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Detecting Poisoning Attacks In The Rag Systems Using Multi-Tier Anomaly Detection, Somtochukwu Orizu
Detecting Poisoning Attacks In The Rag Systems Using Multi-Tier Anomaly Detection, Somtochukwu Orizu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems aim to enhance the capabilities of language models by retrieving external knowledge during inference. However, the process of retrieving knowledge introduces new security vulnerabilities to these models, specifically through the possibility of retrieval poisoning attacks in which adversarial documents are added to the system knowledge base to poison the language model’s responses. Although there have been a variety of defenses proposed for retrieval poisoning attacks, limited work has been done in the area of anomaly detection in embedding spaces as a general defense against multiple retrieval poisoning attack strategies. This thesis investigates two embedding-space anomaly detection …
Evaluating The Potential Of Genomic Selection For Grain Yield And Yield Component Traits In South Dakota Winter Wheat, Dante Koupal
Evaluating The Potential Of Genomic Selection For Grain Yield And Yield Component Traits In South Dakota Winter Wheat, Dante Koupal
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cereal crop worldwide, but recent gains in grain yield (GY) have not kept pace with projected demand. GY is a highly quantitative trait with low heritability that requires multi-year, multi-location phenotyping, limiting selection efficiency. Targeting higher heritability yield component traits, such as kernel size and weight, and incorporating them into the genomic selection (GS) pipeline has the potential to accelerate genetic gain for GY. The objectives of this study were to (i) understand the relationship between GY and the kernel-size traits, including thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), and …
Strip-Till Adoption For Soybean Production In Eastern South Dakota: Plant Development, Seed Quality, And Economic Analysis, Nicolas Passone
Strip-Till Adoption For Soybean Production In Eastern South Dakota: Plant Development, Seed Quality, And Economic Analysis, Nicolas Passone
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Soybean production in eastern South Dakota faces a persistent challenge: cool, wet spring conditions combined with heavy soils limit the adoption of conservation tillage despite its soil health and environmental benefits. Strip-tillage has been proposed as a middle-ground practice capable of providing conservation benefits while maintaining the seedbed quality advantages of conventional tillage. However, its performance in soybean production in South Dakota had not been evaluated prior to this work. This research examined the effects of tillage systems and fertilizer placement-timing, fertilizer rate, and seeding rate on soybean plant development, nutrient uptake, seed yield, chemical composition, and partial net economic …
Integrating Uav-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping, Genomics, And Deep Learning To Improve Prediction Of Complex Traits In Winter Wheat, Swas Kaushal
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Accurate prediction of complex agronomic traits such as grain yield and yield components remains a central challenge in winter wheat breeding because these traits are controlled by many genes and are strongly influenced by environmental variation. The integration of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP), genomics, and advanced machine learning approaches offers new opportunities to improve predictive accuracy and accelerate genetic gain in plant breeding. This study evaluates the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral phenomics combined with genomic information, and deep learning approaches to enhance the prediction of grain yield (GY), test weight (TW), grain protein content (GPC), and tiller …
Impacts Of Management Practices And Soil Properties On Free-Living Nitrogen Fixation In Eastern South Dakota, Laura Galvan Nuevo
Impacts Of Management Practices And Soil Properties On Free-Living Nitrogen Fixation In Eastern South Dakota, Laura Galvan Nuevo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Free-living nitrogen (N) fixation (FLNF) may represent a sustainable pathway to supplement crop N demand in agroecosystems, yet edaphic and management factors regulating this process under field conditions remain poorly understood in the Northern Great Plains. Using 15N2 direct method to quantify potential FLNF (pFLNF) and baseline FLNF (bFLNF), this thesis investigates how crop rotations (2-, 3-, and 4-year systems), tillage management (conventional vs. no-till), cover cropping, and soil properties affect the potential of free-living diazotrophs to supply N via FLNF in a long-term no-till corn-based system in Southeastern South Dakota. A two-year field study evaluated pFLNF across four growing …
Competitive And Priority Effects Of Native Cool-Season Grasses On Invasive Bromus Species In The Northern Great Plains, Tyler Michael Geltmacher
Competitive And Priority Effects Of Native Cool-Season Grasses On Invasive Bromus Species In The Northern Great Plains, Tyler Michael Geltmacher
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Native grasslands and restoration sites in the Northern Great Plains face pressure from invasive cool-season grass species, such as smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Native cool-season grass species may compete in the same niche as the invaders and provide resistance to invasion of existing or restored grasslands. Green needlegrass (Nassella viridula) and junegrass (Koeleria macrantha) were evaluated in this study for competitive effect and priority effect against invasive bromes to inform management decisions. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate competitive ability of the two native species as well as how priority influences competition. In my first chapter, …
Investigating The Cumulative Effect Of Nutrition Education And Nutrition Assistance On Measures Of Participant Health, Adity Chowdhury Kankon
Investigating The Cumulative Effect Of Nutrition Education And Nutrition Assistance On Measures Of Participant Health, Adity Chowdhury Kankon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the individual and combined associations of participation in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and nutrition assistance programs with diet quality and biomarkers of chronic disease risk. Multistate longitudinal data were analyzed using triple difference-in-differences regression models for body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and Diet Quality Index (DQI). EFNEP participation was associated with a reduction in BMI over time among participants not receiving nutrition assistance, but this association was attenuated among assistance participants. A similar differential pattern was observed for HbA1c. No significant differential changes were found for …
Primary Avian Tracheal Cell Models For The Isolation Of Emerging Avian Metapneumovirus Strains, Tricia Serrao
Primary Avian Tracheal Cell Models For The Isolation Of Emerging Avian Metapneumovirus Strains, Tricia Serrao
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The emergence of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subgroups A and B in the United States poultry industry has created an urgent need for standardized, host-specific diagnostic platforms. Historically, reliance on continuous, multi-species cell lines has limited the primary isolation of field strains and introduced potential adaptation artifacts. To address these challenges, this research first established and characterized a reproducible primary cell culture system derived from the tracheal tissues of 1-day-old turkey poults. This system was maintained in an optimized DMEM/F-12 formulation supplemented with 5% FBS, EGF, and ITS, with early-passage cultures achieving 90% confluence within 24 to 48 hours. Morphological and …
The Influence Of Controlled Intake And Anabolic Implant Timing On Growth Performance And Carcass Traits In Feedlot Ruminants, Justin J. Delver
The Influence Of Controlled Intake And Anabolic Implant Timing On Growth Performance And Carcass Traits In Feedlot Ruminants, Justin J. Delver
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate how previous plane of nutrition and anabolic implant timing interact to influence growth performance, composition of growth, and the carcass characteristics in ruminants. Three experiments were conducted using cattle and sheep models to determine the metabolic adaptations driving compensatory growth. In experiment 1, yearling beef steers (n = 192) were fed ad libitum for 141 days (ADLIB) or restricted to 92% of ad libitum intake for 56 (RES56) or 86 (RES86) days followed by realimentation. Cumulative dry matter intake (DMI) was reduced in both restricted groups (P = 0.002) with no difference …
Securing Smart Agriculture With Communication-Efficient Federated Unlearning, Ujjwal Pudasaini
Securing Smart Agriculture With Communication-Efficient Federated Unlearning, Ujjwal Pudasaini
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis addresses the data poisoning attack in smart agricultural systems using federated unlearning, where the contribution of compromised field devices must be removed from the global model under communication constraints. We propose FedSCAN, a three-phase framework that identifies critical layers based on parameter sensitivity, classifies active neurons within these layers through relative weight change analysis, and performs unlearning via sparse low-rank adaptation to active neurons while freezing base model parameters. FedSCAN limits computational overhead to a compact parameter subset, enabling devices to participate in a communication-efficient manner. Experimental results on four datasets demonstrate that FedSCAN achieves up to 426.3× …
Finite Mixture Modeling Towards Applications In Material Science And Biomedical Data, Jason Hasse
Finite Mixture Modeling Towards Applications In Material Science And Biomedical Data, Jason Hasse
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation contains three chapters on different applications of mixture regression models, broadly in materials science and public health. We begin with a basic application of finite mixture models and regression mixture models. The materials science analysis was performed entirely using data from finite element simulations of the additive manufacturing process via powder bed fusion. Visualization of the clustering solution as applied to the additive manufacturing designs highlighted the intuitive patterns that could be found. These patterns simultaneously yield the regression coefficients and subgroups of the geometric regions, providing a way to predict stresses and strains in a new geometry …
Floodwater Salinity And Flood Duration Regulate Greenhouse Gas Production In High- Latitude Coastal Wetland And Tundra Soils, Mia J. Dicianna
Floodwater Salinity And Flood Duration Regulate Greenhouse Gas Production In High- Latitude Coastal Wetland And Tundra Soils, Mia J. Dicianna
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Coastal high-latitude ecosystems are increasingly flooded from storm surges associated with climate change, exposing soils that were historically infrequently inundated to higher-salinity waters for longer durations. Sub-Arctic wetlands and tundra store large amounts of carbon, yet how flooding characteristics, particularly flood duration, influence microbial mineralization and, consequently, greenhouse gas (GHG) production in these soils remains poorly understood. We conducted a full-factorial microcosm incubation experiment in which coastal wetland and tundra soils were subjected to simulated flooding with three durations (1, 3, and 10 days) and four salinity treatments (unflooded, freshwater, 3 ppt, and 12 ppt) and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) …
The Impact Of Communication Satisfaction On Division I Student Athletes, Gabriella Gnewuch
The Impact Of Communication Satisfaction On Division I Student Athletes, Gabriella Gnewuch
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Communication satisfaction is vital for the motivation, retention, and interpersonal success of collegiate student-athletes. While coaches play a pivotal role in the athletic experience, current literature focuses predominantly on head coaches, leaving a significant gap regarding the influence of assistant coaches. This study utilized Confirmation Theory, comprised of the dual dimensions of acceptance and challenge. The study examined how these communication behaviors impact student-athlete satisfaction at the Division I level. A census was conducted among Division I student-athletes at South Dakota State University using the Coach Confirmation Instrument (CCI) and the Student Communication Satisfaction Scale (SCSS). Quantitative results from multiple …
An Integrated Evaluation Of Trace Mineral Status, Regional Variation, And Supplementation Effects On Circulating Mineral And Reproductive Performance In American Plains Bison, Bailey M. Rodriguez
An Integrated Evaluation Of Trace Mineral Status, Regional Variation, And Supplementation Effects On Circulating Mineral And Reproductive Performance In American Plains Bison, Bailey M. Rodriguez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The continued expansion of the American Plains Bison (Bison bison) industry has increased the need for science-based nutritional recommendations tailored specifically to the species, due to limited species-specific research. Because trace minerals influence immune function, growth, and reproductive performance, establishing baseline mineral status and evaluating responses to supplementation are critical for advancing bison production and conservation efforts. This thesis integrates two complementary investigations to evaluate trace mineral status in American Plains bison at both regional and herd management levels. First, a herd level comparison evaluated the influence of differing mineral supplementation strategies on circulating mineral concentrations, herd performance, and reproductive …
Winter-Feeding High Forage Vs. High Concentrate Diets To Beef Cows: Effects On Placental Transcriptomics, Lactation Capacity, And Enteric Methane Emissions, Megan Ann Wehrbein
Winter-Feeding High Forage Vs. High Concentrate Diets To Beef Cows: Effects On Placental Transcriptomics, Lactation Capacity, And Enteric Methane Emissions, Megan Ann Wehrbein
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Nutritional management and lactation performance are critical factors influencing productivity in cattle. This research includes two complementary studies. The first study was a meta-analysis to develop a lactation curve for Bos taurus cattle in North America using data from machine or hand milked cows. Data from 7 studies were used resulting in 1340 cow-day observations. Milk yield was analyzed by parity (primiparous or multiparous) and feeding management (non-nutrient restricted or nutrient restricted), revealing that primiparous cattle peaked earlier and at lower yields than multiparous cattle, and nutrient restriction reduced peak milk yield. Overall, Bos taurus cattle followed lactation trends similar …
Evaluating Methodologies For Estimating Enteric Emissions And Modeling Greenfeed Technology Utilization In Extensive Beef And Bison Grazing Systems, Aletta Laura Husmann
Evaluating Methodologies For Estimating Enteric Emissions And Modeling Greenfeed Technology Utilization In Extensive Beef And Bison Grazing Systems, Aletta Laura Husmann
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from grazing ruminants represent a significant component of U.S. agricultural emissions. However, enteric methane (CH4) from cow– calf systems on extensive rangelands pose substantial measurement and management challenges. The Northern Great Plains (NGP) supports nearly one-quarter of the U.S. beef cow population, yet regionally representative, herd-level enteric emission data from commercial ranches remain limited. This thesis integrates empirical field measurements with modeling approaches to evaluate the feasibility of quantifying enteric emissions on extensive rangelands and to examine system-level drivers influencing data yield, costs, and operational performance. Enteric methane and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were measured from …
A Multiscale Computational Framework Bridging Molecular Dyanmics, Phase-Field, And Elasto–Viscoplstic Fast Fourier Transform: Applications To Process–Structure–Property Relationships In Metallic Materials, Chaimae Jouhari
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Metallic materials exhibit process–structure–property relationships that arise from physical mechanisms operating across multiple length and time scales. Atomistic processes control diffusion, thermal response, and interfacial behavior; mesoscale mechanisms govern grain morphology, interface migration, and microstructure evolution; full-field crystal-plasticity calculations resolve heterogeneous mechanical fields; and continuum-scale finite-element (FE) models connect material response to component-level deformation, damage, and performance. Because no single simulation method can resolve all of these mechanisms, predictive modeling requires a framework in which information obtained at one scale can be transferred to the next. This dissertation develops a multiscale computational framework that bridges molecular dynamics (MD), phase-field (PF) …
The Fate And Removal Of E. Coli Across Liquid And Sludge Treatment Stages In An Activated -Sludge Water Resource Recovery Facility, Shrawan Tandukar
The Fate And Removal Of E. Coli Across Liquid And Sludge Treatment Stages In An Activated -Sludge Water Resource Recovery Facility, Shrawan Tandukar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study evaluates the fate and removal efficiency of Escherichia coli (E. coli) across both liquid and sludge treatment processes at a full-scale activated sludge water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in Brookings, South Dakota. Understanding pathogen reduction within wastewater treatment systems is critical for protecting public health and ensuring regulatory compliance, particularly in facilities practicing water reuse and biosolids management. Liquid and sludge samples were collected from multiple treatment stages between January and July 2025 and analyzed using the IDEXX Colilert Quanti-Tray 2000 method. This study quantifies E. coli concentrations throughout the treatment train to assess removal performance and identify …
Effect Of Female Employment On Household Expenditure In Bangladesh, Fatema Binte Sharif
Effect Of Female Employment On Household Expenditure In Bangladesh, Fatema Binte Sharif
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Female labor force participation (FLFP) in Bangladesh has increased from 29.2% in 2005–06 to 42.8% in 2022, raising important questions about household resource allocation. This study examines the impact of female employment on household expenditure patterns and challenges the traditional unitary model of decision-making. It focuses on how income controlled by women influences spending across essential and non-essential categories. The analysis uses data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. This research employs Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) approach to estimate budget shares for food, housing, health, education, clothing, and transport. The study …
Some Applications Of Derivatives In The Theory Of Equations, Commodore C. Dearman Jr
Some Applications Of Derivatives In The Theory Of Equations, Commodore C. Dearman Jr
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Imaging-Based Colorimetric Gas Sensing For Wearable Applications, Syed Saad Ahmed
Imaging-Based Colorimetric Gas Sensing For Wearable Applications, Syed Saad Ahmed
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Continuous monitoring of gases is a critical challenge for wearable health monitoring systems and portable environmental gas detection. The technology used for gas detection, including electrochemical sensors, metal oxide semiconductors, and non-dispersive infrared systems, is based on bulky optical components, which limit their practicality as an ideal tool for wearable and field-deployable stages. This thesis investigates if the passive colorimetric chemistry read-out provided by a low-power CMOS imager-based architecture can provide a non-invasive alternative across two different application domains: medical transcutaneous CO₂ monitoring systems and toxic gas detection from environmental. Two sensing platforms were developed and evaluated. In the first …
Towards Optimal And Resilient Ac/Dc Microgrids: Control Design, Analysis, And Implementation, Jun Zhang
Towards Optimal And Resilient Ac/Dc Microgrids: Control Design, Analysis, And Implementation, Jun Zhang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Microgrids serve as a small-scale power grid for utilizing renewable energy to enhance energy reliability, sustainability, and resilience. As an autonomous system, an islanded microgrid can disconnect from the utility grid and operate independently by maintaining system voltage and frequency. However, this new feature introduces coordination problems among distributed generators (DGs), such as 1) how to make sure the voltage profile and current sharing in DC microgrid with different types of converters; 2) how to reduce the impact of cyberattack when the system coordination is performed based on communication, and 3) how to calculate the steady state under a droop …
A Study Of Lost Pla Investment Casting For A356 Aluminum In Resource Constrained Manufacturing Environments, Maverick Beckmann
A Study Of Lost Pla Investment Casting For A356 Aluminum In Resource Constrained Manufacturing Environments, Maverick Beckmann
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lost PLA investment casting offers a low tooling route for producing complex aluminum parts, but repeatability depends on material use, burnout behavior, geometric process limits, and dimensional response. This thesis evaluated Lost PLA casting as a resource efficient manufacturing method for complex A356 aluminum components in resource constrained settings through four linked objectives: metal reusability, burnout and PLA selection, process limitations, and feature based dimensional shrinkage. A metal mass balance was performed on six casting trials using salvaged A356. Ash residual behavior was studied through a single tray screening test of eight commercial filaments and three invested mold burnout trials …
A Taxonomy-Driven Modular Defense Against Non-Canonical Language In Vision-Language-Action Models, Viraj Samson
A Taxonomy-Driven Modular Defense Against Non-Canonical Language In Vision-Language-Action Models, Viraj Samson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently achieved strong performance across manipulation benchmarks, but these benchmarks rely on highly templated instructions on which the models are typically fine-tuned, leaving their behavior under realistic language-side perturbation unclear. It remains an open question whether the linguistic flexibility inherited from vision-language pretraining survives this fine-tuning, or whether the resulting policies become narrowly tuned to benchmark phrasing and brittle to the intent-preserving language variation that real users naturally produce. We address this gap with a systematic study of VLA robustness under non-canonical instructions, comprising three components: a structured taxonomy of intent-preserving variations spanning linguistic, orthographic, and …
Fast And Sustainable Video Anomaly Detection With Continual Learning, Preethi Amasa
Fast And Sustainable Video Anomaly Detection With Continual Learning, Preethi Amasa
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Real-time video anomaly detection systems deployed in surveillance, healthcare, and industrial environments face continuous distribution shifts in lighting, viewpoint, and activity patterns. Existing models often experience performance degradation under these conditions and may suffer catastrophic forgetting when adapting to new environments. This thesis proposes RegiGrow, a parameter-efficient continual adaptation framework built on the Flashback retrieval pipeline. RegiGrow integrates Mixture-of-Experts Low-Rank Adaptation into a frozen ImageBind encoder, enabling sequential domain adaptation without modifying the pretrained backbone. A lightweight router maps visual regime features to a distribution over LoRA experts, each specializing in a distinct normal operating regime. The central contribution is …
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Of In-Situ Plasma- Assisted Cold Spray, Lucas Degen
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Of In-Situ Plasma- Assisted Cold Spray, Lucas Degen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cold spray is a solid-state form of additive manufacturing with high versatility and widespread applicability, especially in relation to metal coatings. Many applications exist within the fields of aerospace, defense and energy systems to obtain sustainable, temperature and corrosion resistant, robust coatings. High-strength alloys and refractory metals generally encounter challenges with regards to cold spray coating adhesion and overall deposition efficiency. Heat induced methods of post-processing or in-situ treatment have been explored to encourage particle softening in the cold spray plume, as well as coating recrystallization to enhance material properties. These approaches have primarily been limited to an experimental approach, …
Improving Human Dimensions Of Conservation Planning: Challenges And Opportunities For Sustainable Conservation Outcomes, Vivian Hulugh
Improving Human Dimensions Of Conservation Planning: Challenges And Opportunities For Sustainable Conservation Outcomes, Vivian Hulugh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Conservation planning is important to ensure both ecological and social benefits of natural resources, including the maintenance of functional ecosystems and stable wildlife populations as well as the provision of resources that communities rely on. Yet, the integration of the human dimensions of conservation planning remains limited in practice. This thesis examines conservation planning in South Dakota and within Joint Venture (JV) partnerships, using qualitative methods to identify challenges and opportunities for more effective and coordinated planning. In chapter one, I examine how collaboration, public participation, and the use of climate information are integrated conservation planning in South Dakota and …
The Spacetime Finite Element Method For Investigations Into Physics Ghost Systems And Time Parallel Preconditioning, Jax Wysong
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work operates on two fronts, focusing on interesting physical phenomena before turning our attention to an interesting numerical math problem. First, using the spacetime finite element method (FEM), we investigate a PDE system consisting of two Klein Gordon equations, which are coupled nonlinearly through the potential energy. The system contains a ghost (negative kinetic energy term). Systems such as these are generally deemed physically unstable, resulting in infinite energy in finite time. However, recent work has shown that this is not always the case. We investigate multiple scenarios arising from different initial conditions to characterize if/when a ghost system …
Transcriptomic And Epigenetic Analysis Of Dormant Grape Buds During Chilling Fulfillment, Imasha Thilakarathna
Transcriptomic And Epigenetic Analysis Of Dormant Grape Buds During Chilling Fulfillment, Imasha Thilakarathna
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Investigation Of Perennial Clover Living Mulch And Reduced Tillage Effects On Weed Suppression, Crop Metrics, And Yield Of Organic Cabbage And Sweet Corn In The Northern Great Plains, Kristina Harms
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Vegetable farmers often face weed management and soil health challenges, such as nitrate leaching, soil compaction, and top-soil loss. Sustainable agriculture is a forefront of innovation compared to conventional agriculture. Living mulches, non-cash crops grown alongside cash crops, have demonstrated weed suppression and impact on the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Yet studies have not evaluated established living mulch systems on cash crop quality and yield. This study conducted in 2023, 2024, and 2025 at SDSU Southeast Research Farm, Beresford, SD, USA evaluates the impact of established ‘Dynamite’ red clover (Trifolium pratense), ‘Domino’ white clover (T. repens), and ‘Aberlasting’ white × …