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Articles 4381 - 4410 of 6812
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Resolutions And Their Incongruities: Further Thoughts On Logical Mechanism, Christian F. Hempelmann, Salvatore Attardo
Resolutions And Their Incongruities: Further Thoughts On Logical Mechanism, Christian F. Hempelmann, Salvatore Attardo
Faculty Publications
This paper is a contribution to the study of the resolution of incongruities in humor. We reject some criticisms of logical mechanisms and analyze three different types of incongruities in humorous texts: completely backgrounded, backgrounded, and foregrounded. Only the latter are addressed by logical mechanisms. We identify a mechanism of “incongruity shifting” which may be a candidate for “deep” logical mechanism (along the lines of “parallelism” in Attardo et al. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 15: 1–44, 2002). We finally discuss the similarities between Oring's (Engaging humor, University of Illinois Press, 2003) “appropriate incongruity” theory and our approach, which …
"Do Androids Dream?": Personhood And Intelligent Artifacts, F. Patrick Hubbard
"Do Androids Dream?": Personhood And Intelligent Artifacts, F. Patrick Hubbard
Faculty Publications
This Article proposes a test to be used in answering an important question that has never received detailed jurisprudential analysis: What happens if a human artifact like a large computer system requests that it be treated as a person rather than as property? The Article argues that this entity should be granted a legal right to personhood if it has the following capacities: (1) an ability to interact with its environment and to engage in complex thought and communication; (2) a sense of being a self with a concern for achieving its plan for its life; and (3) the ability …
Expectations In Tort, David G. Owen
Urban Green Uses: The New Renewal, Catherine J. Lacroix
Urban Green Uses: The New Renewal, Catherine J. Lacroix
Faculty Publications
As they confront dramatically reduced population and little prospect of significant near-term growth, several cities in the rust belt have turned to innovative tactics to put excess land to beneficial use. These measures include the creation of active land banks, downzoning for "green" uses such as urban agriculture, possible consolidation of population and abandonment of utility and public services, and installation of green infrastructure, such as stormwater retention and renewable power generation facilities, on publicly owned land. In the process, these cities face intriguing legal questions: What steps are needed to form an effective land bank? What is the liability …
No Difference?: An Analysis Of Same-Sex Parenting, George W. Dent
No Difference?: An Analysis Of Same-Sex Parenting, George W. Dent
Faculty Publications
The principal argument for traditional marriage is that it is uniquely beneficial to children. The campaign for same-sex marriage (“SSM”) denies this argument and claims that same-sex couples are just as good as other parents; there is “no difference” between the two. This article analyzes this claim and concludes that it is unsubstantiated and almost certainly false.
A Collaborative Model Of Offshore Legal Outsourcing, Cassandra Burke Robertson
A Collaborative Model Of Offshore Legal Outsourcing, Cassandra Burke Robertson
Faculty Publications
International outsourcing has come to the legal profession. The ABA and other bar associations have given it their stamp of approval, and an ailing economy has pushed both clients and firms to consider sending more legal work abroad. This article integrates research from the fields of organizational behavior, social psychology, and economic theory to analyze the effectiveness of the legal outsourcing relationship. It identifies organizational pressures in the practice of law that affect how legal work is performed in a transnational context, and it examines how individuals on both sides of the outsourcing process influence the success or failure of …
Plasticity Of The Reproductive Axis Caused By Social Status Change In An African Cichlid Fish: I. Pituitary Gonadotropins, Karen P. Maruska, Berta Levavi-Sivan, Jakob Biran, Russell D. Fernald
Plasticity Of The Reproductive Axis Caused By Social Status Change In An African Cichlid Fish: I. Pituitary Gonadotropins, Karen P. Maruska, Berta Levavi-Sivan, Jakob Biran, Russell D. Fernald
Faculty Publications
Social position in a dominance hierarchy is often tightly coupled with fertility. Consequently,ananimal that can recognize and rapidly take advantage of anopportunity to rise inrankwillhaveareproductive advantage. Reproduction in all vertebrates is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad axis,andin males of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, GnRH1 neurons at the apex of this axis are under social control. However, little is known about how quickly social information is transformed into functional reproductive change, or about how socially controlled changes in GnRH1 neurons influence downstream actions of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. We created an opportunity for reproductively suppressed males to ascend in status and …
How Incipient Colonies Create Territory: The Textual Surveys Of New Spain, 1520s–1620s, Andrew Sluyter, Richard Hunter
How Incipient Colonies Create Territory: The Textual Surveys Of New Spain, 1520s–1620s, Andrew Sluyter, Richard Hunter
Faculty Publications
The study of colonial surveying and cartography has become key to understanding the history of European colonialism because of the recognition that land surveys and maps not only represent territory but form part of the process through which territory comes into being. While many studies have therefore focused on the history of instrumental surveying and cartography in New Spain, roughly equivalent to present-day Mexico, between the seventeenth and twentieth century, the textual surveys of the sixteenth century that helped to bring the initial colonial territory into being have gone largely unstudied. Content analysis of textual land surveys included in sixteenth-century …
Lies, Honor, And The Government’S Good Name: Seditious Libel And The Stolen Valor Act, Christina E. Wells
Lies, Honor, And The Government’S Good Name: Seditious Libel And The Stolen Valor Act, Christina E. Wells
Faculty Publications
Although the Supreme Court declared the crime of seditious libel inconsistent with the First Amendment long ago, the Stolen Valor Act, which punishes anyone who falsely represents themselves to have been awarded certain military medals, revives something very like that crime. the connection between the two crimes is not immediately obvious, but the government's underlying reasoning is nearly identical in both. Officials justified seditious libel prosecutions by claiming, without proof, that criticism of the government undermined its authority and reduced the public's respect for it, ultimately threatening national security. Contemporary government officials also argue, without proof, that the Act is …
Application Of A Novel Boronated Porphyrin (H2Ocp) As A Dual Sensitizer For Both Pdt And Bnct, Ryo Hiramatsu, Shinji Kawabata, Shin Ichi Miyatake, Toshihiko Kuroiwa, Michael W. Easson, M. Graça H. Vicente
Application Of A Novel Boronated Porphyrin (H2Ocp) As A Dual Sensitizer For Both Pdt And Bnct, Ryo Hiramatsu, Shinji Kawabata, Shin Ichi Miyatake, Toshihiko Kuroiwa, Michael W. Easson, M. Graça H. Vicente
Faculty Publications
Background: and Objective Boronated porphyrins have emerged as promising dual sensitizers for use in both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), by virtue of their known tumor affinity, low cytotoxicity in dark conditions, and easy synthesis with high boron content. Octa-anionic 5,10,15,20-tetra[3,5-(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl] porphyrin (H2OCP) is a boronated porphyrin having eight boron clusters linked to the porphyrin ring. To evaluate H2OCP's applicability to both PDT and BNCT, we performed an in vitro and ex vivo study using F98 rat glioma cells. Materials and Methods We examined the time-dependent cellular uptake of H 2OCP by measuring the boron concentration …
Plasticity Of The Reproductive Axis Caused By Social Status Change In An African Cichlid Fish: Ii. Testicular Gene Expression And Spermatogenesis, Karen P. Maruska, Russell D. Fernald
Plasticity Of The Reproductive Axis Caused By Social Status Change In An African Cichlid Fish: Ii. Testicular Gene Expression And Spermatogenesis, Karen P. Maruska, Russell D. Fernald
Faculty Publications
Reproduction in all vertebrates is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis, which is regulated socially in males of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni.Althoughsocial information influences GnRH1 neurons at the apex of the BPG axis, little is known about how the social environment and dominance affects the cellular and molecular composition of the testes to regulate reproductive capacity. We created an opportunity for reproductively suppressed males to ascend in status and then measured changes in gene expression and tissue morphology to discover how quickly the perception of this opportunitycaninfluencethetestes.Ourresultsshowrapid up-regulation ofmRNAlevels ofFSH receptorandseveral steroid receptor subtypes inthetestesduringsocial ascent. In contrast,LHreceptor …
Virus-Derived Sirnas And Pirnas In Immunity And Pathogenesis, Shou Wei Ding, Rui Lu
Virus-Derived Sirnas And Pirnas In Immunity And Pathogenesis, Shou Wei Ding, Rui Lu
Faculty Publications
Cellular organisms have evolved related pathways for the biogenesis and function of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). These distinct classes of small RNAs guide specific gene silencing at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by serving as specificity determinants. Small RNAs of virus and host origins have been found to modulate virus-host interactions by RNA interference (RNAi), leading to antiviral immunity or viral pathogenesis. Deep sequencing-based profiling of virus-derived small RNAs as products of host immune recognition not only allowed us to gain insight into the expansion and functional specialization of host factors involved in the antiviral …
Oncogenic Potential Of Yin Yang 1 Mediated Through Control Of Imprinted Genes, Michelle M. Thiaville, Joomyeong Kim
Oncogenic Potential Of Yin Yang 1 Mediated Through Control Of Imprinted Genes, Michelle M. Thiaville, Joomyeong Kim
Faculty Publications
The transcription factor Yin Yang (YY) 1 is one of the most evolutionarily well-conserved DNA binding proteins that is ubiquitously expressed among different tissue types. YY1 functions as a critical regulator for a diverse set of genes, making its role in the cancerous environment elusive. Recent studies have demonstrated that clusters of YY1 binding sites are overrepresented in imprinted gene loci. These clustered binding sites may function as a molecular rheostat with respect to YY1 protein levels. YY1 levels were documented to be altered in various tumor tissues in conjunction with the transcriptional levels of the imprinted genes it regulates. …
Source Reduction Behavior As An Independent Measurement Of The Impact Of A Public Health Education Campaign In An Integrated Vector Management Program For The Asian Tiger Mosquito, Kristen Bartlett-Healy, George Hamilton, Sean Healy, Taryn Crepeau, Isik Unlu, Ary Farajollahi, Dina Fonseca, Randy Gaugler, Gary G. Clark, Daniel Strickman
Source Reduction Behavior As An Independent Measurement Of The Impact Of A Public Health Education Campaign In An Integrated Vector Management Program For The Asian Tiger Mosquito, Kristen Bartlett-Healy, George Hamilton, Sean Healy, Taryn Crepeau, Isik Unlu, Ary Farajollahi, Dina Fonseca, Randy Gaugler, Gary G. Clark, Daniel Strickman
Faculty Publications
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a public health educational campaign to reduce backyard mosquito-larval habitats. Three communities each, within two New Jersey counties, were randomly selected to receive: (1) both education and mosquito control, (2) education only, and (3) no education or mosquito control. Four separate educational events included a 5-day elementary school curriculum in the spring, and three door to door distributions of educational brochures. Before and after each educational event, the numbers of mosquito-larval container habitats were counted in 50 randomly selected homes per study area. Container surveys allowed us to measure …
On The Origin Of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, And Fiction, Hope Hollocher, Agustín Fuentes, Charles H. Pence, Grant Ramsey, Daniel John Sportiello, Michelle M. Wirth
On The Origin Of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, And Fiction, Hope Hollocher, Agustín Fuentes, Charles H. Pence, Grant Ramsey, Daniel John Sportiello, Michelle M. Wirth
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
“Describing Our Whole Experience”: The Statistical Philosophies Of W.F.R. Weldon And Karl Pearson, Charles H. Pence
“Describing Our Whole Experience”: The Statistical Philosophies Of W.F.R. Weldon And Karl Pearson, Charles H. Pence
Faculty Publications
There are two motivations commonly ascribed to historical actors for taking up statistics: to reduce complicated data to a mean value (e.g., Quetelet), and to take account of diversity (e.g., Galton). Different motivations will, it is assumed, lead to different methodological decisions in the practice of the statistical sciences. Karl Pearson and W. F. R. Weldon are generally seen as following directly in Galton’s footsteps. I argue for two related theses in light of this standard interpretation, based on a reading of several sources in which Weldon, independently of Pearson, reflects on his own motivations. First, while Pearson does approach …
Nietzsche’S Aesthetic Critique Of Darwin, Charles H. Pence
Nietzsche’S Aesthetic Critique Of Darwin, Charles H. Pence
Faculty Publications
Despite his position as one of the first philosophers to write in the “post- Darwinian” world, the critique of Darwin by Friedrich Nietzsche is often ignored for a host of unsatisfactory reasons. I argue that Nietzsche’s critique of Darwin is important to the study of both Nietzsche’s and Darwin’s impact on philosophy. Further, I show that the central claims of Nietzsche’s critique have been broadly misunderstood. I then present a new reading of Nietzsche’s core criticism of Darwin. An important part of Nietzsche’s response can best be understood as an aesthetic critique of Darwin, reacting to what he saw as …
Influence Of Cortisol On The Attachment And Metamorphosis Of Larval Utterbackia Imbecillis On Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus), Benjamin Dubansky, Brian Whitaker, Fernando Galvez
Influence Of Cortisol On The Attachment And Metamorphosis Of Larval Utterbackia Imbecillis On Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus), Benjamin Dubansky, Brian Whitaker, Fernando Galvez
Faculty Publications
The larvae of unionid freshwater mussels (i.e., glochidia) undergo a parasitic stage requiring their attachment to the external epithelia of fish hosts, where they metamorphose into free-living juveniles. We describe the physiological effects in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) of infection with glochidia from the paper pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis). Glochidia accumulation on bluegill increased dramatically at concentrations of 2000 glochidia liter-1 and above, reaching a maximum attachment density of about 30 glochidia g-1 fish at 4000 glochidia liter-1. Plasma cortisol was the most sensitive indicator of biological effect to glochidial exposure, increasing significantly in hosts exposed to 2000 glochidia liter-1 or …
Outlook For Development Of High-Throughput Cryopreservation For Small-Bodied Biomedical Model Fishes, Terrence R. Tiersch, Huiping Yang, E. Hu
Outlook For Development Of High-Throughput Cryopreservation For Small-Bodied Biomedical Model Fishes, Terrence R. Tiersch, Huiping Yang, E. Hu
Faculty Publications
With the development of genomic research technologies, comparative genome studies among vertebrate species are becoming commonplace for human biomedical research. Fish offer unlimited versatility for biomedical research. Extensive studies are done using these fish models, yielding tens of thousands of specific strains and lines, and the number is increasing every day. Thus, high-throughput sperm cryopreservation is urgently needed to preserve these genetic resources. Although high-throughput processing has been widely applied for sperm cryopreservation in livestock for decades, application in biomedical model fishes is still in the concept-development stage because of the limited sample volumes and the biological characteristics of fish …
Sperm Quality Assessments For Endangered Razorback Suckers Xyrauchen Texanus, Jill A. Jenkins, Bruce E. Eilts, Amy M. Guitreau, Chester R. Figiel, Rassa O. Draugelis-Dale, Terrence R. Tiersch
Sperm Quality Assessments For Endangered Razorback Suckers Xyrauchen Texanus, Jill A. Jenkins, Bruce E. Eilts, Amy M. Guitreau, Chester R. Figiel, Rassa O. Draugelis-Dale, Terrence R. Tiersch
Faculty Publications
Flow cytometry (FCM) and computer-assisted sperm motion analysis (CASA) methods were developed and validated for use with endangered razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus collected (nZ64) during the 2006 spawning season. Sperm motility could be activated within osmolality ranges noted during milt collections (here 167-343 mOsm/kg). We hypothesized that sperm quality of milt collected into isoosmotic (302 mOsm/kg) or hyperosmotic (500 mOsm/kg) Hanks' balanced salt solution would not differ. Pre-freeze viabilities were similar between osmolalities (79%G6 (S.E.M.) and 76%G7); however, post-thaw values were greater in hyperosmotic buffer (27%G3 and 12%G2; PZ0.0065), as was mitochondrial membrane potential (33%G4 and 13%G2; PZ0.0048). Visual estimates …
Evaluation Of Dry Matter, Protein, Starch, Sucrose, Β-Carotene, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, And Magnesium In East African Sweetpotato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam] Germplasm, Silver Tumwegamire, Regina Kapinga, Patrick R. Rubaihayo, Don R. Labonte, Wolfgang J. Grüneberg, Gabriela Burgos, Thomas Zum Felde, Rosemary Carpio, Elke Pawelzik, Robert O.M. Mwanga
Evaluation Of Dry Matter, Protein, Starch, Sucrose, Β-Carotene, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, And Magnesium In East African Sweetpotato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam] Germplasm, Silver Tumwegamire, Regina Kapinga, Patrick R. Rubaihayo, Don R. Labonte, Wolfgang J. Grüneberg, Gabriela Burgos, Thomas Zum Felde, Rosemary Carpio, Elke Pawelzik, Robert O.M. Mwanga
Faculty Publications
The present study evaluated selected East African (EA) sweetpotato varieties for storage root dry matter and nutrient content and obtained information on the potential contributions of the varieties to alleviate vitamin A and mineral deficiencies. Roots obtained from 89 farmer (white- and orange-fleshed) varieties and one introduced variety ('Resisto') were analyzed for storage root quality using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology. Location differences were only significant for starch content. The σ2G variance was significant (P < 0.01) for all the traits except sucrose content. Overall, the farmer varieties had higher dry matter, higher starch, and lower sucrose contents than the control clone, 'Resisto'. It is these qualities that make sweetpotato attractive as a starchy staple in EA. A low population's mean β-carotene content (19.0 ppm)was observed.However, deep orange-fleshed farmer varieties, 'Carrot_C', 'Ejumula', 'Carrot Dar', 'Mayai', and 'Zambezi', had β-carotene content that can meet 350% or greater of recommended daily allowance (RDA) with 250-g serving to a 5- to 8-year-old child. More but light orange-fleshed farmer varieties 'K-118', 'K-134', 'K-46', 'KMI61', 'MLE162 Nakahi', 'PAL161', 'Sowola6', 'Sponge', 'SRT34 Abuket2', 'SRT35 Anyumel', 'SRT52', and 'Sudan' can provide 50% to 90% RDA of pro-vitamin A for the child. The root minerals' content was generally low except for magnesium whose content can meet 50% or greater RDA in many farmer varieties. However, in areas with high sweetpotato consumption, varieties 'Carrot_C', 'Carrot Dar', 'KRE nylon', 'MLE163 Kyebandula', and 'SRT49 Sanyuzameza' can make good intakes of iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. In conclusion, some EA farmer varieties can contribute greatly to alleviation of vitamin A deficiency and substantial mineral intakes.
Elections Matter, Michael J. Gerhardt
"I Had Never Before ... Heard Of Him At All": William Gilmore Simms, The Elusive William North, And A Lost Simms Novel About American Authorship, Patrick G. Scott
"I Had Never Before ... Heard Of Him At All": William Gilmore Simms, The Elusive William North, And A Lost Simms Novel About American Authorship, Patrick G. Scott
Faculty Publications
Examines a review by the antebellum Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms of a new book by the English writer William North (1825-1854), North's posthumous novel The Slave of the Lamp (1855), discusses possible reasons for Simms's hostility to North such as North's links to the New York Bohemians and his anti-professionalism, and explores what the review reveals about a now-lost Simms novel, with the same title, that gave a different perspective on mid-19th century changes in the conditions and profession of authorship in America.
Discourse Norms As Default Rules: Structuring Corporate Speech To Multiple Stakeholders, David Yosifon
Discourse Norms As Default Rules: Structuring Corporate Speech To Multiple Stakeholders, David Yosifon
Faculty Publications
This Article analyzes corporate speech problems through the framework of corporate law. The focus here is on the "discourse norms" that regulate corporate speech to various corporate stakehold-ers, including shareholders, workers, and consumers. I argue that these "discourse norms" should be understood as default terms in the "nexus-of-contracts" that comprises the corporation. Having reviewed the failure of corporate law as it bears on the interests of non-shareholding stakeholders such as workers and consumers, I urge the adoption of prescriptive discourse norms as an approach to reforming corporate governance in a socially useful manner.
Themes And Persuasion, Jonathan Van Patten
Between Secularism And Religiosity: America’S Founding Protestant Philosophy, Nicholas P. Miller
Between Secularism And Religiosity: America’S Founding Protestant Philosophy, Nicholas P. Miller
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Stern-Gerlach Dynamics With Quantum Propagators, Bailey C. Hsu, Manuel Berrondo, Jean F. Van Huele
Stern-Gerlach Dynamics With Quantum Propagators, Bailey C. Hsu, Manuel Berrondo, Jean F. Van Huele
Faculty Publications
We study the quantum dynamics of a nonrelativistic neutral particle with spin in inhomogeneous external magnetic fields. We first consider fields with one-dimensional inhomogeneities, both unphysical and physical, and construct the corresponding analytic propagators. We then consider fields with two-dimensional inhomogeneities and develop an appropriate numerical propagation method. We propagate initial states exhibiting different degrees of space localization and various initial spin configurations, including both pure and mixed spin states. We study the evolution of their spin densities and identify characteristic features of spin density dynamics, such as the spatial separation of spin components, and spin localization or accumulation. We …
Intraclass Correlation Associated With Therapists: Estimates And Applications In Planning Psychotherapy Research, Scott A. Baldwin, David M. Murray, William R. Shadish, Sherri L. Pals, Jason M. Holland, Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Gerhard Andersson, David C. Atkins, Per Carlbring, Kathleen M. Carroll, Andrew Christensen, Kari M. Eddington, Anke Elhers, Daniel J. Feaster, Ger P. J. Keijsers, Ellen Koch, Willem Kuyken, Alfred Lange, Tania Lincoln, Robert S. Stephens, Steven Taylor, Chris Trepka, Jeanne Watson
Intraclass Correlation Associated With Therapists: Estimates And Applications In Planning Psychotherapy Research, Scott A. Baldwin, David M. Murray, William R. Shadish, Sherri L. Pals, Jason M. Holland, Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Gerhard Andersson, David C. Atkins, Per Carlbring, Kathleen M. Carroll, Andrew Christensen, Kari M. Eddington, Anke Elhers, Daniel J. Feaster, Ger P. J. Keijsers, Ellen Koch, Willem Kuyken, Alfred Lange, Tania Lincoln, Robert S. Stephens, Steven Taylor, Chris Trepka, Jeanne Watson
Faculty Publications
It is essential that outcome research permit clear conclusions to be drawn about the efficacy of interventions. The common practice of nesting therapists within conditions can pose important methodological challenges that affect interpretation, particularly if the study is not powered to account for the nested design. An obstacle to the optimal design of these studies is lack of data about the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which measures the statistical dependencies introduced by nesting. To begin the development of a public database of ICC estimates, the authors report ICCs for a variety outcomes reported in 20 psychotherapy outcome studies. The magnitude …
Modern English Bible Translations, Gaye Strathearn
Modern English Bible Translations, Gaye Strathearn
Faculty Publications
The work of translation from one language to another is always fraught with difficulties—philological, contextual, and even procedural difficulties. If a word has numerous meanings, as most do, how does the translator decide which one to use? Should the translation reflect a wordfor- word translation (i.e., formal equivalence), or should it reflect the idiomatic language of the receptor language (i.e., functional/dynamic equivalence)? The major benefit of a formal-equivalence approach is that the translation maintains a feel for the language and format of the original text. The construction of Hebrew and Greek words and sentences is maintained, as much as possible, …
Santa Clara Law 1911-2010: Centennial Faculty Bibliography, Mary D. Hood
Santa Clara Law 1911-2010: Centennial Faculty Bibliography, Mary D. Hood
Faculty Publications
Faculty scholarship represents the intellectual life of a law school. To feature our faculty‟s scholarly efforts, the reference staff at Heafey Law Library maintains a database of the published scholarship of full-time faculty and other academic staff currently in residence at Santa Clara Law. This database consists of all publications of faculty through their tenure at Santa Clara. As the law school began to make plans to celebrate its centennial birthday it seemed appropriate for the law library to contribute to the occasion. What more fitting way to mark this historic milestone than to have the library staff create a …