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Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

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Radiated Emissions From Populated Printed Circuit Boards Due To Power Bus Noise, Hwan-Woo Shim, Todd H. Hubing, Yan Fu Jan 2004

Radiated Emissions From Populated Printed Circuit Boards Due To Power Bus Noise, Hwan-Woo Shim, Todd H. Hubing, Yan Fu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Previous studies have demonstrated that power plane pairs in a printed circuit board are capable of generating significant radiated emissions at resonance frequencies if these resonances are not damped by material or component losses. The paper shows that board resonances may be readily damped by component losses. However, radiated emissions from a damped power bus may still exceed FCC or CISPR limits over a broad band of frequencies.

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Robust Resource Allocation For Sensor-Actuator Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Jong-Kook Kim, A. A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel Jan 2004

Robust Resource Allocation For Sensor-Actuator Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Jong-Kook Kim, A. A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This research investigates two distinct issues related to a resource allocation: its robustness and the failure rate of the heuristic used to determine the allocation. The target system consists of a number of sensors feeding a set of heterogeneous applications continuously executing on a set of heterogeneous machines connected together by high-speed heterogeneous links. There are number of quality of service (QoS) constraints that must be satisfied. A heuristic failure occurs if the heuristic cannot find an allocation that allows the system to meet its QoS constraints. The system is expected to operate in an uncertain environment where the workload, …

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The Robustness Of Resource Allocation In Parallel And Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Howard Jay Siegel, A. A. Maciejewski Jan 2004

The Robustness Of Resource Allocation In Parallel And Distributed Computing Systems, Shoukat Ali, Howard Jay Siegel, A. A. Maciejewski

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper gives an overview of the material to be discussed in the invited keynote presentation by H. J. Siegel. Performing computing and communication tasks on parallel and distributed systems involves the coordinated use of different types of machines, networks, interfaces, and other resources. Decisions about how best to allocate resources are often based on estimated values of task and system parameters, due to uncertainties in the system environment. An important research problem is the development of resource management strategies that can guarantee a particular system performance given such uncertainties. We have designed a methodology for deriving the degree of …

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A Preliminary Study Of Maximum System-Level Crosstalk At High Frequencies For Coupled Transmission Lines, H. Weng, Daryl G. Beetner, Todd H. Hubing, R. Wiese, J. Mccallum, Xiaopeng Dong Jan 2004

A Preliminary Study Of Maximum System-Level Crosstalk At High Frequencies For Coupled Transmission Lines, H. Weng, Daryl G. Beetner, Todd H. Hubing, R. Wiese, J. Mccallum, Xiaopeng Dong

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Simple formulas were derived to quickly estimate maximum crosstalk between wires in a harness at high frequencies, where the length of circuits is comparable with or greater than the wavelength of the signals of interest. Formulas were derived from multi-conductor transmission line theory. When the source and load resistances are either both large or both small compared to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, maximum coupling is shown to be given by approximately XMAX = Cm / (C22 + Cm). A similar equation was found for the case where the load impedances are matched. …

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A Taxonomy Of Network Computing Systems, Muthucumaru Maheswaran, Shoukat Ali Jan 2004

A Taxonomy Of Network Computing Systems, Muthucumaru Maheswaran, Shoukat Ali

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Rapid advances in networking and microprocessor technologies have led to the emergence of Internet-wide distributed computing systems ranging from simple LAN-based clusters to planetary-scale networks. As these network computing systems evolve by combining the best features of existing systems, differences among NCs are blurring. To address this problem, researchers have proposed formal taxonomies of NC systems. We propose a new taxonomy that is both broad enough to encompass all NC systems and simple enough to be widely used.

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Adaptive Critics For Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy Jan 2004

Adaptive Critics For Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work introduces a novel technique for dynamic particle swarm optimization (DPSO) using adaptive critic designs. The adaptation between global and local search in an optimization algorithm is critical for optimization problems especially in a dynamically changing environment or process over time. The inertia weight in particle swarm optimization (PSO) is dynamically adjusted in this paper in order to provide a nonlinear search capability for the PSO algorithm. Results on benchmark functions in the literature are provided.

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An Intelligent Dissolved Oxygen Microsensor System With Electrochemically Actuated Fluidics, Chang-Soo Kim, Jongwon Park, Xinbo He Jan 2004

An Intelligent Dissolved Oxygen Microsensor System With Electrochemically Actuated Fluidics, Chang-Soo Kim, Jongwon Park, Xinbo He

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new dissolved oxygen monitoring microsystem is proposed to achieve in situ intelligent self-calibration by using an electrochemically actuated fluidic system. The electrochemical actuation, based on water electrolysis, plays two critical roles in the proposed microsystem. First, the electrochemically generated gases serve as the calibrants for the in situ 2-point calibration/diagnosis procedure of the microsensor in a chip. Secondly, the electrochemical generation and collapse of gas bubbles provide the driving force of the bidirectional fluidic manipulation for sampling and dispensing of the sample solution. A microsystem including a dissolved oxygen microprobe, electrochemical actuators, and a fluidic structure are prepared by …

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A Discrete-Time Model For Triply Selective Mimo Rayleigh Fading Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Jingxian Wu, Sang-Yick Leong, Y. Rosa Zheng, Khaled Ben Letaief Jan 2004

A Discrete-Time Model For Triply Selective Mimo Rayleigh Fading Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Jingxian Wu, Sang-Yick Leong, Y. Rosa Zheng, Khaled Ben Letaief

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A statistical discrete-time model is proposed for simulating wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels which are triply selective due to angle spread, Doppler spread, and delay spread. The new discrete-time MIMO channel model includes the combined effects of the transmit filter, physical MIMO multipath channel fading, and receive filter, and it has the same sampling period as that of the MIMO receiver. This leads to very efficient simulation of physical continuous-time MIMO channels. A new method is also presented to efficiently generate the MIMO channel stochastic coefficients. The statistical accuracy of the discrete-time MIMO channel model is rigorously verified through …

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Adaptive Force-Balancing Control Of Mems Gyroscope With Actuator Limits, Mohammed Hameed, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2004

Adaptive Force-Balancing Control Of Mems Gyroscope With Actuator Limits, Mohammed Hameed, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work presents an adaptive force-balancing control (AFBC) scheme with actuator limits for a MEMS Z-axis gyroscope. The purpose of the adaptive force-balancing control is to identify major fabrication imperfections so that they are properly compensated unlike the case of conventional force-balancing controlled gyroscope. The proposed AFBC scheme controls the vibratory modes of the proof mass while ensuring that the control input satisfies the magnitude constraints and the performance of the gyroscope is enhanced in the presence of fabrication uncertainties. Consequently, commonly reported problems of MEMS gyroscope such as quadrature compensation, drive and sense axes frequency tuning are not needed …

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An Engineering Primer For Outreach To K-4 Education, Theresa M. Swift, Steve Eugene Watkins Jan 2004

An Engineering Primer For Outreach To K-4 Education, Theresa M. Swift, Steve Eugene Watkins

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Student motivation for and proficiency in science and mathematics begin in the early grades. Level-appropriate resources and professional outreach activities are as beneficial for teachers and students at elementary levels as for higher levels. Engineering applications can be effective vehicles for giving students hands-on exposure to technical concepts and for showing students how these concepts relate to everyday life. To improve the technical literacy of society and to promote STEM-related careers, engineers should be engaged in active outreach. However, engineers who seek these types of projects have some learning to do themselves. They must understand the unique elementary education environment …

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Boost Integrated Push-Pull Rectifier With Power Factor Correction And Output Voltage Regulation Using A New Digital Control Technique, Zhong Nie, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Ali Emadi Jan 2004

Boost Integrated Push-Pull Rectifier With Power Factor Correction And Output Voltage Regulation Using A New Digital Control Technique, Zhong Nie, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Ali Emadi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An integrated converter is a synthesized converter based on the overall system integration, which is simplified by the system objective and can implement the system functions similar to the discrete converters. An integrated converter consists of converter sets; each converter set has a special function defined by the designer. A family of DC/DC Boost based integrated rectifiers with two active switches can be derived by the integration concept. In this paper, Boost + Push-Pull integrated converter is introduced and derived. To regulate the output voltage and shape the input current, a new simple digital control method is applied. In contrast …

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Characterization Of Human Metal Esd Reference Discharge Event And Correlation Of Generator Parameters To Failure Levels-Part I: Reference Event, Ramachandran Chundru, David Pommerenke, Kai Wang, Thomas Van Doren, Jiu Sheng Huang, Federico Centola Jan 2004

Characterization Of Human Metal Esd Reference Discharge Event And Correlation Of Generator Parameters To Failure Levels-Part I: Reference Event, Ramachandran Chundru, David Pommerenke, Kai Wang, Thomas Van Doren, Jiu Sheng Huang, Federico Centola

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) generators are used for testing the robustness of electronics toward ESD. Most generators are built in accordance with the IEC 61000-4-2 specifications. Using only a few parameters, this standard specifies the peak current, the rise time and the falling edge. Lacking a transient field specification, test results vary depending on which generator is used, even if the currents are quite similar. Such a specification is needed to improve the test repeatability. As for the current, the specification should be based on a reference human metal ESD event. While keeping the presently set peak current and rise time …

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Decentralized Neural Network Control Of A Class Of Large-Scale Systems With Unknown Interconnection, Wenxin Liu, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Donald C. Wunsch, Mariesa Crow Jan 2004

Decentralized Neural Network Control Of A Class Of Large-Scale Systems With Unknown Interconnection, Wenxin Liu, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Donald C. Wunsch, Mariesa Crow

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel decentralized neural network (DNN) controller is proposed for a class of large-scale nonlinear systems with unknown interconnections. The objective is to design a DNN for a class of large-scale systems which do not satisfy the matching condition requirement. The NNs are used to approximate the unknown subsystem dynamics and the interconnections. The DNN is designed using the back stepping methodology with only local signals for feedback. All of the signals in the closed loop (system states and weights estimation errors) are guaranteed to be uniformly ultimately bounded and eventually converge to a compact set.

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Discrete-Time Neural Network Output Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Systems In Non-Strict Feedback Form, P. He, Sarangapani Jagannathan Jan 2004

Discrete-Time Neural Network Output Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Systems In Non-Strict Feedback Form, P. He, Sarangapani Jagannathan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An adaptive neural network (NN) -Based output feedback controller is proposed to deliver a desired tracking performance for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems, which is represented in non-strict feedback form. the NN backstepping approach is utilized to design the adaptive output feedback controller consisting of 1) a NN observer to estimate the system states with the input-output data, and 2) two NNs to generate the virtual and actual control inputs, respectively. the non-causal problem in the discrete time backstepping design is avoided by using the universal NN approximator. the persistence excitation (PE) condition is relaxed both in the NN …

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Position Sensorless Control, Babak Fahimi, Ali Emadi, Raymond B. Sepe Jan 2004

Position Sensorless Control, Babak Fahimi, Ali Emadi, Raymond B. Sepe

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The switched reluctance machines (SRM) drives applications are studied. the introduction of SRM drives in mission critical applications calls for high levels of survivability and fault tolerance. the various methods are proposed for the sensor less control of SRM drives. the best version of the sensor less technique is selected by continuous monitoring of the back-EMF. the results show that four-quadrant sensor less control of the SRM drive is a feasible technique and can be considered as a technology ready for application.

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Reinforcement Learning-Based Output Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Systems With Input Constraints, P. He, Sarangapani Jagannathan Jan 2004

Reinforcement Learning-Based Output Feedback Control Of Nonlinear Systems With Input Constraints, P. He, Sarangapani Jagannathan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel neural network (NN) -Based output feedback controller with magnitude constraints is designed to deliver a desired tracking performance for a class of multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) discrete-time strict feedback nonlinear systems. Reinforcement learning in discrete time is proposed for the output feedback controller, which uses three NNs: 1) a NN observer to estimate the system states with the input-output data; 2) a critic NN to approximate certain strategic utility function; and 3) an action NN to minimize both the strategic utility function and the unknown dynamics estimation errors. the magnitude constraints are manifested as saturation nonlinearities in the output feedback …

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Modified Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Based Controllers For A Static Compensator In A Multimachine Power System, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley Jan 2004

Modified Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Based Controllers For A Static Compensator In A Multimachine Power System, Salman Mohagheghi, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Takagi-Sugeno (TS) based fuzzy logic controllers have been designed for controlling a STATCOM in a multimachine power system. Such controllers do not need any prior knowledge of the plant to be controlled and can efficiently control a STATCOM during different disturbances in the network. Two different approaches for the TS fuzzy logic controller are proposed: a conventional TS fuzzy logic design and a modified TS fuzzy logic design based on shrinking span membership functions. Simulation results, along with a comparison of the conventional TS fuzzy logic controller performance with that of the proposed controller are presented.

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Temperature Considerations In Solar Arrays, Steve Eugene Watkins, Min-Jung Wu, E. J. Timpson Jan 2004

Temperature Considerations In Solar Arrays, Steve Eugene Watkins, Min-Jung Wu, E. J. Timpson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Temperature is an important consideration in the operation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. In particular, daily and seasonal temperature variations are a limitation on the application of solar power to homes. At lower temperatures, PV systems produce more power. For higher temperatures, optimum operation requires modification of electrical load and removal of excess heat. Several technologies and approaches are available. To pursue this system optimization, PV cells were investigated at different temperatures. These investigations are compared with simulated theoretical results to draw more specific conclusions that can be applied to a solar house. A temperature reduction of 60⁰C improved the power …

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Time Series Prediction With A Weighted Bidirectional Multi-Stream Extended Kalman Filter, Donald C. Wunsch, Xiao Hu Jan 2004

Time Series Prediction With A Weighted Bidirectional Multi-Stream Extended Kalman Filter, Donald C. Wunsch, Xiao Hu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper describes the use of a multi-stream extended Kalman filter (EKF) to tackle the IJCNN 2004 challenge problem - time series prediction on CATS benchmark. A weighted bidirectional approach was adopted in the experiments to incorporate the forward and backward predictions of the time series. EKF is a practical, general approach to neural networks training. It consists of the following: 1) gradient calculation by backpropagation through time (BPTT); 2) weight updates based on the extended Kalman filter; and 3) data presentation using multi-stream mechanics.

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Cause And Effects Of Voltage Collapse -- Case Studies With Dynamic Simulations, Feng Dong, Mariesa Crow, Badrul H. Chowdhury, Levent Acar Jan 2004

Cause And Effects Of Voltage Collapse -- Case Studies With Dynamic Simulations, Feng Dong, Mariesa Crow, Badrul H. Chowdhury, Levent Acar

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Voltage collapse studies are made to gain an insight into mechanisms that drive a system into collapse. The inter-play of generator controls in local and external areas are explored. Simulations are carried out on a medium sized network by a transient dynamic simulation program. Simulation results help to better understand remediation strategies. The time dependent characteristics of corrective controls are investigated.

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Indirect Adaptive Control For Synchronous Generator: Comparison Of Mlp/Rbf Neural Networks Approach With Lyapunov Stability Analysis, Jung-Wook Park, Ronald G. Harley, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy Jan 2004

Indirect Adaptive Control For Synchronous Generator: Comparison Of Mlp/Rbf Neural Networks Approach With Lyapunov Stability Analysis, Jung-Wook Park, Ronald G. Harley, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper compares two indirect adaptive neurocontrollers, namely a multilayer perceptron neurocontroller (MLPNC) and a radial basis function neurocontroller (RBFNC) to control a synchronous generator. The different damping and transient performances of two neurocontrollers are compared with those of conventional linear controllers, and analyzed based on the Lyapunov direct method.

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Measuring The Robustness Of A Resource Allocation, Shoukat Ali, A. A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel, Jong-Kook Kim Jan 2004

Measuring The Robustness Of A Resource Allocation, Shoukat Ali, A. A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel, Jong-Kook Kim

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Parallel and distributed systems may operate in an environment that undergoes unpredictable changes causing certain system performance features to degrade. Such systems need robustness to guarantee limited degradation despite fluctuations in the behavior of its component parts or environment. This research investigates the robustness of an allocation of resources to tasks in parallel and distributed systems. The main contributions are 1) a mathematical description of a metric for the robustness of a resource allocation with respect to desired system performance features against multiple perturbations in multiple system and environmental conditions, and 2) a procedure for deriving a robustness metric for …

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Power Flow And Stability Models For Induction Generators Used In Wind Turbines, Kiran K. Nandigam, Badrul H. Chowdhury Jan 2004

Power Flow And Stability Models For Induction Generators Used In Wind Turbines, Kiran K. Nandigam, Badrul H. Chowdhury

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Model initialization of the induction generator for the wind power generation is investigated. Incorrect initialization may lead to numerical instability problems, not to mention erroneous result from dynamic simulation. The machine model is studied from the perspective of slip and reactive power calculation and tested for various cases. The dynamic reactive power calculation in well-know software package is discussed and the deviation of dynamic reactive power from the steady state reactive power is highlighted.

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A Unique Fault-Tolerant Design For Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter, Xiaomin Kou, Keith Corzine, Yakov L. Familiant Jan 2004

A Unique Fault-Tolerant Design For Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter, Xiaomin Kou, Keith Corzine, Yakov L. Familiant

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a unique design for flying capacitor type multilevel inverters with fault-tolerant features. When a single-switch fault per phase occurs, the new design can still provide the same number of converting levels by shorting the fault power semiconductors and reconfiguring the gate controls. The most attractive point of the proposed design is that it can undertake the single-switch fault per phase without sacrificing power converting quality. Future more, if multiple faults occur in different phases and each phase have only one fault switch, the proposed design can still conditionally provide consistent voltage converting levels. This paper will also …

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Partial Discharge On-Line Monitoring For Hv Cable Systems Using Electrooptic Modulators, Paul L. Lewin, David Pommerenke, Simon J. Sutton, Yuan Tian, James S. Wilkinson Jan 2004

Partial Discharge On-Line Monitoring For Hv Cable Systems Using Electrooptic Modulators, Paul L. Lewin, David Pommerenke, Simon J. Sutton, Yuan Tian, James S. Wilkinson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A technique for the remote inspection and monitoring of partial discharge (PD) activity using an optical network is described. The network uses a LiNbO3, modulator to modulate the intensity of the transmitted laser light approximately proportional to the voltage applied across the modulator. The laser light is transmitted along an optical fibre and measured remotely by a high-speed optical receiver. A capacitive coupler has been used to detect partial discharge activity and act as the modulator's input voltage source. The electro-optic modulator is passive and does not require a power supply at the site of the PD detection sensor. The …

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A Method For Enhancing The Snapshot Performance In San Volume Manager, Chang-Soo Kim, Dong-Jae Kang, Young-Ho Kim, Hag-Young Kim, Myoung-Jun Kim, Yu-Hyeon Bak Jan 2004

A Method For Enhancing The Snapshot Performance In San Volume Manager, Chang-Soo Kim, Dong-Jae Kang, Young-Ho Kim, Hag-Young Kim, Myoung-Jun Kim, Yu-Hyeon Bak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

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A Multiple Principal Components Based Adaptive Filter, Steven L. Grant Jan 2004

A Multiple Principal Components Based Adaptive Filter, Steven L. Grant

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Proportionate normalized least mean squares (PNLMS) is an adaptive filter that has been shown to provide exceptionally fast convergence and tracking when the underlying system parameters are sparse. A good example of such a system is a network echo canceller. Principal components based PNLMS (PCP) extends this fast convergence property to certain nonsparse systems by applying PNLMS while using the principal components of the underlying system as basis vectors. An acoustic echo canceller is a possible example of this type of nonsparse system. Simulations of acoustic echo paths and cancellers indicate that PCP converges and tracks much faster than the …

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A Distributed Power Control Mac Protocol For Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks., Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2004

A Distributed Power Control Mac Protocol For Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks., Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel distributed power control (DPC)⋅ scheme and a MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks in the presence of radio channel uncertainties such as path loss, Shadowing and Rayleigh fading is presented. The DPC quickly estimates the time-varying nature of the channel and uses the information to select a suitable transmitter power value in order to maintain a target Signal-to-Interference ratio (SIR) at the receiver. The standard assumption of a constant interference during a link's power update used in other works is relaxed. The performance of the proposed DPC is demonstrated analytically. The power used for all RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK frames …

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Adaptive Critic Neural Network-Based Object Grasping Control Using A Three-Finger Gripper, Gustavo Galan, Jagannathan Sarangapani Jan 2004

Adaptive Critic Neural Network-Based Object Grasping Control Using A Three-Finger Gripper, Gustavo Galan, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Grasping of objects has been a challenging task for robots. The complex grasping task can be defined as object contact control and manipulation subtasks. In this paper, object contact control subtask is defined as the ability to follow a trajectory accurately by the fingers of a gripper. The object manipulation subtask is defined in terms of maintaining a predefined applied force by the fingers on the object. A sophisticated controller is necessary since the process of grasping an object without a priori knowledge of the object's size, texture, softness, gripper, and contact dynamics is rather difficult. Moreover, the object has …

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Learning To Learn-Concepts In A First Power Engineering Course, Badrul H. Chowdhury Jan 2004

Learning To Learn-Concepts In A First Power Engineering Course, Badrul H. Chowdhury

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Three well-known and widely accepted concepts in educational psychology are revisited. These are "inventory of learning styles," "taxonomy of educational objectives," and "metacognition." Relationships among these concepts are highlighted. Often, a student can develop his (or her) own learning style by the process of metacognition. Ideas are borrowed from these concepts for use in a first-level power systems course. It is beyond a doubt that both cognitive and metacognitive skills are necessary for students to succeed in any course. While a semester-long power systems course leaves little time for critical thinking and passive reflection for students, certain activities may very …

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