinal thermal conductivity, κxx, of a d-wave superconductor in the mixed state. Our results show an increase in the thermal conductivity with the applied field at low temperatures and a decrease followed by a nearly field independent κxx(H) at higher temperatures, in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. We discuss the relationship between the slope of the superconducting gap and the plateau in κxx(H). © 1999 The American Physical Society.

Quasiparticle Transport In The Vortex State Of D-Wave Superconductors, I. Vekhter

Faculty Publications

We calculate the magnetic field and temperature dependence of the Raman response, superfluid density, and the NMR relaxation rate in the vortex state of a d-wave superconductor arising from the Doppler energy shift of extended quasiparticle states. Our results are valid both at low temperatures, where we observe scaling with variable (Formula presented) and obtain an explicit form of the scaling functions, and beyond this region. We derive a universal frequency-dependent scaling relation for the Raman intensity, and discuss the breakdown of the single relaxation rate approach to the NMR response. © 1999 The American Physical Society.

Arch For Antihelium In Cosmic Rays, J. Alcaraz, D. Alvisi, B. Alpat, G. Ambrosi, H. Anderhub, L. Ao, A. Arefiev, P. Azzarello, E. Babucci, L. Baldini, M. Basile, D. Barancourt, F. Barao, G. Barbier, G. Barreira, R. Battiston, R. Becker, U. Becker, L. Bellagamba, P. Béné, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, A. Biland, S. Bizzaglia, S. Blasko, G. Boella, M. Bourquin, G. Bruni, M. Buenerd, J. D. Burger, W. J. Burger, X. D. Cai

Faculty Publications

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) was flown on the space shuttle Discovery during flight STS-91 in a 51.7° orbit at altitudes between 320 and 390km. A total of 2.86 × 106 helium nuclei were observed in the rigidity range 1 to 140 GV. No antihelium nuclei were detected at any rigidity. An upper limit on the flux ratio of antihelium to helium of < 1.1 × 10-6 is obtained. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Measurement Of The Solar Neutrino Capture Rate With Gallium Metal, J. N. Abdurashitov, V. N. Gavrin, S. V. Girin, V. V. Gorbachev, T. V. Ibragimova, A. V. Kalikhov, N. G. Khairnasov, T. V. Knodel, I. N. Mirmov, A. A. Shikhin, E. P. Veretenkin, V. M. Vermul, V. E. Yants, G. T. Zatsepin, T. J. Bowles, W. A. Teasdale, D. L. Wark, M. L. Cherry, J. S. Nico, B. T. Cleveland, R. Davis, K. Lande, P. S. Wildenhain, S. R. Elliott, J. F. Wilkerson

Faculty Publications

The solar neutrino capture rate measured by the Russian-American Gallium Experiment (SAGE) on metallic gallium during the period January 1990 through December 1997 is [Formula Presented] SNU, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. This represents only about half of the predicted standard solar model rate of 129 SNU. All the experimental procedures, including extraction of germanium from gallium, counting of [Formula Presented] and data analysis, are discussed in detail. © 1999 The American Physical Society.

Measurement Of The Response Of A Gallium Metal Solar Neutrino Experiment To Neutrinos From A [Formula Presented] Source, J. N. Abdurashitov, V. N. Gavrin, S. V. Girin, V. V. Gorbachev, T. V. Ibragimova, A. V. Kalikhov, N. G. Khairnasov, T. V. Knodel, V. N. Kornoukhov, I. N. Mirmov, A. A. Shikhin, E. P. Veretenkin, V. M. Vermul, V. E. Yants, G. T. Zatsepin, Yu S. Khomyakov, A. V. Zvonarev, T. J. Bowles, J. S. Nico, W. A. Teasdale, D. L. Wark, M. L. Cherry, V. N. Karaulov, V. L. Levitin, V. I. Maev, P. I. Nazarenko, V. S. Shkol’Nik, N. V. Skorikov, B. T. Cleveland, T. Daily, R. Davis, K. Lande, C. K. Lee

Faculty Publications

The neutrino capture rate measured by the Russian-American Gallium Experiment is well below that predicted by solar models. To check the response of this experiment to low-energy neutrinos, a 517 kCi source of [Formula Presented]Cr was produced by irradiating 512.7 g of 92.4%-enriched [Formula Presented]Cr in a high-flux fast neutron reactor. This source, which mainly emits monoenergetic 747-keV neutrinos, was placed at the center of a 13.1 ton target of liquid gallium and the cross section for the production of [Formula Presented]Ge by the inverse beta decay [Formula Presented] was measured to be [Formula Presented] The ratio of this cross …

High Harmonic Generation At Long Wavelengths, B. Sheehy, J. D.D. Martin, L. F. Di Mauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, M. B. Gaarde, K. C. Kulander

Faculty Publications

High harmonic radiation spectra up to 19th order in alkali metal vapors excited by an intense, picosecond mid-infrared (3-4 μm) laser are reported and compared to theory. The strong-field dynamics in the alkali metal atoms exhibit significant differences from all previously studied systems due to the strong coupling between their ground and first excited states. © 1999 The American Physical Society.

Temporal Coherence Of High-Order Harmonics, C. Lyngå, M. B. Gaarde, C. Delfin, M. Bellini, T. W. Hänsch, A. L’ Huillier, C. G. Wahlström

Faculty Publications

Systematic studies of the temporal coherence properties of high-order harmonic radiation are presented. These complement our previous investigations [Bellini et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 297 (1998)], where we showed the separation of the far-field pattern of high-order harmonics into two distinct spatial regions with different coherence times. Here we show how the coherence time of the inner and outer regions changes as a function of the harmonic order, the laser intensity, and the focusing conditions. Good agreement with the predictions of the semiclassical model of harmonic generation is obtained. © 1999 The American Physical Society.

How Do Algae Concentrate Co2 To Increase The Efficiency Of Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation?, James V. Moroney, Aravind Somanchi

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Statistical Prediction Based On Censored Life Data, Luis A. Escobar, William Q. Meeker

Faculty Publications

This article describes methods for using censored life data to construct prediction bounds or intervals for future outcomes. Both new-sample prediction (e.g., using data from a previous sample to make predictions on the future failure time of a new unit) and within-sample prediction problems (e.g., predicting the number of future failures from a sample, based on early data from that sample) are considered. The general method, based on an assumed parametric distribution, uses simulationbased calibration. This method provides exactly the nominal coverage probability when an exact pivotal-based method exists and a highly accurate large-sample approximation, otherwise. To illustrate new-sample prediction, …

Close-Limit Approximation To Neutron Star Collisions, Gabrielle D. Allen, Jorge A. Pullin

Faculty Publications

We develop a close-limit approximation to the head-on collision of two neutron stars similar to that used to treat the merger of black hole binaries. This approximation can serve as a useful benchmark test for future fully non-linear studies. For neutron star binaries, the close-limit approximation involves assuming that the merged object can be approximated as a perturbed, stable neutron star during the ring-down phase of the coalescence. We introduce a prescription for the construction of initial data sets, discuss the physical plausibility of the various assumptions involved, and briefly investigate the character of the gravitational radiation produced during the …