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Regenerative Agriculture Effects On Invertebrate And Bird Communities And Insect-Provided Ecosystem Services, Alex Michels
Regenerative Agriculture Effects On Invertebrate And Bird Communities And Insect-Provided Ecosystem Services, Alex Michels
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Conventional agricultural practices can have unintended consequences on the environment and wildlife. Insects and birds are declining at rapid rates around the world, and the current conventional agricultural paradigm is a major driver through habitat loss and the intensification of production. Invertebrates in agroecosystems provide services to both farmers and the rest of society. Regenerative systems may promote the functioning of an agroecosystem by influencing invertebrate abundance, diversity, and ecosystem services and mitigate bird and insect declines through conservation practices that increase soil health, reduce disturbances, and increase biological diversity. Here I address knowledge gaps of the effects of regenerative …
Response Of Soil Biochemical And Physical Properties To Long Term Prairie Cordgrass And Kura Clover Intercropping System, Vaishnavi Varikuti
Response Of Soil Biochemical And Physical Properties To Long Term Prairie Cordgrass And Kura Clover Intercropping System, Vaishnavi Varikuti
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) (PCG) is a warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a biofuel feedstock and can be grown on marginal lands. Previous studies on intercropping of a perennial legume i.e., kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) (KC) with PCG can improve soil biochemical properties, increase biomass production, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while reducing the chemical fertilizer requirement. However, there is a lack of evidence about the effects of PCG production on soil biochemical and physical properties during the cropping season and at deeper soil depths in reference to support plant growth, environmental implications and enhance the soil …
Effect Of Finishing System And Animal Age On Carcass Traits And Nutritional Profile Of Bison Bulls, Clay Newton
Effect Of Finishing System And Animal Age On Carcass Traits And Nutritional Profile Of Bison Bulls, Clay Newton
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The objectives of this thesis project were to 1) evaluate the influence of grain- and grass-finishing systems on carcass characteristics, proximate composition, nutritional profile, and fatty acid composition of bison bull meat, and 2) evaluate the influence of animal age on carcass characteristics of bison bulls. For objective 1, bison bulls were allowed to graze native range in north-central Nebraska until approximately 26 mo of age, when they were randomly assigned to either grain-finishing (n = 98; in an open lot with ad libitum access to prairie hay, alfalfa hay and corn for 95 d prior to slaughter) or grass-finishing …
Modeling The Flow And Creep Compliance Properties Of Ice-Cream Mixes, Hiran Ranaweera
Modeling The Flow And Creep Compliance Properties Of Ice-Cream Mixes, Hiran Ranaweera
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work documented the influence of the protein source (MPC80 and WPC80), protein content (4-12%), and temperature (5-35ºC) on the rheological behavior (flow curve, frequency sweep, and creep-recovery) of ice-cream mixes (ICM). For each protein source, the viscosity of the ICM was satisfactorily modeled (𝑅2>0.98, 𝑅2 𝑎𝑑𝑗>0.98, and E0.99), while the recovery phase was represented by an empirical model. The percentage of recovery (%R) of the ICM significantly decreased with the protein content.
Factors Associated With Increased Breastfeeding At Initiation And Continuation At Two Months In American Indian Women, Addison Reimer
Factors Associated With Increased Breastfeeding At Initiation And Continuation At Two Months In American Indian Women, Addison Reimer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: The purpose of this report was to determine the prevalence of breastfeeding at initiation and two months continuation in American Indian South Dakota mothers who gave birth between 2017-2019 and determine the factors associated with breastfeeding and various health behaviors and beliefs. This study serves to fill the current gaps in research focusing on breastfeeding in American Indian women in South Dakota. Methods: Data from the South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (SD PRAMS), a state-based surveillance system, was used to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal behaviors, attitudes, and experiences. Logistic regression was used to determine …
Evaluating The Effects Of Medium Chain Fatty Acids On Sow Reproductive Characteristics, Offspring Biological Health Markers, And Growth Performance, Analicia J. Swanson
Evaluating The Effects Of Medium Chain Fatty Acids On Sow Reproductive Characteristics, Offspring Biological Health Markers, And Growth Performance, Analicia J. Swanson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A sow’s diet can influence and her offspring not only in the suckling period, but well after weaning. The objective of this study was to determine how supplementing medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in gestation and lactation impacted offspring growth performance as well as the biological markers of pig quality from the suckling period until week 6 of the nursery period. A total of 77 primparious and multiparious females and their 438 offspring were utilized in this study. Sows and gilts (218.15 kg ± 32.15 kg BW at d28 of gestation) were assigned to one of 2 dietary treatments: Control …
Resilience Capacity Of School Meal Programs In Southeastern U.S. School Districts During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Findings From Mississippi, Louisiana, And West Virginia, Kritika Gupta
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mississippi (MS), Louisiana (LA), and West Virginia (WV) have some of the nation’s highest rates of poverty and health disparities, reflected in high rates of food insecurity. Many of the school districts in these states have greater than 40% of students qualifying for free meals and, under community eligibility, can provide meals free to all children. School meals play an important role in addressing food insecurity in the U.S. and those were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ability of social systems (schools) to continue operations during adverse circumstances (pandemic) to ensure the sustained outcome of interest (food security) …
Measuring Impact Of New Teacher Mentoring Programs Through Teacher Sense Of Efficacy Scale, Ezzard Beane
Measuring Impact Of New Teacher Mentoring Programs Through Teacher Sense Of Efficacy Scale, Ezzard Beane
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The education gap between economically advantaged and economically disadvantaged students in the United States is accountable for most of the education gap in the United States and other technologically advanced countries. Unfortunately, the students who require the most academic support and quality instruction often receive instruction from the least qualified. The gap in effective instruction for the economically disadvantaged is related to the quality of instruction which is often facilitated by the least effective and least qualified teachers. The quality of teachers is directly related to the high teacher attrition rates of teachers serving economically disadvantaged students. Maximizing strategies to …
Guests Attitude And Purchase Intention Towards Hotel Vacation Rentals, Daegeun Kim
Guests Attitude And Purchase Intention Towards Hotel Vacation Rentals, Daegeun Kim
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated hotel guests’ attitude towards hotel vacation rentals and their purchase intention by applying consumption value theory (CVT) and in the perspective of brand extension. More specifically, this study was divided in to 2 parts in which the first study attempted to investigate how potential hotel vacation rentals guests’ consumption values would affect their purchase intention (PUR) and whether brand loyalty plays a moderating role between the relationships. The second study examined the role of consumer brand identity (CBI) as a success factor of brand extension and which factors have an influence on potential hotel rental guests’ attitude …
Development And Characterization Of Different Dosage Forms Utilizing Hot-Melt Extrusion Technique, Abdulmajeed Althobaiti
Development And Characterization Of Different Dosage Forms Utilizing Hot-Melt Extrusion Technique, Abdulmajeed Althobaiti
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a promising technique for developing different dosage forms and improving products already on the market. Numerous studies have been published utilizing HME due to its advantages over conventional techniques. It is solvent-free, has few processing steps, continuous processing, and low cost. Furthermore, HME has the flexibility to be coupled with Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) to develop complex dosage forms for patient-focused drug delivery. The first objective of this research work was to design and develop different dosage forms (capsule-in-capsule, and three-dimensional-printed tablet) of nifedipine/indomethacin fixed-dose combination (FDC) utilizing hot melt extrusion (HME) with or without …
Perceived Value Of A Vr (Virtual Reality) Tourism Experience: A Scale Development, Fernando Arroyo Lopez
Perceived Value Of A Vr (Virtual Reality) Tourism Experience: A Scale Development, Fernando Arroyo Lopez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Firms are skeptical about what values travelers anticipate obtaining from a Virtual Reality (VR) experience in tourism, and the valuation of trade-offs they are willing to make. This scale development aimed to fill this gap in the literature by creating a scale that can capture the perceived value derived from a VR experience in tourism. This research study adhered to well-established, mainstream psychometric scale creation and validation methods as demonstrated by several authors. This study provides a key step in developing measurement theory related to the perceived value derived from a VR experience in tourism and identifies four value dimensions: …
The Effect Of Hydration Status On Jump Height In Track And Field Athletes, Joshua Hogg
The Effect Of Hydration Status On Jump Height In Track And Field Athletes, Joshua Hogg
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The maintenance of hydration levels are often a key focus when trying to sustain athletic performance in sport. The amount of fluid intake needed to reach appropriate hydration levels varies widely from a multitude of factors. This ideal hydration level (euhydration) is characterized by an optimal total intracellular and extracellular body water content, which is the ultimate goal of fluid intake protocols within athletics. The aim of this research was to investigate if a specific fluid recommendations for track and field (TAF) athletes, based upon urine specific gravity (USG) classification cutoffs, helps to improve athletic performance. This study also analyzed …
"The Wild Asleep": A Cultural And Environmental History Of Ramps, Catherine Jessee
"The Wild Asleep": A Cultural And Environmental History Of Ramps, Catherine Jessee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Ramps, wild onions, or allium tricoccum are a variety of spring ephemeral, or a flowering plant that emerges for a brief period every spring. In working through stereotypical ideas about Appalachian regional identity, I interpret the environmental history of this plant. Incorporating memory, oral histories, and folklore, this thesis complicates wider conceptions of home, community, and boundary. Tapping into an archive of ramps knowledge as it is created, I ask, what can the future of ramps tell us about place, space, and belonging?
Trace Mineral Source And Inclusion Level On Wean-To-Finish Pig Production, Marissa Larosae
Trace Mineral Source And Inclusion Level On Wean-To-Finish Pig Production, Marissa Larosae
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Trace mineral requirements to optimize production for swine are not well defined, leading to excess trace mineral supplementation in swine diets and ultimately to excess trace minerals excreted in swine manure. Potential strategies to reduce the waste of excess trace minerals in diets include utilizing organic sources with higher bioavailability or reducing the overall trace mineral supplementation in the diet. Two studies were conducted in an effort to determine if utilizing organic trace minerals or reducing trace mineral inclusion into diets has an impact on overall performance measurements for nursery and grow-finish pigs, respectively. The first experiment utilized 1,144 weaned …
E. Coli Persister Cell Survival And Rhizobia Attachment To Soybean Roots, Tanim Islam
E. Coli Persister Cell Survival And Rhizobia Attachment To Soybean Roots, Tanim Islam
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The theme of this thesis revolves around how bacteria respond and thrive during stress. Chapters 1-3 are about how bacteria deal with life-threatening antibiotics. Chapter 4 covers new research on how bacteria can move from a stressful individual lifestyle (free-living bacteria) to initiating a symbiotic relationship with a plant (a less stressful lifestyle). In Chapter 1, I briefly summarize the current state of knowledge in the field of antibiotic resistance and persistence. In Chapter 2, I add to this knowledge by providing new insights into several antibiotics' potency and exploring the antibiotic Eagle effect. In Chapter 3, I use pyruvate …
A Novel Crispr/Cas Gene Editing System For Plants Which Bypasses Genetic Transformation And Tissue Culture, Aastha Acharya
A Novel Crispr/Cas Gene Editing System For Plants Which Bypasses Genetic Transformation And Tissue Culture, Aastha Acharya
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
CRISPR/Cas system is a powerful gene-editing tool that has revolutionized gene editing in many ways. However, the current delivery methods for using CRISPR/Cas system inn plants have some drawbacks that have greatly limited their routine application in plant research and improvement. Specifically,, the methods heavily rely on either genetic transformation for delivering Cas and/or its gRNA coding sequences into the targeted cells or tissue culture, or both for recovering the whole edited plants. To overcome these drawbacks, we have developed a simple, easy to use yet effective system for CRISPR/Cas gene editing in plants that can bypass genetic transformation and …
Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interactions To Improve Nutrient Uptake And Biotic Stress Response In Crops, Jaya Krishna Yakha
Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interactions To Improve Nutrient Uptake And Biotic Stress Response In Crops, Jaya Krishna Yakha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mutualism is a very common phenomenon among living organisms on earth. Legumes because of their high protein content, serve as a great nutrient resource for animals. This group of plants can form a mutualistic symbiosis with beneficial microbes. For example, Alfalfa (Medicago) and soybean (Glycine max) can get colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia bacteria simultaneously forming a complex tripartite interaction for nutrient benefits. Most of the previous research evaluated individual symbionts, either rhizobia bacteria or AMF, but not both. There are only a few reports which discuss the nutrient exchange mechanisms in a tripartite interaction. Thus, there …
Evaluating Fungicide Timing, Efficacy, And Sensitivity As Well As Candidate Resistance Genes Against Fungi Causing Phomopsis Stem Canker In Sunflower, Ruchika Kashyap
Evaluating Fungicide Timing, Efficacy, And Sensitivity As Well As Candidate Resistance Genes Against Fungi Causing Phomopsis Stem Canker In Sunflower, Ruchika Kashyap
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Phomopsis stem canker is one of the major diseases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) caused by complex of Diaporthe spp., in the U.S. This disease became of economic importance after 2010 epidemic in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota and since then the prevalence of this diseases has increased due to increased average precipitation in these major sunflower growing regions of the U.S. The two important disease management strategies involve the use of fungicides and partially resistant hybrids. However, over the years, researchers and growers have seen varied results on Phomopsis stem canker disease severity reduction and yield gains, when …
Optimization Of Forage Use In Diets Fed To Backgrounding And Finishing Cattle In The Northern Great Plains, Thomas G. Hamilton
Optimization Of Forage Use In Diets Fed To Backgrounding And Finishing Cattle In The Northern Great Plains, Thomas G. Hamilton
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The two studies in this thesis were conducted to: 1) investigate the impact of corn silage moisture content and kernel processing at harvest on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, and carcass traits in finishing steers when fed at 20% DM inclusion in diets containing modified distillers grains plus solubles; and 2) determine the influence of equal cumulative roughage inclusion in a single diet or twodiet system during a 210-d backgrounding-finishing period in pre-conditioned beef steers on growth performance responses, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass traits. Experiment 1 was a 112-d finishing experiment conducted …
Design Of Affordable Polyaniline - Based Wearable Sensor For Real Time Plant Growth Monitoring, Temitope Borode
Design Of Affordable Polyaniline - Based Wearable Sensor For Real Time Plant Growth Monitoring, Temitope Borode
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The need for precision agriculture in today and future farming cannot be overstressed. Recent agriculture is characterized by numerous challenges such as environmental stressors and resource constraints resulting in low crop yield and unsustainable agriculture practices. Understanding plant growth mechanism and growth rate under the external influence is a bedrock towards precision agriculture practices ensuring optimum yield and sustainable utilization of resources. The current study addresses this need by developing and applying an affordable and stable sensor for monitoring plant growth. The sensor was fabricated by in-situ chemical polymerization of aniline on an elastic band substrate by dip coating. The …
Defining Amino Acid Requirements Of Pregnant Sows: Challenges And Opportunities, Christian D. Ramirez-Camba
Defining Amino Acid Requirements Of Pregnant Sows: Challenges And Opportunities, Christian D. Ramirez-Camba
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The efficient use of protein in animal production is dependent on the protein supply and its constituent amino acids (AA) in relation to the animal's needs. Excess AA are deaminated, and the resulting nitrogen (N) is excreted, whereas suboptimal AA intake reduces animal performance. Both increased nutrient excretion and decreased animal performance reduce the overall efficiency of the production unit. In sows, AA requirements should be adequate for optimizing reproductive performance, as measured, for example, by the number of pigs produced per sow per year while limiting N excretion. There is a desire to feed pregnant sows AA levels that …
Optimization Of Electrically Driven Fluid Flow Through Tissue Hydrogels, Joseph C. Walker
Optimization Of Electrically Driven Fluid Flow Through Tissue Hydrogels, Joseph C. Walker
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Identification And Characterization Of Candidate Rumen Bacterial Species From Beef Cattle With The Potential For Metabolizing Lipids, Cheyenne E. Hron
Identification And Characterization Of Candidate Rumen Bacterial Species From Beef Cattle With The Potential For Metabolizing Lipids, Cheyenne E. Hron
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Ruminants and the microorganisms within their rumen have an intricate symbiotic relationship. Ruminants are able to convert plant materials that are indigestible to humans into meat, milk, and fiber for human consumption and use. Supplementing lipids in diets fed to beef cattle could be beneficial for the host animal as lipids are a higher density energy source. However, they can be detrimental to rumen microorganisms. While much research has been involved in elucidating the composition of the ruminal microbiome, knowledge of the effects of lipids on the ruminal microbiome has been quite limited. In this context, we took advantage of …
Preparation And Characterization Of Cellulose-Based Biodegradable Films From Switchgrass And Spent Coffee Grounds, Sajal Bhattarai
Preparation And Characterization Of Cellulose-Based Biodegradable Films From Switchgrass And Spent Coffee Grounds, Sajal Bhattarai
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Plastic packaging materials, which take more than 700 years to degrade, have polluted land, water, and the atmosphere. The consequent environmental and life hazards require attention to alleviate plastic concerns. Developing plastic-replacing materials could be a viable option. To this end, lignocellulosic fraction from inexpensive and widespread agricultural biomass switchgrass (SG) and biowaste spent coffee grounds (SCG) offer a possible solution, mainly to prepare biodegradable packaging films. Herein, lignocellulosic fraction from SG and SCG has been extracted, solubilized in ZnCl2 solution, and crosslinked through Ca2+ ions to prepare gels and cast biodegradable films. The SG was subjected to three extraction …
Impact Of Storage And Different Variety On Proximate Composition And Functionality Of Lentils, Hussain Al Naser
Impact Of Storage And Different Variety On Proximate Composition And Functionality Of Lentils, Hussain Al Naser
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an edible pulse and is a nutritious legume. The nutrient value and the application of lentils in other food resources have been well documented. However, there exists a lack of studies that focus on the storage impact of pulses on lentil composition and functionality. The focus of most studies has been on the composition of lentils while the composition relative to and functionality of stored lentils has not been sufficiently evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of storage conditions on the nutrient composition and the functional properties of lentils. Four …
To Study The Factors Influencing The Sampling Variability On Microbiological Analysis Of Milk And Whey, Ratul Kalita
To Study The Factors Influencing The Sampling Variability On Microbiological Analysis Of Milk And Whey, Ratul Kalita
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sampling and analysis are integral parts of dairy processing in quality control, process monitoring and control, and meeting regulatory standards. Accurate sampling is vital to avoid erroneous analysis results and interpretation. The sampling process depends on the appropriateness of sample collection, transportation, storage, and analysis conditions. The bacterial heterogeneity and cluster formation, structural heterogeneity of food, sample unit and size, frequency, and sampling methods, are also crucial in sampling. We aimed to evaluate the influence of sample volume, sampling frequency, and sampling methods in experimental processing lines of whole milk, skim milk, and whey. To standardize the experimental protocols, a …
A Process To Produce Lactose Phosphate From Dairy Byproducts And Used As An Alternative To Emulsifying Salts In Processed Cheese Food Manufacture, Khalid Ahmed Alsaleem
A Process To Produce Lactose Phosphate From Dairy Byproducts And Used As An Alternative To Emulsifying Salts In Processed Cheese Food Manufacture, Khalid Ahmed Alsaleem
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in most mammals' milk, commonly known as milk sugar. Milk permeate is a by-product of whey protein manufacturing through membrane technologies. It is cost-effective, available, and an excellent source of lactose. Sugar phosphorylation is a technique used to alter sugar's characteristics. It has numerous applications for developing dairy and food products. Lactose-6-phosphate (LP) is an organic compound that switches the hydrogen on lactose by monophosphate that has the potential to function as emulsifying salts (ES). ES, such as disodium phosphate (DSP) and trisodium citrate, have a critical effect on the emulsification characteristics of casein by …
Beta Glucan Enriched Oat-Wheat Naan - Nutritional, Sensory, And Rheological Evaluation Of Par-Baked Leavened Flatbreads, Anjana Adhikari
Beta Glucan Enriched Oat-Wheat Naan - Nutritional, Sensory, And Rheological Evaluation Of Par-Baked Leavened Flatbreads, Anjana Adhikari
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Microbial Communities And Nitrogen Dynamics In Prairie And Cropland Soils, Bikram Kumar Das
Microbial Communities And Nitrogen Dynamics In Prairie And Cropland Soils, Bikram Kumar Das
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Soil microbial communities are affected by many factors, such as soil nitrogen (N) and the quantity of grass-root exudates, changing seasons, fertilization method, plant diversity, and their origin. This holds for both natural and fertilized soils. This research was intended to expand the current understanding of soil microbial interactions associated with ecological functions. The objectives of the research were (I) to characterize prokaryotic soil communities, estimate functional potential, and quantify nitrogen cycle-associated prokaryotic gene expressions across three phases of the growing season, (II) to explore the diazotrophic community composition in a natural system using nifH sequencing as well as 16S …
Exploring Bioprocessing Technologies For Diverse Industrial Application Of Canola, Ahmad Fawzi N Alhomodi
Exploring Bioprocessing Technologies For Diverse Industrial Application Of Canola, Ahmad Fawzi N Alhomodi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Globally, canola is the second largest oilseed crop after soybean, which is processed for the commercial production of high value oil. The industrial processing steps for canola oil extraction include preprocessing (cleaning, pressing, flaking, and cooking), mechanical pressing, and/or organic solvents. This process results in large quantities of protein-rich (~ 40% dry basis) meal as a co-product. The meal is used partially in animal diet (<30% inclusion) due to high levels of antinutritional factors (ANFs) such as high fibers, phytic acid, and glucosinolates, and low metabolizable energy. Thus, this research was designed to examine various bioprocessing technologies (i.e., traditional sprouting, solid state fermentation, submerged state fermentation, co-culture fermentation, mild pretreatments, and their combinations) for possible advancement in canola use. Canola seed sprouting for 6-day period led to an increase in protein content and a reduction in ANFs and oil content of sprouts compared to ungerminated seed. Subsequent submerged state fermentation of 6- day old sprouts using three different strains (Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichoderma reesei and Neurospora crassa) further increased protein content and lowered ANFs. Solid-state fermentation of 144 h old sprouts using A. pullulans, N. crassa and T. reesei enhanced the protein content and reduced ANFs of sprouts. Sprouting canola seed for three days helped in hull removal, leading to high protein meal accompanied by low fiber and phytic acid level. Three-day seed sprouting had no effect on oil yield, but free fatty acid content was higher compared to seed oil. Co-culture fermentation of HECM under solid state process showed maximum reduction in fiber content with co-culture of A. pullulans and N. crassa while a combination of A. pullulans and T. reesei promoted the highest GLS and phytic acid reductions compared to other combinations, which indicated the advantage of coculture inoculation over monoculture in terms of ANFs reduction. Mild pretreatment of HECM using deionized water resulted in washed HECM (WHECM) with lower soluble sugars and GLS compared to untreated HECM, whereas protein and amino acid were concentrated due to the removal of soluble components. WHECM compared to HECM showed higher protein digestibility when fed to rainbow trout. Subsequent mono- and coculture fermentation of HECM and WHECM under submerged process resulted in higher protein and amino acid content and lower ANFs levels compared to uninoculated controls. The results of cellulase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activity indicated the crucial role of used substrates, fungi, fermentation modes (solid state/submerged stated) and inoculation methods (mono-/co-culture) on enzyme activities.