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Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

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Excitation Of The High-Q-Factor Whispering Gallery Modes In The Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator With The Cylinder Shield, Sergey Kharkovsky, V. V. Kutuzov, A. E. Kogut Jan 1999

Excitation Of The High-Q-Factor Whispering Gallery Modes In The Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator With The Cylinder Shield, Sergey Kharkovsky, V. V. Kutuzov, A. E. Kogut

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A hollow metal cylinder with a semicircle in the base is used as the shield of a hemispherical dielectric resonator with whispering gallery (WG) modes. It is shown that the spectrum of the WG modes of this resonator is clearer than the spectrum of a similar resonator with a hemispherical shield. It is determined that the high-Q-factor WG modes are excited in the proposed resonator by the coupling slot on the mirror. Their fields are localized in the dielectric. The frequency dependence of the Q-factor value is measured. A good conformity of this experimental dependence with the analytic dependence is …

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Climbing Fibre Purkinje Cell Twins Are Found, Donald C. Wunsch, Witali L. Dunin-Barkowski, S. N. Markin, L. N. Podladchikova Jan 1999

Climbing Fibre Purkinje Cell Twins Are Found, Donald C. Wunsch, Witali L. Dunin-Barkowski, S. N. Markin, L. N. Podladchikova

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

At the IJCNN'93 in Nagoya we have pronounced a challenging goal: to get activity patterns of airs of Purkinje cells(PC), controlled with the same climbing fiber (CF), - a CF PC Twins problem Here, for the first time in cerebral studies, CF PC twins have been identified and studied. Several important features of the CF PC Twins activity are demonstrated: (1) High constancy of conduction time of impulses of cells of inferior olives to the targetted PCs, (2) a relatively high failure rate (0.05-0.18) of impulse propagation into terminal branches of CF, (3) a salient difference in complex Spikes(CS) - …

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Double-Talk Robust Fast Converging Algorithms For Network Echo Cancellation, T. Gansler, Steven L. Grant, J. Benesty, M. M. Sondhi Jan 1999

Double-Talk Robust Fast Converging Algorithms For Network Echo Cancellation, T. Gansler, Steven L. Grant, J. Benesty, M. M. Sondhi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Echo cancelers which cover longer impulse responses (greater than or equal to 64 ms) are desirable. Long responses create a need for more rapidly converging algorithms in order to meet the specifications for network echo cancelers devised by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). In general, faster convergence implies a higher sensitivity to near-end disturbances, especially "double-talk". Recently, a fast converging algorithm called proportionate NLMS (normalized least mean squares) algorithm (PNLMS) has been proposed. This algorithm exploits the sparseness of the echo path. In this paper we propose a method for making the PNLMS algorithm more robust against double-talk. The slower …

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Predictive Head Tracking For Virtual Reality, Donald C. Wunsch, Emad W. Saad, T. P. Caudell Jan 1999

Predictive Head Tracking For Virtual Reality, Donald C. Wunsch, Emad W. Saad, T. P. Caudell

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In virtual reality (VR), head movement is tracked through inertial and optical sensors. Computation and communication times result in delays between measurements and updating of the new frame in the head mounted display(HMD). These delays result in problems, including motion sickness. We use recurrent and time delay neural networks to predict the head location and use it to calculate the new frame. A predictability analysis is used in designing the prediction system

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Nonuniformity Correction Of Infrared Image Sequences Using The Constant-Statistics Constraint, John G. Harris, Yu Ming Chiang Jan 1999

Nonuniformity Correction Of Infrared Image Sequences Using The Constant-Statistics Constraint, John G. Harris, Yu Ming Chiang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Using clues from neurobiological adaptation, we have developed the constant-statistics (CS) algorithm for nonuniformity correction of IRFPA's and other imaging arrays. The CS model provides an efficient implementation that can also eliminate much of the ghosting artifact that plagues all scene-based nonuniformity correction (NUC) algorithms. The CS algorithm with deghosting is demonstrated on synthetic and real infrared (IR) sequences and shown to improve the overall accuracy of the correction procedure.

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Analog Hardware Implementation Of Continuous-Time Adaptive Filter Structures, John G. Harris, Jui Kuo Juan, Jose C. Principe Jan 1999

Analog Hardware Implementation Of Continuous-Time Adaptive Filter Structures, John G. Harris, Jui Kuo Juan, Jose C. Principe

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We have implemented a four-tap adaptive filter in a continuous-time analog VLSI circuit. Since an ideal delay is impossible to implement in continuous-time hardware, we implemented the delay line as a cascade of low-pass filters (called the gamma filter). Since many years of research in our lab has shown that the gamma filter outperforms the ideal delay line for a wide range of applications, the gamma filter should not be considered merely a crude approximation of the ideal delay line. We show measured results from an analog chip that solves the problem of system identification-identifying an unknown linear circuit from …

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Performance Characteristics Of A Cascaded Two-Level Converter, Keith Corzine, C. A. Whitcomb, S. D. Sudhoff Jan 1999

Performance Characteristics Of A Cascaded Two-Level Converter, Keith Corzine, C. A. Whitcomb, S. D. Sudhoff

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A cascaded two-level power converter is proposed which utilizes two six-transistor inverters and is capable of producing voltages which are identical to those of three-level and four-level converters. Since the machine voltages are the same, the converter performance is the same as is verified through laboratory tests. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed cascaded converter are explored. The proposed converter is simpler to construct and offers more nonredundant switching states per number of active semiconductors than standard multi-level converters

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Analysis Of A Novel Four-Level Dc/Dc Boost Converter, Keith Corzine, Sonal K. Majeethia Jan 1999

Analysis Of A Novel Four-Level Dc/Dc Boost Converter, Keith Corzine, Sonal K. Majeethia

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, novel two-quadrant buck/boost and one-quadrant boost four-level DC/DC converters are introduced. The primary application for these converters is that of interfacing a low voltage DC source, such as a fuel cell or battery, to a high-voltage four-level inverter. One important feature of the four-level DC/DC converters proposed herein is the ability to perform the power conversion and balance the inverter capacitor voltages simultaneously. With the capacitor voltage balancing, it is possible to obtain the full voltage from the inverter. For the boost converter, the steady-state and nonlinear average-value (NLAM) models are developed. The NLAM is verified against …

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Efficient Training Techniques For Classification With Vast Input Space, Donald C. Wunsch, Emad W. Saad, J. J. Choi, J. L. Vian Jan 1999

Efficient Training Techniques For Classification With Vast Input Space, Donald C. Wunsch, Emad W. Saad, J. J. Choi, J. L. Vian

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Strategies to efficiently train a neural network for an aerospace problem with a large multidimensional input space are developed and demonstrated. The neural network provides classification for over 100,000,000 data points. A query-based strategy is used that initiates training using a small input set, and then augments the set in multiple stages to include important data around the network decision boundary. Neural network inversion and oracle query are used to generate the additional data, jitter is added to the query data to improve the results, and an extended Kalman filter algorithm is used for training. A causality index is discussed …

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Experimental Studies With A Continually Online Trained Artificial Neural Network Controller For A Turbogenerator, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 1999

Experimental Studies With A Continually Online Trained Artificial Neural Network Controller For A Turbogenerator, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the design of a continually online trained (COT) artificial neural network (ANN) controller for a laboratory turbogenerator system connected to the infinite bus through a transmission line in real time. Two COT ANNs are used for the implementation: one ANN to identify the complex nonlinear dynamics of the power system, and the other ANN to control the turbogenerator. Practical results are presented to show that COT ANN controllers can control turbogenerators under steady state as well as transient conditions in the laboratory environment

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Implementation Of An Adaptive Neural Network Identifier For Effective Control Of Turbogenerators, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 1999

Implementation Of An Adaptive Neural Network Identifier For Effective Control Of Turbogenerators, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper describes an on-line identification technique for modelling a turbogenerator system. The dynamics of a single turbogenerator infinite bus system are modelled using an adaptive artificial neural network identifier (AANNI) based on continual online training (COT). This paper goes further to show that multilayered perceptrons with deviation signals as inputs and outputs trained using the standard backpropagation algorithm retain past learned information despite COT. Simulation and practical results are presented.

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Fed-Batch Dynamic Optimization Using Generalized Dual Heuristic Programming, Donald C. Wunsch, M. S. Iyer Jan 1999

Fed-Batch Dynamic Optimization Using Generalized Dual Heuristic Programming, Donald C. Wunsch, M. S. Iyer

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Traditionally fed-batch biochemical process optimization and control uses complicated theoretical off-line optimizers, with no online model adaptation or re-optimization. This study demonstrates the applicability, effectiveness, and economic potential of a simple phenomenological model for modeling, and an adaptive critic design, generalized dual heuristic programming, for online re-optimization and control of an aerobic fed-batch fermentor. The results are compared with those obtained using a heuristic random optimizer

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Hardware-Software Co-Verification In An Undergraduate Laboratory, Hardy J. Pottinger, Daryl G. Beetner Jan 1999

Hardware-Software Co-Verification In An Undergraduate Laboratory, Hardy J. Pottinger, Daryl G. Beetner

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Skills in hardware-software co-design are quickly becoming critical to product development in high-technology computer industries. Systems-on-silicon typically include a considerable amount of software as well as custom hardware and are increasingly difficult to develop using traditional techniques. To satisfy a growing demand in industry, students in electrical Engineering; computer Engineering; and computer science should be introduced to concepts of hardware-software co-design at the undergraduate level. This paper examines a new laboratory at the University of Missouri-Rolla in which students in Electrical and Computer Engineering are exposed to modern system design concepts through the use of hardware-software co-simulation. Key tools used …

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Reproduction Of Spectrum Envelope Of Microwave Wideband Noise And Detection A Narrowband Signal In It, Marina Koledintseva, Alexander A. Kitaytsev, V. A. Konkin Jan 1999

Reproduction Of Spectrum Envelope Of Microwave Wideband Noise And Detection A Narrowband Signal In It, Marina Koledintseva, Alexander A. Kitaytsev, V. A. Konkin

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A method of adequate visual microwave wide-band intense noise envelope reproduction in wide frequency range (several octaves), power parameters measurement and detection of a narrow-band signal with unknown frequency and power against a background of noise is presented. It is based on application of nonheterodyne gyromagnetic converter, operating in two regimes: resonance detection and cross-multiplication. Operation of the two-channel measurer of spectrum power density combining the mentioned functions is discussed

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Speaker Identification Using A Combination Of Different Parameters As Feature Inputs To An Artificial Neural Network Classifier, Viresh Moonasar, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy Jan 1999

Speaker Identification Using A Combination Of Different Parameters As Feature Inputs To An Artificial Neural Network Classifier, Viresh Moonasar, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a technique using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for speaker identification that results in a better success rate compared to other techniques. The technique used in this paper uses both power spectral densities (PSDs) and linear prediction coefficients (LPCs) as feature inputs to a self organizing feature map to achieve a better identification performance. Results for speaker identification with different methods are presented and compared.

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A Continually Online Trained Artificial Neural Network Identifier For A Turbogenerator, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 1999

A Continually Online Trained Artificial Neural Network Identifier For A Turbogenerator, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The increasing complexity of modern power systems highlights the need for advanced modelling techniques for effective control of power systems. This paper presents results of simulation and practical studies carried out on identifying the dynamics of a single turbogenerator connected to an infinite bus through a short transmission line, using a continually online trained (COT) artificial neural network (ANN).

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A Robust Artificial Neural Network Controller For A Turbogenerator When Line Configuration Changes, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 1999

A Robust Artificial Neural Network Controller For A Turbogenerator When Line Configuration Changes, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the design of a robust controller for a turbogenerator. The robust controller is an artificial neural network (ANN) that is trained offline on a family of ANN models of the turbogenerator. This ANN controller augments/replaces the traditional automatic voltage controller (AVR) and the turbine governor of the generator. Simulation results are presented to show that the ANN controller is robust when the transmission line configuration changes.

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Application Of Composite Gyromagnetic Materials For Absorbing Radiation Produced By Microwave Oven, Marina Koledintseva, Alexander A. Kitaytsev, V. A. Konkin, V. P. Cheparin, Andrey A. Shinkov Jan 1999

Application Of Composite Gyromagnetic Materials For Absorbing Radiation Produced By Microwave Oven, Marina Koledintseva, Alexander A. Kitaytsev, V. A. Konkin, V. P. Cheparin, Andrey A. Shinkov

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Composite gyromagnetic radioabsorbing material (RAM) on the basis of polycrystalline hexagonal ferrites is elaborated for the suppression of unwanted radiation produced by microwave ovens (MWO). Results of laboratory investigation of this material application in the MWO having a magnetron source of microwave radiation are represented.

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Physical And Technical Bases Of Using Ferromagnetic Resonance In Hexagonal Ferrites For Electromagnetic Compatibility Problems, Marina Koledintseva, Alexander A. Kitaytsev Jan 1999

Physical And Technical Bases Of Using Ferromagnetic Resonance In Hexagonal Ferrites For Electromagnetic Compatibility Problems, Marina Koledintseva, Alexander A. Kitaytsev

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Frequency-selective measurement of microwave signal parameters based on application of gyromagnetic converters has proven advantageous for the research of microwave radiation over a wide spectrum (several octaves) in multisignal regime in microwave path and for the solution of a number of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems. The measurement frequency band can be enlarged to millimeter-waves with application of monocrystal hexagonal ferrite resonators (HFR) having high internal magnetic fields. Millimeter-wave field interactions with the HFR having alternating resonance frequency are analyzed. This is useful for millimeter-wave signal modulation and demodulation. The analysis is based on the solution of magnetization vector motion equation …

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Integrating Power Engineering Topics And Applications In Non-Power Courses, S. Legowski, Badrul H. Chowdhury, J. J. Cupal, R. G. Jacquot, B. J. W. Pierre, A. H. M. S. Ula, B. M. Wilamowski Jan 1999

Integrating Power Engineering Topics And Applications In Non-Power Courses, S. Legowski, Badrul H. Chowdhury, J. J. Cupal, R. G. Jacquot, B. J. W. Pierre, A. H. M. S. Ula, B. M. Wilamowski

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper investigates integrating power engineering material over the breadth of an electrical engineering curriculum. Electrical engineering curricula have a large number of required courses and many subareas for students to study. By introducing power concepts in a variety of courses, students may be motivated to take additional courses in the power area and are better prepared for the diverse background which will be required of them as practising power engineers. The important interrelationships between subareas of electrical engineering are better understood by students when cross discipline applications are discussed. This paper describes the introduction of power concepts and applications …

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An Image Model Based On Occluding Object Images And Maximum Entropy, John A. Stuller, Rahul Shah Dec 1998

An Image Model Based On Occluding Object Images And Maximum Entropy, John A. Stuller, Rahul Shah

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This Paper Introduces a Statistical Image Model based on Occlusion and Maximum Entropy. the Statistical Model Combines a Fundamental Property of Image Formation, Occlusion, with Both Object-Image Shape and Nonuniform Object-Image Intensity. the Model is a Composition of Individual Object-Images that Have Random Positions, Shapes, and Intensities, and that Occlude Both Background and One Another. We Derive the Autocorrelation and Second-Order Probability Density Functions of This Model and Give Several Examples. © 1998 IEEE.

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Powergraf: An Educational Software Package For Power Systems Analysis And Design, Tian Yane, Max Darwin Anderson Dec 1998

Powergraf: An Educational Software Package For Power Systems Analysis And Design, Tian Yane, Max Darwin Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The purpose of PowerGraf is to present a graphical user interface (GUI) and a convenient tool for building one-line diagrams displaying data. The GUI is open and friendly for power systems design, analysis and control, because a picture provides a better illustration of cause-and-effect relationships than a tabular printout does. Basic elements such as buses, lines and transformers are given such that the power system topology is easily drawn with this tool, and the system parameters are entered on the picture and checked visually. This enables the power system topology and the system data to be shown on one picture …

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A Virtual Classroom Via Dataconferencing: A Multi-Institutional Experience, Shelli K. Starrett, Anil Pahwa, Kraig J. Olejniczak, S. D. Sudhoff, Mariesa Crow Nov 1998

A Virtual Classroom Via Dataconferencing: A Multi-Institutional Experience, Shelli K. Starrett, Anil Pahwa, Kraig J. Olejniczak, S. D. Sudhoff, Mariesa Crow

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the experience of five faculty from four universities who are co-developing and team teaching courses using the world-wide web (WWW). In particular two novel power engineering courses, Flexible Control of Transmission Systems and Flexible Control of Distribuction Systems, introduce the student to the application of power electronic-based controllers, known specifically as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers, to enhance the performance of the transmission and distribution systems in an electric power system. In order to leverage faculty expertise in the various topics included in each course, a unique partnership was formed among five faculty from the following …

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Incorporating Vertical Discontinuities In Power-Bus Modeling Using A Mixed-Potential Integral Equation And Circuit Extraction Formulation, Jun Fan, Hao Shi, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Richard E. Dubroff, Thomas Van Doren Oct 1998

Incorporating Vertical Discontinuities In Power-Bus Modeling Using A Mixed-Potential Integral Equation And Circuit Extraction Formulation, Jun Fan, Hao Shi, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Richard E. Dubroff, Thomas Van Doren

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Noise on the DC power-bus attributed to device switching is among the primary sources of EMI and signal integrity problems. A mixed-potential integral equation formulation with circuit extraction approach is used to model the planar multi-layer power-bus geometry, which can also include arbitrary shaped power regions on multiple layers. Incorporating vertical discontinuities, e.g., decoupling capacitor interconnects, is a critical aspect of the modeling, and must be done properly since they are included as a lumped element model and not a part of the MPIE formulation. Agreement with experimental results demonstrate the present approach.

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Considerations For Magnetic-Field Coupling Resulting In Radiated Emi, David M. Hockanson, James L. Drewniak, Richard E. Dubroff, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren Aug 1998

Considerations For Magnetic-Field Coupling Resulting In Radiated Emi, David M. Hockanson, James L. Drewniak, Richard E. Dubroff, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Parasitic inductance in printed circuit board geometries can worsen the EMI performance and signal integrity of high-speed digital designs. Partial-inductance theory is a powerful tool for analyzing inductance issues in signal integrity. However, partial inductances may not adequately model magnetic flux coupling to EMI antennas because the EMI antennas are typically open loops. Therefore, partial inductances may not always accurately predict radiated EMI from noise sources, unless used in a full-wave analysis such as PEEC. Partial inductances can be used, however, to estimate branch inductances, which can be used to predict EMI. This paper presents a method for decomposing loop …

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Modeling Multilayered Pcb Power-Bus Designs Using An Mpie Based Circuit Extraction Technique, Hao Shi, Jun Fan, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren Aug 1998

Modeling Multilayered Pcb Power-Bus Designs Using An Mpie Based Circuit Extraction Technique, Hao Shi, Jun Fan, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A circuit extraction tool (CEMPIE) has been developed based on the mixed-potential integral equation (MPIE) using a quasi-static approximation. A power-bus in a multi-layered PCB consisting of a pair of dedicated ground and power planes is studied using this tool. The distributed behavior of a power-bus is represented by a collection of passive circuit elements, which is valid up to several gigahertz. The decoupling performance of a power-bus due to its layer spacing and the dielectric constant is evaluated for simple test geometries. The impact of the relative distance between the noise source and the potential receiver is also studied. …

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An Impact Of Layer Stack-Up On Emi, S. Radu, Theodore M. Zeeff, Joe Nuebel, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren Aug 1998

An Impact Of Layer Stack-Up On Emi, S. Radu, Theodore M. Zeeff, Joe Nuebel, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Investigation of a server shows the heatsink of the CPU module as a primary component of the EMI coupling path. In order to identify the specific noise source and coupling path to the heatsink, a series of experiments were defined to provide support for one source and eliminate others. Based on experiments with two different versions of the CPU module, a stack-up related design guideline is proposed: a ground layer should be the first entire plane (as opposed to Vcc) on the active component side of the board. If there are known IC sources that switch significant currents …

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Time History Extrapolation For Fdtd Modeling Of Shielding Enclosure Designs And Emi Antenna Geometries, Xiao Luo, Min Li, James L. Drewniak Aug 1998

Time History Extrapolation For Fdtd Modeling Of Shielding Enclosure Designs And Emi Antenna Geometries, Xiao Luo, Min Li, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The GPOF (generalized pencil-of-function) method was used to extrapolate the time response from FDTD simulations of EMI problems by approximating the time history as a sum of complex exponentials. This method can significantly shorten the FDTD program execution time. However, various difficulties can arise from parameterization during data-processing. The GPOF is applied to, and studied for, two relevant EMI problems, enclosure design and EMI antenna modeling. The merits of GPOF in modeling shielding enclosures and EMI antennas is evaluated through several examples

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A Feasibility Study Of On-Line Excitation System Parameter Estimation, Eric Ludwig, K. Shah, Kelvin T. Erickson, Mariesa Crow Aug 1998

A Feasibility Study Of On-Line Excitation System Parameter Estimation, Eric Ludwig, K. Shah, Kelvin T. Erickson, Mariesa Crow

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper details a feasibility study of estimating excitation system parameters during online operation using time-domain system identification. This study concentrates on identifying the appropriate exciter model, developing an input signal that would provide a proper level of perturbation such that the dynamics of the system can be captured, analyzing the effects of both systematic and random noise, developing algorithms to perform the parameter estimation, testing and validating the obtained system parameters. This study established a strong basis for estimating the system parameters during online operation.

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Design Of Airflow Aperture Arrays In Shielding Enclosures, Min Li, S. Radu, J. Neubel, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren Aug 1998

Design Of Airflow Aperture Arrays In Shielding Enclosures, Min Li, S. Radu, J. Neubel, James L. Drewniak, Todd H. Hubing, Thomas Van Doren

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

EMI through perforation patterns for airflow in shielding enclosures resulting from coupling of interior sources is investigated numerically with FDTD simulations and experimentally. The FDTD simulations are compared with measurements on perforation patterns. A simple empirical design approach for the relation between aperture size, the number of apertures and shielding effectiveness is extracted. A double perforation pattern structure is proposed for perforation pattern designs where a high percentage of open area is required. Frequencies where the enclosure will support cavity modes are of primary concern.

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