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A Forensics Software Toolkit For Dna Steganalysis., Marc Bjoern Beck May 2015

A Forensics Software Toolkit For Dna Steganalysis., Marc Bjoern Beck

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Recent advances in genetic engineering have allowed the insertion of artificial DNA strands into the living cells of organisms. Several methods have been developed to insert information into a DNA sequence for the purpose of data storage, watermarking, or communication of secret messages. The ability to detect, extract, and decode messages from DNA is important for forensic data collection and for data security. We have developed a software toolkit that is able to detect the presence of a hidden message within a DNA sequence, extract that message, and then decode it. The toolkit is able to detect, extract, and decode …

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Characterization Of The Innate Response To The Ragb Protein Of Porphyromonas Gingivalis., Justin Hutcherson May 2015

Characterization Of The Innate Response To The Ragb Protein Of Porphyromonas Gingivalis., Justin Hutcherson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

More than 64 million people in the US suffer from some form of periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are bacterial infections of the hard and soft tissues surrounding the teeth which can lead to tooth loss. Periodontal tissue destruction is caused by inflammatory host-pathogen interactions. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major causative agent of periodontal diseases and is a keystone periodontal pathogen. The 55kDa immunodominant RagB outer membrane protein of P. gingivalis has been proposed to facilitate iron transport. However, potential interactions between RagB and the innate response have not been examined. RagB homologues in gut Bacteroidetes have been associated with inflammatory …

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Characterizing The Neuropeptide Pathways Between The Forebrain And The Pons., Ali Al-Magableh May 2015

Characterizing The Neuropeptide Pathways Between The Forebrain And The Pons., Ali Al-Magableh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Many current health problems including obesity, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, and type 2-diabetes can be attributed to diet. One powerful determinant of food selection is how good or bad a food 'tastes' (e.g. affective value), and is ranked highly by consumers as their top reason for choosing a food (e.g. preference). Learning plays an important role in the establishment and strengthening of food preference and, thus in guiding food choice and calories consumed. The basis of such learning is provided, in part, by limbic system modulation of gustatory neural processing at lower levels in the medulla and pons. I hypothesize …

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Critical Insights Into The Pathogenesis Of Clinical Isolates Of Pandemic Influenza A(H1n1) 2009 Virus In Mouse And Ferret Models., Jeremy V. Camp 1980- May 2015

Critical Insights Into The Pathogenesis Of Clinical Isolates Of Pandemic Influenza A(H1n1) 2009 Virus In Mouse And Ferret Models., Jeremy V. Camp 1980-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a minus-sense, segmented, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the respiratory tract of humans and can cause severe illness. Novel IAV variants perpetually emerge on every continent, and the emergence of variants with increased transmissibility and/or pathogenesis in the human population is a serious concern for global public health. Infection with IAV typically causes an acute, self-limiting upper respiratory tract disease. However, severe IAV disease is characterized by infection of the lower respiratory tract which can lead to pneumonia and may result in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Viral and host contributions to …

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Modeling Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Victimized Women On Probation And Parole : Examining The Impact Of Childhood Victimization., Katherine M. E. Winham May 2015

Modeling Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Victimized Women On Probation And Parole : Examining The Impact Of Childhood Victimization., Katherine M. E. Winham

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Women are the fastest growing segment of the criminal justice population in the United States (Minton, 2013; Pew Center on the States, 2009). Research is needed to understand Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among women involved with the criminal justice system to inform prevention and rehabilitation efforts. Despite findings suggesting that a mental health diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among women in this population (Lynch, DeHart, Belknap, & Green, 2012; Salina, Lesondak, Razzano, & Weilbaecher, 2007), little research has examined the presence of this disorder among women involved with the criminal justice system with experiences of childhood victimization. …

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Early Host Response And Immune Signaling To 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1n1) Viruses In Primary Cell Culture Models., Rachael Lask Gerlach May 2015

Early Host Response And Immune Signaling To 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1n1) Viruses In Primary Cell Culture Models., Rachael Lask Gerlach

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes and even genotypes within subtypes can show differences in tropism (host, cell type), magnitude of infection, immune response and progression of illness. My dissertation focused on the development and use of two in vitro physiologically-relevant human cell culture models, well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (wdNHBE) cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) for the study of early IAV-host interactions. These models have given new insight into early host responses to seasonal H1N1 (BN59) and two pandemic A(H1N1)2009 viruses or H1N1pdm herein. The H1N1pdm are clinical isolates from a fatal (A/KY/180/10) and nonfatal (A/KY/136/09) case. In the …

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Examining The Perceptions Of First-Year Stem Students On Retention Factors At The University Of The West Indies., Joy A. Harewood Cox May 2015

Examining The Perceptions Of First-Year Stem Students On Retention Factors At The University Of The West Indies., Joy A. Harewood Cox

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The study explored the relationships between student attributes and institutional experiences associated with re-enrollment status in first-year Caribbean students enrolled in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The research was conducted during student’s first semester at two campuses of the premier Caribbean university. The nature of academic advising and student’s satisfaction with the advising process, a program perceived in the literature as contributing to student’s persistence and retention, was also explored. This study tested the relevance of Tinto’s (1993) Longitudinal Model of Institutional Departure to the Caribbean tertiary level education system. The study adopted a survey research design and …

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Sulfur-Oxidation Enhances Nitrile Hydration In Bioinspired Ruthenium Complexes : Catalytic, Kinetic, And Dft Investigations., Davinder Kumar May 2015

Sulfur-Oxidation Enhances Nitrile Hydration In Bioinspired Ruthenium Complexes : Catalytic, Kinetic, And Dft Investigations., Davinder Kumar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The current dissertation focuses on the effects of sulfur‒oxidation on nitrile hydration activity of a series of ruthenium(II) complexes inspired by nitrile hydratase (NHase). NHase catalytically hydrates nitriles to amides at a low spin non‒heme Fe(III) or non‒corrin Co(III) metal center. The active‒site employs a N2S3X type donor set using two carboxamido nitrogens and three cofacial cysteinic sulfurs that are present in distinct oxidation states as sulfinate (RSO2¯), sulfenate (RSO¯), and thiolate (RS¯). The apical site is occupied by substrate or solvent. A lack of sulfur‒oxidation renders the enzyme inactive. Three precatalysts, LnRuPPh3 (n = 1‒3), are employed to assess …

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William Faulkner And Alcoholism : Distilling Facts And Fictions., Quintin Thomas Chipley 1956- May 2015

William Faulkner And Alcoholism : Distilling Facts And Fictions., Quintin Thomas Chipley 1956-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Opinions about alcoholism as a construct, and opinions about William Faulkner’s alcoholism as a fact, have varied. By considering carefully the role alcohol plays in human society, and by looking at these matters of concern through several different lens models, we can explain both why Faulkner was attracted abnormally to alcohol and why others around Faulkner have responded ambivalently to him, to his drinking and to his fiction. Faulkner’s alcoholism was rumored and denied during his life (1897-1962), evaded and contested after his death, and consistently affirmed after 1980. Attention to David Minter and Joseph Blotner, biographers, reveals much about …

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The Evolution And Ecology Of Individual Specializations Amongst A Group Of Dietary Generalists., Carl S. Cloyed May 2015

The Evolution And Ecology Of Individual Specializations Amongst A Group Of Dietary Generalists., Carl S. Cloyed

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation examines individual diet specializations (IS) in a group of ecologically similar and evolutionarily related frogs and toads. Individual specialization is known to have widespread ecological and evolutionary effects. In an initial literature review (Chapter 2) I build a comprehensive theoretical framework showing how different types of population diversity can help, halt, or hinder sympatric speciation. I argue that IS can be maintained indefinitely in populations yet fail to lead to speciation because it is influenced by ecological conditions that may change. Additionally, IS can potentially aid niche partitioning among similar species, increasing species coexistence and resulting in less …

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The De-Feminization Of Femininity : Exploratory Content Analysis Of Gay Male Fashion Magazines., Christopher J. Vincent May 2015

The De-Feminization Of Femininity : Exploratory Content Analysis Of Gay Male Fashion Magazines., Christopher J. Vincent

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis project is an exploratory content analysis that seeks to measure the ways in which gay male fashion magazine de-feminize their representations of feminine performing gay men. 125 images across five summer editions of Instinct Magazine, from 2010-2014, were randomly selected and were measured along the lines of race/ethnicity, fitness of clothing, build, touch, gaze, and body curvature. The research confirmed that gay male fashion magazines do in fact de-feminize their representations of femininity along these variables. The research also reflects pre-conceived ideas of representation along the boundaries of race. Using Michael Warners theory of Publics and Counterpublics as …

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Optcluster : An R Package For Determining The Optimal Clustering Algorithm And Optimal Number Of Clusters., Michael N. Sekula May 2015

Optcluster : An R Package For Determining The Optimal Clustering Algorithm And Optimal Number Of Clusters., Michael N. Sekula

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Determining the best clustering algorithm and ideal number of clusters for a particular dataset is a fundamental difficulty in unsupervised clustering analysis. In biological research, data generated from Next Generation Sequencing technology and microarray gene expression data are becoming more and more common, so new tools and resources are needed to group such high dimensional data using clustering analysis. Different clustering algorithms can group data very differently. Therefore, there is a need to determine the best groupings in a given dataset using the most suitable clustering algorithm for that data. This paper presents the R package optCluster as an efficient …

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Provisions Of Labor : Prehistoric Evidence For Economic Behavior At Ghost Ranch, New Mexico., David Alan Hoefer 1959- May 2015

Provisions Of Labor : Prehistoric Evidence For Economic Behavior At Ghost Ranch, New Mexico., David Alan Hoefer 1959-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Excavations at Ghost Ranch of two hunter-gatherer rock shelters, GR-2 and GR-145, offer new opportunities for assessing prehistoric land-use in the Piedra Lumbre Basin of northcentral New Mexico. Intersite analysis of these remains provides new data for understanding subsistence organization during the Southwestern Archaic and Formative periods. Faunal and floral assemblages from the two sites, located five km apart and overlapping chronologically, suggest divergent patterns of resource collection, processing, and use by groups taking up temporary residence in a seasonal round. I argue that economic agency provides the best explanation for the sites’ differentiated remains. Furthermore, I propose that, based …

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Analysis Of Anacardic Acid On The Surface Of Pelargonium × Hortorum Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorptoin Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging., Bryan Edward Wessel 1989- May 2015

Analysis Of Anacardic Acid On The Surface Of Pelargonium × Hortorum Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorptoin Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging., Bryan Edward Wessel 1989-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of anacardic acids (AnAcs) in glandular trichomes on the surface of geranium plants remains unclear. Anacardic acids are salicylic acid derivatives known to possess various medicinal benefits. Gene silencing techniques, such as RNA interference, could be useful in determining specific enzymes involved in the synthesis of AnAcs. However, it is first necessary to develop methodologies to image AnAcs. In this project, both fluorescence (FL) and mass spectral imaging (MSI) were tested. Our results indicate that cellular imaging of AnAcs, via FL, is not suitable because the spectral ranges of absorption and emission of …

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Exploring The Roles Of Host And Tumor Cell Α4 And Α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors In Lung Cancer., John Caleb Greenwell May 2015

Exploring The Roles Of Host And Tumor Cell Α4 And Α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors In Lung Cancer., John Caleb Greenwell

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women worldwide. Tobacco exposure represents the major risk factor. Nicotine, an addictive plant alkaloid found in tobacco, has been demonstrated to stimulate lung carcinoma cells directly via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that trigger downstream signals capable of promoting lung cancer growth and progression. Attention has been given to α7 nAChRs, while less is known about α4 nAChRs. However, most studies evaluating these receptors relied on chemical inhibitors notorious for their off-target effects. Consequently, the true role of α4 and α7 nAChRs in lung cancer remains unclear. To address …

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Sisters Of The Mississippi Struggle : Examining The Contributions By Women To The Fight For Voting Equality In Mississippi In The Early 1960s., Morgan Ackerman, 1980- May 2015

Sisters Of The Mississippi Struggle : Examining The Contributions By Women To The Fight For Voting Equality In Mississippi In The Early 1960s., Morgan Ackerman, 1980-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines the contributions made by women in the fight for voting equality in Mississippi in the early 1960s. The covered period began with the immediate reaction to the Brown Vs Board of Education decision and culminates with the Mississippi Freedom Democrat Party’s challenge to be seated in place of the regular (and proactively segregated) Mississippi delegation to the 1964 Democratic National Convention. The focus of primary concern of this thesis is the grassroots tactics utilized primarily by women, in contrast to the more visceral marches and civil disobedience espoused by male leaders, and how these differing tactics affected …

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3d-Reconstruction Of Human Jaw From A Single Image : Integration Between Statistical Shape From Shading And Shape From Shading., Mohamad Ghanoum 1990- May 2015

3d-Reconstruction Of Human Jaw From A Single Image : Integration Between Statistical Shape From Shading And Shape From Shading., Mohamad Ghanoum 1990-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Object modeling is a fundamental problem in engineering, involving talents from computer-aided design, computational geometry, computer vision and advanced manufacturing. The process of object modeling takes three stages: sensing, representation, and analysis. Various sensors may be used to capture information about objects; optical cam- eras and laser scanners are common with rigid objects, while X-ray, CT and MRI are common with biological organs. These sensors may provide a direct or indirect inference about the object, requiring a geometric representation in the computer that is suitable for subsequent usage. Geometric representations that are compact, i.e., capture the main features of the …

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Next-Gen Transcriptomics Reveals Variable Gene Expression In Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia K279a When Grown In Co-Culture With Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 2192., David Jensen 1984- May 2015

Next-Gen Transcriptomics Reveals Variable Gene Expression In Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia K279a When Grown In Co-Culture With Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 2192., David Jensen 1984-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

We are constantly surrounded by bacteria, many of which are found in cohabitation with other species in the same niches. These organisms can be particularly problematic when they infect the human body. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is of significant concern because of the frequency that those suffering from this autosomal recessive disease have in colonization by these infectious agents. Affecting more than 30,000 people in the U.S. alone. CF is due to a genetic mutation that causes a thick mucosal buildup in luminal surfaces. This viscous mucus creates a cultivation site for complex respiratory biofilms. Complications of CF include paralysis of …

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Do Hydrocarbon And Salinity Disturbance Affect Marine Meiofauna Diversity And Community Structure?, Kyle Edward Anderson May 2015

Do Hydrocarbon And Salinity Disturbance Affect Marine Meiofauna Diversity And Community Structure?, Kyle Edward Anderson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Coastal areas around the world are subjected to numerous disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. Coastal meiofauna are an ecologically important group of organisms that may be sensitive to disturbance and especially useful as indicators of habitat status following anthropogenic disturbances. In this research, I compared the effects of five different intensity levels of hydrocarbon contamination, salinity reduction, and random non-disturbance diversity manipulation on communities of marine meiofauna communities in a microcosm experiment. While I did find the expected negative relationship between intensity and morphogroup diversity in the random treatment, the hydrocarbon and salinity disturbance treatments had no effects on overall …

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Evaluating The Marginal Integrity Of Lithium Disilicate Veneers Fabricated By Digital Impressions And Cad/Cam Compared To Conventional Techniques., Michael C. Guzelian May 2015

Evaluating The Marginal Integrity Of Lithium Disilicate Veneers Fabricated By Digital Impressions And Cad/Cam Compared To Conventional Techniques., Michael C. Guzelian

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This in vitro study compared marginal gap size in anterior lithium disilicate veneers produced by conventional and digital impressions. One typodont right central incisor was prepared for an all-ceramic cast. Ten conventional veneers were fabricated using Type IV stone, PVS, and IPS e.max press, while ten digital veneers were fabricated using Lava COS (3M ESPE) and IPS e.max CAD/CAM processing and milling. Samples were divided double-blindly, captured at 45X magnification, evaluated at three images per orientation (B-D-M-P), and measured at three distances (largest, smallest, best fit) per image. Data points were entered into SPSS code for one-way and two-way ANOVA, …

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Summary Of Survival Analysis With Sas Procedures., Derek Duane Childers 1990- May 2015

Summary Of Survival Analysis With Sas Procedures., Derek Duane Childers 1990-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The research conducted for this thesis was performed to summarize some of the most commonly used survival analysis techniques as well as to create one macro that will provide the solutions for these techniques. Some of the techniques that this thesis focuses on are survival and hazard functions, mean and median survival times, life table, log rank test, proportional hazards/model building, and competing risk. To further analyze these survival analysis techniques I will use the Bone Marrow Transplantation for Leukemia dataset. This trial consists of either acute myelocytic leukemia (AML 99 patients) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL 38 patients). There …

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Food Safety : Analyzing The Connection Between Government And Industrial Influence., Jennifer Lee Hall 1983- May 2015

Food Safety : Analyzing The Connection Between Government And Industrial Influence., Jennifer Lee Hall 1983-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the leaders within the U.S. food safety agencies and the top U.S. food producing companies, including meat, grain, and seed, and determine the presence of connectivity between the separate organizations. This involved looking at detailed biographical information on each leader, including previous and current employment, educational background and board memberships. Following identification of the agencies, companies, and their leaders, social network analysis was utilized to locate visual and quantitative links. Using the theories of C. Wright Mills and William Domhoff, the results showed a powerful argument that the power elite is still …

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Identity As A Buffer Against Negative Outcomes Of Public Stigma Among Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual Individuals, Emma G. Fredrick May 2015

Identity As A Buffer Against Negative Outcomes Of Public Stigma Among Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual Individuals, Emma G. Fredrick

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Sexual minority individuals suffer stigmatization which often predicts negative mental health outcomes and low self-esteem. However, specific dimensions of identity have been shown to buffer against negative outcomes in racial minorities and other stigmatized groups. Yet, limited research has examined identity as a buffer for sexual minorities. This thesis aimed to explore the moderating role of identity characteristics between sexual stigma and mental health outcomes. Findings in a sample of 209 gays, lesbians, and bisexuals suggested that public stigma, centrality, and private regard predict psychological distress. Private regard also emerged as a predictor of self-esteem. Additionally, centrality and public stigma …

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The Nazi Genocide: Eugenics, Ideology, And Implementation 1933-1945, Michael A. Letsinger May 2015

The Nazi Genocide: Eugenics, Ideology, And Implementation 1933-1945, Michael A. Letsinger

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to seek knowledge of how eugenics justified extreme racial policy, territorial expansion, committing unprecedented crimes against humanity; and to understand why and how eighty million human beings yielded to totalitarianism and racial murder. Further, by examining Nazi science and policies, through the lens of concentration/extermination camps at Dachau and Auschwitz, we sought to understand the linkage between scientific racism, Nazi ideology and genocide. Critiquing Germany’s failure to exercise sound science and morality in its occupation, subjugation, and depopulation during WW II, this paper will argue Nazi Germany’s evolution to systematized, industrial mass murder of …

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Atheists In The Media: How Public Figures And Fictional Characters Affect Public Perceptions Of Atheists, Joseph Michael Stepniewski May 2015

Atheists In The Media: How Public Figures And Fictional Characters Affect Public Perceptions Of Atheists, Joseph Michael Stepniewski

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated how media depictions of atheists might influence perceptions of them based on media theories of cultivation and priming. Severe distrust and dislike of atheists found in the literature indicated a need for the study. The measurement instrument used in the study asked a sample of 195 respondents to report their media consumption habits, including news sources, television shows, and movies, as well as identify real atheists in the public eye. Respondents were then asked to rate positive and negative statements about both atheists and religious people on a Likert scale and provide basic demographic information about themselves. …

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Career And Technical Education (Cte) And High School Student Success In Tennessee, Jerry Alan Sayers May 2015

Career And Technical Education (Cte) And High School Student Success In Tennessee, Jerry Alan Sayers

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between participation in CTE programs and students’ graduation rates and rates of CTE students’ entrance into postsecondary education or employment after graduation. Possible differences between students’ enrollment in urban and rural school districts and their graduation, participation, and secondary placement rates were also considered. Publicly available data on high school students in the state of Tennessee were analyzed to compare the graduation rates of CTE participants with the graduation rates of non-CTE participants in the state as a whole and in nine selected urban school districts and nine selected …

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The Effects Of Cumulative Victimization On Psychological Distress., Amanda Dishon Brown May 2015

The Effects Of Cumulative Victimization On Psychological Distress., Amanda Dishon Brown

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Justice-involved women experience significantly higher rates of victimization and psychological distress when compared to the general population. While both childhood victimization and adult Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) both directly contribute to psychological distress, scant research examines the effects of cumulative victimization (both child and adult IPV) across a woman’s lifetime on psychological distress. Additionally, a gap in the literature is the investigation of behavior specific mechanisms (self-esteem, social support, coping, and substance use) that may mediate the relationship between victimization and psychological distress. As such, the primary aim of this dissertation was to explore the relationship between cumulative victimization (childhood …

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Artifical Neural Network Models For The Analysis Of Permeable Pavement Performance., Ata Radfar May 2015

Artifical Neural Network Models For The Analysis Of Permeable Pavement Performance., Ata Radfar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is a numerical modeling study based on the findings of the two installed Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements (PICPs) in Louisville, KY and twenty one laboratory models. A new model derived to more accurately predict the captured surface runoff volume by the PICPs using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The proposed model relates rainfall parameters and site characteristics to the runoff volume captured by the permeable pavements. The database used for developing the prediction models is obtained from the collected data of the monitored permeable pavements. The performance of the ANN-based models are analyzed and the results demonstrate that the …

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Role Of C-Kit In The Growth, Migration And Differentiation Of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells., Bathri Narayan Vajravelu May 2015

Role Of C-Kit In The Growth, Migration And Differentiation Of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells., Bathri Narayan Vajravelu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The belief that adult mammalian heart lacks regenerative potential was challenged by the identification of c-kit positive cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the heart. A recent phase I clinical trial (SCIPIO), has shown that autologous c-kit positive CPCs improve cardiac function and quality of life when transplanted into ischemic heart disease patients. c-Kit is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase and a common stem cell antigen. Stem cell factor (SCF) is the only known ligand for c-kit. Although c-kit is extensively used as an invariable marker of resident CPCs and shown to be important in the context of different cell …

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#Sayitloud : Securing Racial & Academic Identities For African American Students Through Social Media., Joshua Chase Schuschke May 2015

#Sayitloud : Securing Racial & Academic Identities For African American Students Through Social Media., Joshua Chase Schuschke

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The rise of Black Twitter as an online cultural phenomenon has garnered attention as a force in the African American community. The online social network is a space for cultural performance, discussion, and debate. Generally, social media has created spaces for online communities to congregate around shared experiences and interests. African American users of popular social media such as blogs, Facebook, and the aforementioned Twitter have used the affordances of these platforms as tools to convey and construct their racial identities. The performance of racial identity offline is often carried over to these online environments, and arguably vice versa. When …

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