Digital Commons Network^™

Measurement Of The Rate Of Ve + D → P + P + E− Interactions Produced By 8B Solar Neutrinos At The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Q. R. Ahmad, R. C. Allen, T. C. Andersen, J. D. Anglin, G. Bühler, J. C. Barton, E. W. Beier, M. Bercovitch, J. Bigu, S. Biller, R. A. Black, I. Blevis, R. J. Boardman, J. Boger, E. Bonvin, M. G. Boulay, M. G. Bowler, T. J. Bowles, S. J. Brice, M. C. Browne, T. V. Bullard, T. H. Burritt, K. Cameron, J. Cameron, Y. D. Chan, M. Chen, H. H. Chen, X. Chen

Faculty Publications

Solar neutrinos from 8B decay have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The flux of νe’s is measured by the CC reaction rate to be φCC(ve) = 1.75 ± 0.07(stat)+0.12−0.11(syst) ± 0.05(theor) × 106 cm−2s−1. Comparison of φCC(ve) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration’s precision value of the flux inferred from the ES reaction yields a 3.3σ difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence of an active non-ve component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is determined to …

Statistics And Supermetallicity: The Metallicity Of Ngc 6791, B. J. Taylor

Faculty Publications

For the old galactic cluster NGC 6791, Peterson & Green (1998a) and Chaboyer et al. (1999) have found that [Fe/H] approximately + 0.4 dex. A second look at that conclusion is taken in this paper. Zero-point problems are reviewed for a high-dispersion analysis done by Peterson & Green, and it is found that accidental errors have not been determined rigorously for the results of that analysis. It is also noted that in a color-magnitude analysis performed by Chaboyer et al., the important metallicity range between 0.0 and + 0.3 dex is not explored and hence is not ruled out. Moreover, …

The Effect Of Courtroom Technologies On And In Appellate Proceedings And Courtrooms, Fredric I. Lederer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Scientific Foundations Of Habitat Conservation Plans: A Quantitative Assessment, Elaine K. Harding, Elizabeth E. Crone, Bret D. Elderd, Jonathan M. Hoekstra, Alexa J. Mckerrow, John D. Perrine, Jim Regetz, Leslie J. Rissler, Amanda G. Stanley, Eric L. Walters

Faculty Publications

The number of habitat conservation plans (HCP) has risen dramatically since the first plan was written over 18 years ago. Until recently, no studies have quantitatively investigated the scientific foundations underlying these documents. As part of a larger study of HCPs, we examined 43 plans primarily to assess the availability and use of scientific data and secondarily to determine the extent of involvement by, and influence of independent scientists within the process. Specifically, our analysis focused on five key steps taken when an HCP is developed: assessing status of a species, determining take, predicting the project effects, mitigating for those …

Quasi-Su(3) Truncation Scheme For Even-Even Sd-Shell Nuclei, C. E. Vargas, J. G. Hirsch, J. P. Draayer

Faculty Publications

The quasi-SU(3) symmetry was uncovered in full pf and sdg shell-model calculations for both even-even and odd-even nuclei. It manifests itself through a dominance of single-particle and quadrupole-quadrupole terms in a Hamiltonian used to describe well-deformed nuclei. A practical consequence of the quasi-SU(3) symmetry is an efficient basis truncation scheme. In [C.E. Vargas et al., Phys. Rev. C 58 (1998) 1488] it is shown that when this type of Hamiltonian is diagonalized in an SU(3) basis, only a few irreducible representations (irreps) of SU(3) are needed to describe the yrast band, the leading S=0 irrep augmented with the leading S=1 …

Comment On "Observation Of Superluminal Behaviors In Wave Propagation", Harry Ringermacher, Lawrence R. Mead

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Electromagnetics, David V. Arnold, Richard H. Selfridge, Karl F. Warnick

Faculty Publications

Many applications of electrical engineering require a knowledge of the behavior of voltages and currents in electronic devices and within conductors. In many other situations it is not enough to understand the behavior the voltages and currents in just the conductors and other components, but also the influence of the voltage and current on surrounding materials.

Improved Hopfield Networks By Training With Noisy Data, Fred Clift, Tony R. Martinez

Faculty Publications

A new approach to training a generalized Hopfield network is developed and evaluated in this work. Both the weight symmetricity constraint and the zero self-connection constraint are removed from standard Hopfield networks. Training is accomplished with Back-Propagation Through Time, using noisy versions of the memorized patterns. Training in this way is referred to as Noisy Associative Training (NAT). Performance of NAT is evaluated on both random and correlated data. NAT has been tested on several data sets, with a large number of training runs for each experiment. The data sets used include uniformly distributed random data and several data sets …

Lazy Training: Improving Backpropagation Learning Through Network Interaction, Timothy L. Andersen, Tony R. Martinez, Michael E. Rimer

Faculty Publications

Backpropagation, similar to most high-order learning algorithms, is prone to overfitting. We address this issue by introducing interactive training (IT), a logical extension to backpropagation training that employs interaction among multiple networks. This method is based on the theory that centralized control is more effective for learning in deep problem spaces in a multi-agent paradigm. IT methods allow networks to work together to form more complex systems while not restraining their individual ability to specialize. Lazy training, an implementation of IT that minimizes misclassification error, is presented. Lazy training discourages overfitting and is conducive to higher accuracy in multiclass problems …

Speed Training: Improving The Rate Of Backpropagation Learning Through Stochastic Sample Presentation, Timothy L. Andersen, Tony R. Martinez, Michael E. Rimer

Faculty Publications

Artificial neural networks provide an effective empirical predictive model for pattern classification. However, using complex neural networks to learn very large training sets is often problematic, imposing prohibitive time constraints on the training process. We present four practical methods for dramatically decreasing training time through dynamic stochastic sample presentation, a technique we call speed training. These methods are shown to be robust to retaining generalization accuracy over a diverse collection of real world data sets. In particular, the SET technique achieves a training speedup of 4278% on a large OCR database with no detectable loss in generalization.

The Need For Small Learning Rates On Large Problems, Tony R. Martinez, D. Randall Wilson

Faculty Publications

In gradient descent learning algorithms such as error backpropagation, the learning rate parameter can have a significant effect on generalization accuracy. In particular, decreasing the learning rate below that which yields the fastest convergence can significantly improve generalization accuracy, especially on large, complex problems. The learning rate also directly affects training speed, but not necessarily in the way that many people expect. Many neural network practitioners currently attempt to use the largest learning rate that still allows for convergence, in order to improve training speed. However, a learning rate that is too large can be as slow as a learning …

Optimal Artificial Neural Network Architecture Selection For Bagging, Timothy L. Andersen, Tony R. Martinez, Michael E. Rimer

Faculty Publications

This paper studies the performance of standard architecture selection strategies, such as cost/performance and CV based strategies, for voting methods such as bagging. It is shown that standard architecture selection strategies are not optimal for voting methods and tend to underestimate the complexity of the optimal network architecture, since they only examine the performance of the network on an individual basis and do not consider the correlation between responses from multiple networks.

First Principles Thermoelasticity Of Mgsio3-Perovskite: Consequences For The Inferred Properties Of The Lower Mantle, Bijaya B. Karki, Renata M. Wentzcovitch, Stefano De Gironcoli, Stefano Baroni

Faculty Publications

Some key thermoelastic properties of MgSiO - perovskite (pv) have been determined at lower mantle (LM) pressures and temperatures using the quasi-harmonic approximation in conjunction with first principles phonon dispersions. The adiabatic bulk moduli (K ) of pv and of an assemblage of 80 vol% pv and 20 vol% MgO were obtained along the thermodynamically inferred adiabat and compared with the seismic counterpart given by the preliminary reference Earth model (K ). The discrepancy between calculated K 's and K in the deep LM suggests a super-adiabatic gradient, or subtle changes of composition, or phase, or all beginning at about …

Non-Conformally Flat Bulk Spacetime And The 3-Brane World, Parampreet Singh, Naresh Dadhich

Faculty Publications

We show that for non-conformally flat bulk spacetime, there exist no bound modes for zero mass graviton on the 3-brane. The brane world model is therefore unstable for the bulk spacetime being different from the conformally flat anti-de Sitter space. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Law And The Danger Of Freedom, Steven D. Paulson

Faculty Publications

Proposing a “third use of the law”—a law for Christians after faith—arises from a fear of freedom. It is finally a christological problem, since Christ put an end to the law not only in himself but also in us.

Classroom Influences On First-Grade Students’ Oral Narratives, Judy A. Abbott, Sarah J. Mccarthey

Faculty Publications

As apart of a longitudinal project examining first-grade reading instruction in 4 districts across the state of Texas, this study explored the nature of students' oral narratives and the connections between teachers' instructional practices and students' narratives. Using an adaptation of Hudson & Shapiro's (1991) narrative categories, we examined 166 narratives generated by firstgrade students, categorizing each as an event-script, a less-developed narrative, a well-developed narrative, or an "other" An exemplar narrative from each of the 4 categories and 2 other narratives that represented the diversity of student responses and the complexity of the relationships between student performance and teacher …

Book Review: Women Under The Law: The False Promise Of Human Rights, S. I. Strong

Faculty Publications

Though McColgan's book promises much, it fails to persuade the reader for several reasons. First, a number of the examples used to demonstrate the inferiority of entrenched rights actually suggest the opposite. The second reason why McColgan fails to persuade results from her forcing constitutional arguments where there are none. The third problem with this book is its failure to extrapolate its arguments about women to other disadvantaged groups.

Despite these shortcomings, there is much in McColgan's book to recommend it. Her prose is fluid, her presentation of US and Canadian law, particularly regarding abortion, is extensive, and her arguments …

Religion And The First Amendment: Some Causes Of The Recent Confusion, Carl H. Esbeck

Faculty Publications

The United States Supreme Court is surely guilty of making the matter of religion and the First Amendment harder than it ought to be. But it is others who have kept the debate over church/state relations either poisoned with culture-war rhetoric or so shrouded in mystery that seemingly only experts can untangle the juris-prudential snarls. By surrounding this venerable Amendment with a pseudocomplexity concerning the matter of religion these disinformation specialists create confusion, and confusion begets opportunities for further distortion and manipulation. Disagreements over the free exercise of religion and the no-establishment thereof are far simpler to resolve than these …

Teaching Torts Without Insurance: A Second-Best Solution, David A. Fischer, Robert H. Jerry Ii

Faculty Publications

Teachers, scholars and practitioners have long appreciated the symbiotic relationship of torts and insurance. Indeed, the assertion that tort law and insurance law are intertwined is utterly unremarkable; many commentators have observed that tort law cannot be understood if the business of insurance and the law regulating it is ignored, and that insurance law cannot be understood if tort law is ignored. Several generations of law students have read casebooks, which in varying degrees pay homage to the connections between torts and insurance. Many law review articles and noteworthy books (or portions thereof) have plumbed the tort-insurance relationship. Although one …

Complete And Simultaneous Spectral Observations Of The Black Hole X-Ray Nova Xte J1118 + 480, J. E. Mcclintock, C. A. Haswell, M. R. Garcia, J. J. Drake, R. I. Hynes, H. L. Marshall, M. P. Muno, S. Chaty, P. M. Garnavich, P. J. Groot, W. H.G. Lewin, C. W. Mauche, J. M. Miller, G. G. Pooley, C. R. Shrader, S. D. Vrtilek

Faculty Publications

The X-ray nova XTE J1118 + 480 suffers minimal extinction (b = 62°) and therefore represents an outstanding opportunity for multiwavelength studies. Hynes et al. conducted the first such study, which was centered on 2000 April 8 using UKIRT, EUVE, HST, and RXTE. On 2000 April 18, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory obtained data coincident with a second set of observations using all of these same observatories. A 30 ks grating observation using Chandra yielded a spectrum with high resolution and sensitivity covering the range 0.24-7 keV. Our near-simultaneous observations cover ≈ 80% of the electromagnetic spectrum from the infrared to …

On The Utility Of Entanglement In Quantum Neural Computing, Dan A. Ventura

Faculty Publications

Efforts in combining quantum and neural computation are briefly discussed and the concept of entanglement as it applies to this subject is addressed. Entanglement is perhaps the least understood aspect of quantum systems used for computation, yet it is apparently most responsible for their computational power. This paper argues for the importance of understanding and utilizing entanglement in quantum neural computation.

Economy And 'New Economy' In The United States And Germany, Phillip J. Bryson

Faculty Publications

The expression "New Economy" is used inconsistently. This Article review the driving forces of the US boom of the 1990s, examining the changes introduced in the period and before, focusing on the IT sector and new technologies. The "New Economy" is not just the new sectors, but changes in the overall economy emanating from them. These changes will not evaporate in an economic slowdown. Comparisons of the USA with Germany and Europe illustrate that the "New Economy" will also continue to develop there on the foundations already laid.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research As An Ethical Issue: On The Emptiness Of Symbolic Value, Kevin Quinn

Faculty Publications

The ability to generate a wide variety of stem cell lines (in relatively renewable tissue cultures) opens up a whole new world of breathtaking possibilities for science and medicine. The possibilities include: "in vitro studies of normal embryo-genesis, human gene discovery, and drug and teratogen testing and as a renewable source of cells for tissue transplantation, cell replacement, and gene therapies." But it also opens up a world of complications.

Human EG and ES cells must be recovered from aborted fetuses or live embryos. Because primordial gonadal tissue is removed from fetuses after their death, the derivation of EO cells …

Scaling Gridded River Networks For Macroscale Hydrology: Development, Analysis, And Control Of Error, Balazs M. Fekete, Charles J. Vorosmarty, Richard B. Lammers

Faculty Publications

A simple and robust river network scaling algorithm (NSA) is presented to rescale fine‐resolution networks to any coarser resolution. The algorithm was tested over the Danube River basin and the European continent. Coarse‐resolution networks, at 2.5, 5, 10, and 30 min resolutions, were derived from higher‐resolution gridded networks using NSA and geomorphometric attributes, such as river order, shape index, and width function. These parameters were calculated and compared at each resolution. Simple scaling relationships were found to predict decreasing river lengths with coarser‐resolution data. This relationship can be used to correct river length as a function of grid resolution. The …

The Power Of Apology And The Process Of Historical Reconciliation, Robert R. Weyeneth

Faculty Publications

The article analyzes one of the ways that history makes the headlines today: in discussions of whether the present can--and should--apologize for the past. It examines this recent phenomenon by asking if historical apologies have the ability to facilitate a process of historical reconciliation. In its first three sections, the article explores the range and forms of apologies reported in the press during the last decade or so, the motives and goals of apologists, and the reasoning of those with misgivings about the utility and wisdom of apologies. A fourth section assesses the efficacy of historical apologies. Is an apology …

Bioavailability: On The Frontiers Of Science And Law In Cleanup Methodologies For Contamination, Linda A. Malone

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Study Of The Effective Transverse Momentum Of Partons In The Proton Using Prompt Photons In Photoproduction At Hera, S. Chekanov, M. Derrick, D. Krakauer, S. Magill, B. Musgrave, A. Pellegrino, J. Repond, R. Stanek, R. Yoshida, Margarita C. K. Mattingly, P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, G. Levi, A. Margotti, T. Massam, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, A. Pesci

Faculty Publications

The photoproduction of prompt photons, together with an accompanying jet, has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 38.6 pb-1. A study of the effective transverse momentum, (kT), of partons in the proton, as modelled within the framework of the PYTHIA Monte Carlo, gives a value of (kT) = 1.69 ± 0.18 -0.20+0.18 GeV for the γp centre-of-mass energy range 134 < W < 251 GeV. This result is in agreement with the previously observed trend in hadron-hadron scattering for (kT) to rise with interaction energy. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Multiplicity Moments In Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera, S. Chekanov, M. Derrick, D. Krakauer, S. Magill, B. Musgrave, A. Pellegrino, J. Repond, R. Stanek, R. Yoshida, Margarita C. K. Mattingly, P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, G. Levi, A. Margotti, T. Massam, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, A. Pesci

Faculty Publications

Multiplicity moments of charged particles in deep inelastic e+p scattering have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 38.4 pb-1. The moments for Q2 > 1000 GeV2 were studied in the current region of the Breit frame. The evolution of the moments was investigated as a function of restricted regions in polar angle and, for the first time, both in the transverse momentum and in absolute momentum of final-state particles. Analytic perturbative QCD predictions in conjunction with the hypothesis of Local Parton-Hadron Duality (LPHD) reproduce the trends of the moments in polar-angle regions, although some …

The Quest Rr Lyrae Survey: Confirmation Of The Clump At 50 Kiloparsecs And Other Overdensities In The Outer Halo, A. K. Vivas, R. Zinn, P. Andrews, C. Bailyn, C. Baltay, P. Coppi, N. Ellman, T. Girard, D. Rabinowitz, B. Schaefer, J. Shin, J. Snyder, S. Sofia, W. Van Altena, C. Abad, A. Bongiovanni, C. Briceño, G. Bruzual, F. Della Prugna, D. Herrera, G. Magris, J. Mateu, R. Pacheco, Ge Sánchez, Gu Sánchez, H. Schenner, J. Stock, B. Vicente, K. Vieira, I. Ferrín, J. Hernandez, M. Gebhard, R. Honeycutt

Faculty Publications

We have measured the periods and light curves of 148 RR Lyrae variables from V = 13.5 to 19.7 from the first 100 deg2 of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team RR Lyrae survey. Approximately 55% of these stars belong to the clump of stars detected earlier by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. According to our measurements, this feature has ∼10 times the background density of halo stars, spans at least 37.°5 by 3.°5 in α and δ (≥30 by >3 kpc), lies ∼50 kpc from the Sun, and has a depth along the line of sight of ∼5 kpc (1 …

Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (Nsom) Studies Of The Relationship Between Interchain Interactions, Morphology, Photodamage, And Energy Transport In Conjugated Polymer Films, Thuc Quyen Nguyen, Benjamin J. Schwartz, Richard D. Schaller, Justin C. Johnson, Lynn F. Lee, Louis H. Haber, Richard J. Saykally

Faculty Publications

It is becoming increasingly clear that the way in which a conjugated polymer film is cast affects the interactions between polymer chains and thus the optical and electrical properties of the film. Given that conjugated polymer films cast in different ways also show different nanometer-scale surface topographies, the question that arises is: What is the correlation between surface topography, local chain packing, and the local electronic properties of a conjugated polymer film? In this paper, we address this question using fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to examine films of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) that were prepared in different ways. The …