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Multifunctional And Responsive Polyelectrolyte Nanostructures, Astha Malhotra
Multifunctional And Responsive Polyelectrolyte Nanostructures, Astha Malhotra
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A polyelectrolyte complex is formed by mixing two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in a solution. The electrostatic interactions between partially charged polymeric chains lead to the formation of a stable complex while avoiding the use of covalent cross linkers. Since complex formation can improve the stability of polyelectrolyte and metal ions in polyelectrolyte can provide various functionalities, PECs incorporated with metal ions are promising candidates for manufacturing stable and multifunctional structures. While the coordination of metal ions and polyelectrolytes has been extensively investigated in solutions and multilayer films, to our knowledge, no research has been performed to study the effect of …
Chemical Differentiation Of Human Osseous, Non-Human Osseous, And Non-Osseous Materials Using Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (Sem/Edx) And Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Cayli Meizel-Lambert
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Identification of osseous materials is generally established on gross anatomical factors; however, highly fragmented or taphonomically altered materials are often problematic and alternative methods, such as biological, histological, or chemical analysis, must be utilized. Recently, chemical methods have been proposed to sort unknown materials according to their Ca/P ratios. Ubelaker and colleagues (2002) proposed using SEM/EDX to achieve this distinction and Christensen and colleagues (2012) have validated X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) for this application. An alternative method of analysis involves performing principal component analysis (PCA) on element spectra to classify unknown materials based on their trace element composition. Zimmerman (2013) …
Diet At Medieval Alytus, Lithuania: Stable Carbon And Nitrogen Isotope Analysis Of Bone And Dentin Collagen, Katie Whitmore
Diet At Medieval Alytus, Lithuania: Stable Carbon And Nitrogen Isotope Analysis Of Bone And Dentin Collagen, Katie Whitmore
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Baltic region was a vibrant center of power and economic prosperity in medieval Europe; Lithuania in particular. Until now, little stable isotopic analysis has been utilized to assess diet in this region during this time period. The aim of this study was to undertake a preliminary assessment of the composition of diet at late medieval Alytus (late 14th to early 18th centuries) from bone (N=35) and dentin (N=38) collagen samples. The stable carbon isotopic data suggest a diet primarily comprised of C3 plants such as barley, rye, wheat, and flax, and animals consuming C3 plants. The stable nitrogen isotopic …
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: Their Phosphatase Activity And Its Control, Atul Dhall
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: Their Phosphatase Activity And Its Control, Atul Dhall
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cerium oxide nanoparticles are established scavengers of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. They have many potential biomedical applications that depend on their physicochemical properties and mode of preparation. Recent studies have found these nanoparticles possess phosphatase mimetic activity. Studying such catalytic activities will qualify their biomedical applications and render information on their bioavailability and potential toxicity. Two oxidation states of cerium exist in these nanoparticles (3+ or 4+). It is hypothesized that the oxidation state of cerium in the nanoparticles determines the amount of adsorbed water on the crystal lattices. This in turn governs their activity as phosphatases. Nanoparticles with …
Understanding The Effect Of Formulaic Language On Esl Teachers' Perceptions Of Advanced L2 Writing: An Application Of Corpus-Identified Formulaic Language, Alison Youngblood
Understanding The Effect Of Formulaic Language On Esl Teachers' Perceptions Of Advanced L2 Writing: An Application Of Corpus-Identified Formulaic Language, Alison Youngblood
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A quantitative study was conducted to determine if the amount of formulaic language influenced ESL teachers' perceptions (n=102) of non-native writing skill, as evidenced by composite and sub-scale scores on the ESL Composition Profile (Jacobs et al., 1981). Formulaic language was operationalized as 25 three-word strings sampled from the writing sub-list of the Academic Formulas List (Simpson-Vlach & Ellis, 2010) and further validated as frequent in the Michigan Corpus of Upper Level Student Papers. The target formulaic sequences were divided into three experimental groups representing a low, mid, and high amount of formulaic language. Four advanced non-native writers generated argumentative, …
Depredation Of Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys Terrapin) Nests In North Inlet, Sc: Nest Predator Community And The Cues Used By Raccoons To Locate Nests, Samuel Al Buzuleciu Ii
Depredation Of Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys Terrapin) Nests In North Inlet, Sc: Nest Predator Community And The Cues Used By Raccoons To Locate Nests, Samuel Al Buzuleciu Ii
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Predation on diamondback terrapin eggs has been studied in several terrapin populations across their broad geographic range; however, nest predators have not been studied in South Carolina. Objectives of this project were two-fold: first, identify predators of diamondback terrapin eggs in North Inlet, SC; and second, determine the source of olfactory cue(s) used by raccoons to locate terrapin nests. Terrapin nest predators were identified using a combination of camera traps, visual surveys and trackboards. Raccoons were dominant nest predators and depredated 347 of 349 (combined natural and simulated) terrapin nests during the 2013 nesting season. We identified the source of …
Assessment Of Bryophyte Communities Along The Waccamaw River, Sc, Christine Elizabeth Raczka
Assessment Of Bryophyte Communities Along The Waccamaw River, Sc, Christine Elizabeth Raczka
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The focus of this study was to determine the bryophyte communities present along the Waccamaw River, South Carolina and determine if there are any environmental constraints affecting bryophyte diversity. Another aspect of this study was to determine if bryophyte communities are bioindicators for dissolved inorganic nutrients in the Waccamaw River. A total of 1050 bryophyte specimens were collected over the course of the study. Twelve genera were identified and consisted of thirteen moss species and one liverwort species. The bryophyte species were collected at seven sites along the Waccamw River in a nested sampling design which assessed the bryophytes growing …
The Reproductive Ecology Of Two Sympatric Demersal Fishes: The Naked Goby Gobiosoma Bosc And Striped Blenny Chasmodes Bosquianus, Rachel M. Tremont
The Reproductive Ecology Of Two Sympatric Demersal Fishes: The Naked Goby Gobiosoma Bosc And Striped Blenny Chasmodes Bosquianus, Rachel M. Tremont
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The naked goby (Gobiosoma bosc) and striped blenny (Chasmodes bosquianus) are sympatric oyster reef fishes within temperate estuaries. The reproductive biology and early life history of these fishes were described during two consecutive spawning seasons from 2012-2013 in North Inlet, SC. The naked goby and striped blenny spawning seasons lasted for 21 weeks and 30 weeks, respectively, for 2012 and 2013. The naked goby spawning season began 3 weeks later than the striped blenny spawning season for both years. The temporal offset in the start of their spawning seasons may reduce competition for nest habitat between the two species. Naked …
The Effects Of Non-Native Species On Two Life-Stages Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica, Wei Yuan
The Effects Of Non-Native Species On Two Life-Stages Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica, Wei Yuan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Since their recent introductions into Florida waters, three nonnative species [Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1758 (Asian green mussel), Mytella charruana d'Orbigny, 1846 (charru mussel) and Megabalanus coccopoma Darwin, 1854 (pink titan acorn barnacle)] have expanded both north and south along the Atlantic coast. Very little research has been done to understand how these nonnative species interact with the native eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791), which is a keystone species that provides important ecological services and economic benefits. To test the potential effects of P. viridis, M. charruana and M. coccopoma on C. virginica, I addressed the following questions: 1a) Does …
Modulation Of Cholera Toxin Structure And Function By Host Proteins, Helen Burress
Modulation Of Cholera Toxin Structure And Function By Host Proteins, Helen Burress
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cholera toxin (CT) moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the catalytic CTA1 subunit separates from the holotoxin and unfolds due to its intrinsic thermal instability. Unfolded CTA1 then moves through an ER translocon pore to reach its cytosolic target. Due to the instability of CTA1, it must be actively refolded in the cytosol to achieve the proper conformation for modification of its G protein target. The cytosolic heat shock protein Hsp90 is involved with the ER-to-cytosol translocation of CTA1, yet the mechanistic role of Hsp90 in CTA1 translocation remains unknown. Potential post-translocation roles for Hsp90 …
A Human-Centric Approach To Data Fusion In Post-Disaster Managment: The Development Of A Fuzzy Set Theory Based Model, Mubarak Banisakher
A Human-Centric Approach To Data Fusion In Post-Disaster Managment: The Development Of A Fuzzy Set Theory Based Model, Mubarak Banisakher
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
It is critical to provide an efficient and accurate information system in the post-disaster phase for individuals' in order to access and obtain the necessary resources in a timely manner; but current map based post-disaster management systems provide all emergency resource lists without filtering them which usually leads to high levels of energy consumed in calculation. Also an effective post-disaster management system (PDMS) will result in distribution of all emergency resources such as, hospital, storage and transportation much more reasonably and be more beneficial to the individuals in the post disaster period. In this Dissertation, firstly, semi-supervised learning (SSL) based …
Modulation Of Immunity Via Antibodies Displayed On In Situ Forming Peptide Co-Assemblies, Yi Wen
Modulation Of Immunity Via Antibodies Displayed On In Situ Forming Peptide Co-Assemblies, Yi Wen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Many diseases are associated with disruption of immune homeostasis. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting soluble antigens or immune cell surface molecules have been developed to modulate immunity. However, systemic administration can lead to severe immune related side effects. This dissertation investigated a versatile platform to display antibodies locally in diseased tissues to minimize unwanted systemic exposure. This system is a stimuli-responsive and injectable formulation utilizing in situ forming peptide co-assemblies and two linker proteins. The self-assembling peptides EAK16-II and EAKIIH6 co-assemble into fibrous structures with accessible His-tags when exposed to salts. Anti-His-tag antibodies (αH6-IgG) bind to these His-tags and provide fragment …
The Effects Of Elevated Total Dissolved Solids On The Behavior And Survival Of The Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus Ochrophaeus, Megan M. Morrissey
The Effects Of Elevated Total Dissolved Solids On The Behavior And Survival Of The Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus Ochrophaeus, Megan M. Morrissey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) have been found in streams in Pennsylvania primarily due to unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) and mine drainage. TDS is the concentration of dissolved salts in water. To understand the effects of TDS on amphibians, a semi-aquatic salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus exposed to synthetic solutions containing TDS up to 5,000 ppm. In an initial study, animals exposed to a solution of approximately 2,000 ppm TDS containing elevated sulfate experienced reduced survival and decreased locomotory activity. Follow-up studies were consistent with the hypothesis that elevated TDS had adverse effects on survival, but effects were not seen unless …
Crisis Clinician's Lived Experience Of Clinical Supervision, Elizabeth A. Sysak
Crisis Clinician's Lived Experience Of Clinical Supervision, Elizabeth A. Sysak
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Crisis intervention first responders experience both small and large-scale disasters that can leave lasting negative impacts on crisis clinicians. However, little is known about how clinicians receive support for their personal and professional well being in clinical supervision. This hermeneutic phenomenological study explored the lived experience of crisis clinicians to understand how and if they receive support through clinical supervision in their work in crisis intervention. This study found that crisis clinicians struggle to manage the complex emotions that accompany the unique work of crisis intervention. This study also found that crisis clinicians are not receiving the support they need …
Acting White Among Black College Students: A Phenomenological Study Of Social Constructions Of Race, Evette L. Allen
Acting White Among Black College Students: A Phenomenological Study Of Social Constructions Of Race, Evette L. Allen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study was a qualitative examination of Black college students' experiences with the Acting White label. In conducting this study, two gaps in literature were addressed: (1) the lack of literature on Black college students and the acting white label, and (2) lack of attention to a US racial history and current structures which allow a label such as "acting white" to exist. Thus, the purpose of this study was to call attention to the experiences of Black college students as it relates to the acting white label. Additionally, the study calls attention to social constructions that allow the acting …
Constructing The Rod Bipolar Cell Signalplex Using Animal Models Of Retinal Dysfunction., Thomas Andrew Ray 1986-
Constructing The Rod Bipolar Cell Signalplex Using Animal Models Of Retinal Dysfunction., Thomas Andrew Ray 1986-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Glutamate mediated neurotransmission from the rod photoreceptors to rod bipolar cells is critical for vision under low light levels. Disruption of this pathway results in the blinding disorder Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB), which is hallmarked by the inability to see under dim light. Mouse models of CSNB have been critical to identifying proteins required for glutamate signaling and understanding the mechanism of signaling. Currently, our understanding of rod bipolar signaling is incompletely understood because not all of the protein components of the signalplex have been identified. It was known that the glutamate receptor mGluR6 is coupled to the TRPM1 …
Territoriality And Landscape Of Aggression., Piyumika Sureshni Suriyampola
Territoriality And Landscape Of Aggression., Piyumika Sureshni Suriyampola
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Behavioral adjustments in response to the presence of landmarks can exert strong effects on population dynamics of territorial species as well as the evolution of behavior and social systems. Hence, an understanding of the role of landmarks in animal contests provides a link between behavioral decision-making and population dynamics, which has been viewed as a major goal in ecology. This dissertation investigates the effects of landmarks on territory defense, focusing on how landmarks affect differences in sex roles, the landscape of aggression and fundamental territory properties. To investigate these ideas, I used three different cichlid fish species as model systems. …
A Semi-Empirical Hamiltonian For Boron, Phosphorus And Compounds Containing Boron, Phosphorus And Silicon., Paul S. Tandy
A Semi-Empirical Hamiltonian For Boron, Phosphorus And Compounds Containing Boron, Phosphorus And Silicon., Paul S. Tandy
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this work, a 25 parameter semi-empirical Hamiltonian for boron and phosphorus is developed. The Hamiltonian contains both environment-dependent terms and electron-correlation terms with the on-site charge calculated self-consistently. One of the goals of this work is to obtain the parameterized Hamiltonian for boron and phosphorus by fitting the properties of small boron and phosphorus clusters and the bulk phases, as obtained by our method, to ab-initio calculations. The general structure of this Hamiltonian and all phenomenological functions contained within have been successful in predicting the properties of intermediate silicon clusters as well as extended structures of silicon with great …
Discursive Affordances : Police, Transfer, And The Performance Of Identity., Robert John Terry
Discursive Affordances : Police, Transfer, And The Performance Of Identity., Robert John Terry
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation is an analysis of how the performance of identity affects the possibilities for the transfer of writing strategies. It begins with a literature review of the existing research on transfer within the field of composition and posits that an undertheorized understanding of identity may be leading to misunderstandings related to the transfer of knowledge. It then provides a framework for understanding the performance of identity developed through James Paul Gee's Discourse theory and provides a framework for understanding and identifying Discourse conflicts related to the performance of identity. After providing an overview of the research site, the Administrative …
A Microreactor Approach For Chemoselective Capture And Analysis Of Carbonyl Compounds In Air And Exhaled Breath., Mingxiao Li
A Microreactor Approach For Chemoselective Capture And Analysis Of Carbonyl Compounds In Air And Exhaled Breath., Mingxiao Li
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at trace level (parts per billion volume (ppbv) to parts per trillion (pptv)) has become an important research area because of demanding applications in homeland security, environmental monitoring, and noninvasive diagnosis of diseases. The analysis of trace VOCs challenges existing analytical instruments because their concentrations are beyond current instrument limits of detection. In this dissertation, we have investigated an innovative microreactor that is suitable for quantitative analysis of volatile carbonyl compounds in ambient air as well as in human exhaled breath. The approach is based on microreactor chips fabricated from four inch silicon wafers. …
Predictors Of Hiv Risk Behaviors Among Older Adults : A Multilevel Analysis., Laneshia Rae' Mccord
Predictors Of Hiv Risk Behaviors Among Older Adults : A Multilevel Analysis., Laneshia Rae' Mccord
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Over the past thirty years, HIV has become a worldwide epidemic. Given the surge in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV, this sheds light as a new worry for sexually active older adults, raising questions about risk behaviors among this group. The issues facing older adults are three-fold in that they are 1) not identifying themselves as being at risk; 2) not identifying risk behaviors; and 3) are not largely being identified in the public realm as participating in risk behaviors. For these reasons, understanding both environmental and individual factors and their unique influences on HIV risk behaviors …
Navigating The Field : An Examination Of Rhetorical Spaces In The Journal Of Sex Research., Deanna Mcgaughey-Summers
Navigating The Field : An Examination Of Rhetorical Spaces In The Journal Of Sex Research., Deanna Mcgaughey-Summers
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, I adopt a praxical theory of rhetorical space to identify and examine how members of The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality draw on or invoke rhetorical spatiality in their research published in the Journal of Sex Research. My specific research questions were: (1) What types of rhetorical spaces do sexologists create? and, (2) What rhetorical strategies do sexologists use to create rhetorical spaces? The dissertation is divided into five chapters that present different investigations of the production of rhetorical space in The Journal of Sex Research. Chapter One introduces the theoretical and methodological foundation for …
Community Level Impacts Of Microstegium Vimineum On Arthropod Community Structure And Foodweb Dynamics In A Temperate Deciduous Forest., Judith L. Metcalf
Community Level Impacts Of Microstegium Vimineum On Arthropod Community Structure And Foodweb Dynamics In A Temperate Deciduous Forest., Judith L. Metcalf
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Invasion by non-native primary producers are generally expected to lead to a decline in native species richness, however in some cases, these invasions can actually lead to an increase in diversity and abundance of certain groups of organisms. Arthropods are extremely sensitive to changes in the plant community, particularly herbivores, and the response of these primary consumers can influence predator populations. Microstegium vimineum is an invasive C4 grass that has developed strong populations in the understory of temperate deciduous forests along the east coast of the U.S. This work evaluates the influence that this invader may have on insect and …
Success On Their Own Terms : Youths' Perspectives On What It Means To Be Successful In Foster Care., Justin Miller
Success On Their Own Terms : Youths' Perspectives On What It Means To Be Successful In Foster Care., Justin Miller
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Foster care is a fundamental component of the child welfare system. Traditionally, foster care has been viewed as the primary mechanism for caring for children placed outside of their home, and is considered one of the central intervention strategies for child welfare practitioners. Foster care services are regularly recommended for children who are abused and neglected. In 2011, there were an estimated 401,000 youths in foster care and approximately 646,000 youth were served by the foster care system. Yet, despite the importance of foster care to child welfare, social work literature in general, and child welfare literature specifically, is devoid …
Repair Of The Airway Epithelium After Chlorine-Induced Injury., Sadiatu Musah
Repair Of The Airway Epithelium After Chlorine-Induced Injury., Sadiatu Musah
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Chlorine is a widely used toxic chemical that is considered a chemical threat agent. Chlorine inhalation injures airway epithelium, and efficient epithelial repair is necessary to restore normal lung structure and function. Regeneration of injured tissues typically proceeds through the proliferation and differentiation of stem or progenitor cells. Knowledge of underlying mechanisms that regulate these processes during airway epithelial repair is lacking. This dissertation characterizes respiratory epithelial repair after chlorine injury to investigate potential signaling pathways that could be manipulated to regulate stem/progenitor cells in airway repair. Repair of the pseudostratified tracheal epithelium after chlorine-induced injury was characterized in C57BL/6 …
A Non-Invasive Method For Measuring Blood Flow Rate In Superficial Veins From A Single Thermal Image., Heba E. Farag
A Non-Invasive Method For Measuring Blood Flow Rate In Superficial Veins From A Single Thermal Image., Heba E. Farag
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Computer vision is a field that includes methods for processing, analyzing, acquiring and understanding images to produce numerical or symbolic information to develop methodologies and solutions for many problems in many fields. Here the concept of computer vision is being used for understanding certain human physiology and behaviors using thermal imaging alone or in conjunction with other imaging modalities. The applications of this work span a wide range of studies in human-machine interfacing vis-à-vis feedback controls that can be used to remotely determine whether a patient is in need of medical assistance or to help integrate young children with learning …
The Dimerization Of Parotid Secretory Protein., Diana M. Blau
The Dimerization Of Parotid Secretory Protein., Diana M. Blau
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
BACKGROUND: The parotid gland plays an integral part in digestion, immunity, and oral health. Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP, BPIFA2E) is an abundant protein that is secreted into the oral cavity. To understand the unique molecular mechanisms of sorting secretory proteins, structure must be studied. Protein structure is essential in understanding the basis of function. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that PSP in solution forms a dimer. METHODS: Initially, parotid secretory granules were purified from rat parotid glands by using differential centrifugation and crosslinked with formaldehyde. The products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot for PSP. Using PCR technology our gene of …
Xbp1 And Mist1 Are Not Sufficient To Induce The Regulated Secretory Pathway In Parotid Cell Lines., Ian S. Pyle 1986-
Xbp1 And Mist1 Are Not Sufficient To Induce The Regulated Secretory Pathway In Parotid Cell Lines., Ian S. Pyle 1986-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
BACKGROUND: Xerostomia causes oral infections, tooth decay, and hindered digestion. Crucial to oral homeostasis is the salivary proteome. How these proteins are trafficked through secretory cells into secretory pathways is unknown. Abundant in the saliva is Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP), secreted through the regulated secretory pathway. HYPOTHESIS: The addition of XBP-1 and Mist1, known for differentiation marker regulation, to ParC10 cells will improve stimulated secretion of PSP. METHODS: Fusion clones were transiently or stably transfected into ParC10 cells. Media from non-stimulated and stimulated cells was harvested and luciferase activity was assayed. RESULTS: Stimulated secretion of cypridina-PSP was not significantly higher …
Peptide Mediated Inhibition Of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Dual And Three Species Biofilms., Naga Srinija Gummadi
Peptide Mediated Inhibition Of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Dual And Three Species Biofilms., Naga Srinija Gummadi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis is the key phase in transformation of bacterial biofilm from a commensal plaque to pathogenic form observed in periodontitis. Objectives: The goals of this study are to establish optimum levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum to reproducibly generate dual and three species biofilms and examine inhibition of biofilm formation by BAR peptide and BAR analogs C1-24 R1182 I1185 BAR, R1182 I1185 BAR and C1-24 BAR. Methods: S. gordonii was grown in BHIY media; P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were grown in TSBY and BHI media respectively supplemented with hemin and menadione. Labeled …
Post-Mortem Analysis Of Cortical Thickness And Neuronal Morphometry In Autism., Shweta Sunil Kamat
Post-Mortem Analysis Of Cortical Thickness And Neuronal Morphometry In Autism., Shweta Sunil Kamat
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of conditions characterized by a broad spectrum of deficiencies related to social communication, both verbal and non-verbal, as well as repetitive behaviors such as rocking back and forth, or arm flapping. This devastating group of disorders affects millions of people regardless of their socioeconomic, ethnic and racial backgrounds. Among other issues such as migraines, sensory deficits and intense aggression, epilepsy is a major neurological disorder very highly associated with ASD; roughly one third of all ASD patients are diagnosed with epilepsy, and a much higher proportion suffer from at least one seizure in …