Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
File Type

Articles 1801 - 1830 of 7071

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study Of Occupational Self-Efficacy Beliefs For Acquisition Professionals After Completing Professional Credentials Designed For The Knowledge Or Performance Dimension, Carla A. Goger Apr 2025

A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study Of Occupational Self-Efficacy Beliefs For Acquisition Professionals After Completing Professional Credentials Designed For The Knowledge Or Performance Dimension, Carla A. Goger

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study is to explore the impact between credential programs designed for the knowledge or performance dimension and whether there is a difference in how those designs affect defense acquisition professionals’ occupational self-efficacy beliefs and whether the years of professional experience affect those results. This study endeavors to contribute to the field of education by shedding light on the relationship between the design of professional credential programs and occupational self-efficacy beliefs within the approximate 19,000 members of the defense acquisition workforce who have attained a credential since 2019. The occupational self-efficacy short-form (OSS-6) questionnaire was …


Houston Nationalism: The Life And Politics Of United States Senator Sam Houston, Jeremy Ager Pedigo Apr 2025

Houston Nationalism: The Life And Politics Of United States Senator Sam Houston, Jeremy Ager Pedigo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Sam Houston had a long and distinguished career in public service, gaining the most notoriety as General of the Texas Army and President of the Republic of Texas. However, he served in the United States Senate longer than any other position he held. This dissertation examines the impact of his life events and political ideology on the decisions and actions he undertook as a Senator, culminating in the proposal of a new ideology called “Houston Nationalism.” This belief system was based on three principles; nationalism, engagement, and recognition, which are defined throughout the study. Nationalism represents Houston’s support for the …


From Riches To Rags : Deindustrialization And The Fall And Rise Of The Upstate Mill Towns Of South Carolina, Brian Patrick Worrill Apr 2025

From Riches To Rags : Deindustrialization And The Fall And Rise Of The Upstate Mill Towns Of South Carolina, Brian Patrick Worrill

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The collapse and subsequent deindustrialization of the textile industry in the late 20th century devastated dozens of small communities across the Piedmont. With the loss of their primary economic engine these towns struggled with the outmigration of professional services and small businesses, crippling poverty, high unemployment, and rampant crime. As South Carolina’s economic model evolved to adapt to the globalized economy of the 21st century its government funded reindustrialization efforts have focused on its already well developed urban core, a strategy that often neglects rural areas. Yet, despite having been overlooked the majority of these orphaned mill towns did not …


Factors Associated With Clinician Confidence With Gender Identity Issues In Children, Elizabeth D. Hickman Apr 2025

Factors Associated With Clinician Confidence With Gender Identity Issues In Children, Elizabeth D. Hickman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This dissertation explored mental health clinicians’ experience and self-confidence in their ability to identify and treat children with gender dysphoria. Gender issues are highly prevalent in the United States with an estimated 1.9 million individuals (about twice the population of South Dakota) considering themselves in the LGBT community. The American Psychological Association estimated that there were currently 106,500 licensed psychologists in the United States in a 2014 census. The United States Census population clock has the number of citizens to nearly 335 million people. Meaning that for every psychologist there are 3,146 potential clients. This is an overwhelming ratio of …


Investigating Christian Counselors' Emphasis On Marriage Vows As A Sacred Covenant In Premarital Counseling, Lovie J. Faine Apr 2025

Investigating Christian Counselors' Emphasis On Marriage Vows As A Sacred Covenant In Premarital Counseling, Lovie J. Faine

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Proverbs 11:14 says, “Where no counsel is, the people fall: but in the multitude of counselors there is safety” (King James Bible, 2017; Proverbs 11:14). This proverb suggests that counsel can provide a level of security. Premarital counsel is a type of provisional assistance and guidance sought by couples seeking to shelter and strengthen their union. Within the church pastors and elders often provide Christian counseling to congregants for various reasons, including premarital counseling. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to discover pastors and elders that operate as Christian counselors’ emphasis on marriage vows as a sacred covenant within …


Are We Ready? A Phenomenological Study On Teachers' Perceptions Surrounding Readiness To Teach Diverse Communities And The Responsibility Of Teacher Preparation Programs, Ja'niece Tiara Whitehead Apr 2025

Are We Ready? A Phenomenological Study On Teachers' Perceptions Surrounding Readiness To Teach Diverse Communities And The Responsibility Of Teacher Preparation Programs, Ja'niece Tiara Whitehead

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to discover teachers’ lived experiences in their teacher education programs in regard to levels of preparedness to effectively teach racially, linguistically, and gender-diverse students. The theory guiding this study was Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT), which refers to teaching students customs, characteristics, experiences, and perspectives as tools to enhance instruction and understanding of the complexities of society as well as the awareness that students dwell in varying circumstances. The central question directing this research study asked, “What are the lived experiences of teachers and their teacher education programs with diverse communities?” Participants of …


A Quasi-Experimental Non-Equivalent Control Group Study Of The Efficacy Of An Academic Habits Course On Middle School Students’ Executive Function, Leslie Anne M Mccoy Apr 2025

A Quasi-Experimental Non-Equivalent Control Group Study Of The Efficacy Of An Academic Habits Course On Middle School Students’ Executive Function, Leslie Anne M Mccoy

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental, nonequivalent pretest-post-test control group study was to examine the efficacy of executive function training through scaffolded instruction on the executive function skillset between sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students enrolled in an academic habits course versus those who are not enrolled in an academic habits course at a middle school located in the southeastern United States. While former studies contributed to the literature on the trainability of the executive function skills of middle school students within the clinical setting, this study contributes to the current literature on the trainability of the executive function skills of …


Illuminating The Damascus Road Journey In Modern Times - Traveling The Road To Servanthood, Lilian Parico Cavaleri Apr 2025

Illuminating The Damascus Road Journey In Modern Times - Traveling The Road To Servanthood, Lilian Parico Cavaleri

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Servanthood focuses on serving and prioritizing others’ needs. Research shows that servanthood is associated with higher levels of employee engagement, job satisfaction, and performance, leading to improved individual spiritual well-being and team performance. Research also shows an upward trend within the last four years of companies sponsoring faith-based employee resource groups. However, there has been limited research on a servanthood model for a faith-based employee resource group in a global secular company. This Doctor of Ministry action research project conducted a groundbreaking case study and successfully developed a Bible-based servanthood model called the Seven Paths along the Road to Servanthood …


The Lingering Wound: Examining The Interplay Of Cultural Mistrust, Help-Seeking Attitudes, And Race-Based Counseling Preferences Among Black Americans, Jean-Robert Langlois Apr 2025

The Lingering Wound: Examining The Interplay Of Cultural Mistrust, Help-Seeking Attitudes, And Race-Based Counseling Preferences Among Black Americans, Jean-Robert Langlois

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This mixed-methods study examined the relationship between cultural mistrust, help-seeking attitudes, and race-based counseling preferences among Black Americans. Prior research has suggested that there is a notable underutilization of mental health services within the African American community. There is a lack of studies that integrate both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the reasons behind this underutilization. Participants were recruited through a convenient sampling method and a total of 74 individuals aged 18 and older agreed to take part in the study. The Client Preference Scale (CPS), the Cultural Mistrust Inventory (CMI), the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychology Help Scale-Short …


Pouring From An Empty Cup: A Qualitative Exploration Of Early-Career School Social Workers' Lived Experiences With Secondary Trauma, Chatelah D. Brown Apr 2025

Pouring From An Empty Cup: A Qualitative Exploration Of Early-Career School Social Workers' Lived Experiences With Secondary Trauma, Chatelah D. Brown

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how early-career school social workers in public schools in Georgia described their lived experiences of secondary trauma. This study examined the contextual elements that contributed to secondary trauma. The findings may inform training for school districts to improve climate and culture, develop learning workshops, and create supportive systems for early-career social workers exposed to student traumas. Theories guiding this study included Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and Bruce Biddle’s role theory. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory addresses the levels of influence on mental and physical wellness and their impact on human development. It …


Experiences Of Black Students With Disabilities Suspended For Violating A Zero-Tolerance Policy: A Transcendental Phenomenology, Lee Benedict Apr 2025

Experiences Of Black Students With Disabilities Suspended For Violating A Zero-Tolerance Policy: A Transcendental Phenomenology, Lee Benedict

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenology was to describe the experiences of Black students with disabilities suspended for violating a zero-tolerance policy. For this study, zero-tolerance policies were defined as rules and regulations put in place by a school system for which (alleged) violators must be suspended immediately with no administrative discretion. The theory that guided this study is geneticist Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and biologist Marcus Feldman’s cultural transmission theory (CTT), often called enculturation, which states that cultural elements such as attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and values are transmitted to individuals and groups. The central research question asked, what plausible evidence suggests …


The Perceived Impact Of Covid-19 On The Grief Process Of African American Adults, Tondra Crumpler Mclaurin Apr 2025

The Perceived Impact Of Covid-19 On The Grief Process Of African American Adults, Tondra Crumpler Mclaurin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected African Americans in the areas of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Research studies have historically focused primarily on the grief experiences of European Americans. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study is to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the bereavement experience of African American adults. The theoretical frameworks used to guide this study were attachment theory, individual differences model, and meaning reconstruction model. Three research questions were the focus of the qualitative study: what are the lived grief experiences of African American adults who experienced the death of a loved one during the …


Examination Of Supervisor Support Of Worker Mental Health: A Quantitative Survey Of Workplace Attitudes, Interventions, Values, And Support, Myra Hernandez Apr 2025

Examination Of Supervisor Support Of Worker Mental Health: A Quantitative Survey Of Workplace Attitudes, Interventions, Values, And Support, Myra Hernandez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The aim of this study was to help understand mental health in the workplace. The research aimed to examine how supervisor attitudes (stigma) toward mental health, staff care values, and organizational mental health intervention and prevention training predicted supervisor confidence in supporting workers experiencing mental health issues and supportive behavior of worker mental health. This quantitative, relational, cross-sectional research design used regression and moderation analyses to examine and measure the variables. Quantitative data from a closed-question survey was analyzed. The G*Power analysis determined that a minimum of 77 participants were needed for the study. Target participants were supervisors 18 years …


Unveiling The Detrimental Effects Of Racial Profiling On Hispanics In The Rgv By Dps Under Operation Lone Star, Veronica G. Salinas Apr 2025

Unveiling The Detrimental Effects Of Racial Profiling On Hispanics In The Rgv By Dps Under Operation Lone Star, Veronica G. Salinas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this applied study was to solve the problem of whether racial profiling by DPS on the Hispanic community in the RGV was indeed an ongoing issue that was causing adverse impacts. Moreover, to design better training for DPS troopers to address the problem of racial profiling against Hispanics. The setting of this study was based on Hispanics born or raised in the RGV. Interviews and focused groups were used to collect data. The MAXQDA was used to help analyze and identify common themes. The two main common themes were positive and negative experiences, with 11 out of …


Pathway Out Of Homelessness, Budwa (Bud) Sous Apr 2025

Pathway Out Of Homelessness, Budwa (Bud) Sous

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological case study aims to understand the homeless individuals' relational Transformational Experience (TE) and their choice to complete the transitional pathway journey from homelessness at a faith-based shelter. Developed in 1938 by John Dewy, TE has become a comprehensive and complex framework that describes how learners interpret, confirm, and give meaning to their experiences. As a result, this study's framework uses a hermeneutic and relational approach to explore and highlight relational barriers the homeless faced following their transition out of a Midwest homeless shelter. However, research has not adequately recognized how a restored relationship contributes to cognitive and behavioral …


The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In The Clinical Supervision Of Counselors In Training: A Comparative Quantitative Study, Debra Ann Millman Apr 2025

The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In The Clinical Supervision Of Counselors In Training: A Comparative Quantitative Study, Debra Ann Millman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

To address the need to improve the effectiveness of clinical supervision, this study compared the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate the counseling skills of counselors in training with evaluations completed by counseling professors. Counseling session transcripts obtained from the public domain were evaluated using AI by asking the chatbot to act as if it were a licensed mental health clinical supervisor and evaluate the transcript using the Counseling Competencies Scale Revised rubric. Counseling professors were asked to manually evaluate the sessions using the same rubric. Finally, doctoral students enrolled in a counselor education and supervision program were asked …


Exploring The Silent Suffering Of Male Survivors Of Sexual Assault: A Phenomenological Study, Donna Erica Mitchell Apr 2025

Exploring The Silent Suffering Of Male Survivors Of Sexual Assault: A Phenomenological Study, Donna Erica Mitchell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the obscure traumatic experiences, challenges, and perceptions that confront adult men in North Carolina suffering in silence as a response to their childhood sexual abuse experiences. The theory guiding this study was the hegemonic masculinity theory, which explains how masculinity has been culturized to create patriarchal systems. One central research question and three research sub-questions were answered. The central research question was, what is the lived experience of male survivors of sexual trauma? The research sub-questions were: What are the effects of the abuse experience on the mental and psychological well-being …


Transformative Teaching: Enhancing Spiritual Growth In The I'M A Part Church Through Prison Ministry Program Insights, Arlen K. Parham Apr 2025

Transformative Teaching: Enhancing Spiritual Growth In The I'M A Part Church Through Prison Ministry Program Insights, Arlen K. Parham

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The research project strived to equip the leadership of small churches with the tools to improve spiritual maturity among church members by utilizing a holistic, evidence-based curriculum developed with transformative teaching from prison ministry insights. The goal is to bring an evidence-based prison curriculum from a correctional setting and implement it in a church setting to improve spiritual maturity. The congregants of the I’m A Part Church agreed to be a test model. The curriculum will advance the church’s mission to invest in others by creating a vetted transformative teaching program. The addition of the transformative teaching curriculum is geared …


Perceptions Of Preparedness Regarding School Violence: A Qualitative Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study, Kirkham Moyle Burbidge Apr 2025

Perceptions Of Preparedness Regarding School Violence: A Qualitative Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study, Kirkham Moyle Burbidge

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study is to understand the school violence preparedness training perceptions of teachers in K-6 Utah schools. Bandura’s social cognitive theory guides this study by supporting knowledge via social connections and context-specific situations. The central research question was “What are the school violence preparedness training experiences of Utah K-6 school teachers?” Van Manen’s approach to researching lived experiences methodologically guides the qualitative study. Participants were K-6 elementary school teachers in Utah, recruited using purposeful and criterion sampling. Teachers were interviewed individually and in focus groups and invited to reflect on their training experience via protocol …


Predicting Parental Satisfaction From School Level And Parental Demographics For Private Christian K-12 Schools In The Southeast United States, William J. Monts Apr 2025

Predicting Parental Satisfaction From School Level And Parental Demographics For Private Christian K-12 Schools In The Southeast United States, William J. Monts

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, predictive correlational study was to investigate the relationship between parental satisfaction in private Christian K-12 schools, school level (primary or secondary), and multiple parental demographic variables. The multiple parental demographic variables include geographic location, ethnicity, gender, religious affiliation, education level, and parental income. This study is important because private Christian school enrollment has been on a decline and will help educational institutions to understand better how to appeal to prospective families. Students and parents of private schools tend to have a high level of stakeholder investment, and parent satisfaction is an outcome that indicates whether …


Teacher Attrition And Mobility In Public Schools In Rural America: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology Study, Lisa Marie Dunkelberg Apr 2025

Teacher Attrition And Mobility In Public Schools In Rural America: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology Study, Lisa Marie Dunkelberg

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of teachers who had previously taught at a rural public school in Northern New York State and had left those teaching positions. The problem communicated in this study was the high attrition, turnover, and mobility rates of teachers in rural public schools in the United States. The theory guiding this research is Ehrenberg and Smith’s economic labor market of supply and demand as it relates to the phenomenon of teacher attrition. The central research question of understanding the lived experiences of teachers who have left rural school districts …


A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Covid-19 Mental Health Influences On Post-High School Students And Educators, Melvin J. Thomas Apr 2025

A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Covid-19 Mental Health Influences On Post-High School Students And Educators, Melvin J. Thomas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of post-high school students and educators located in the Northeastern Florida region of the United States. The theory guiding this study was Piaget’s theory on cognitive learning and development, as it assisted with highlighting the lived human experiences relating to the stages of cognitive development and mental health influences because of decreased physical and social interactions and changed learning environments. The qualitative method and the phenomenological design were used, which consisted of collecting data relating to the first-hand experiences of …


Exploring The Concept Of Eternal Security In The Primitive Church Of Orlando, Fl, Evelyne Petion Laroque Mar 2025

Exploring The Concept Of Eternal Security In The Primitive Church Of Orlando, Fl, Evelyne Petion Laroque

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study explores the concept of eternal security in the Primitive Church of Orlando, Florida. The purpose is to accede to a genuine guarantee of eternal life. The Primitive Church of Orlando, Florida, may not understand the concept of eternal security, but the fault may not be entirely theirs. Theologians and believers have debated eternal security for centuries, with some advocating for “Once saved, always saved.” Moreover, others emphasize assurance of salvation. It is unclear how this ongoing argument serves God’s redemptive purpose for His Church. Still, it continues to frustrate believers’ spiritual formation worldwide. This study presents findings on …


Achieving Positive Outcomes Using Rapport-Based Police Interviewing In Sex Offense Investigations, Mark A. Dainty Mar 2025

Achieving Positive Outcomes Using Rapport-Based Police Interviewing In Sex Offense Investigations, Mark A. Dainty

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Rapport is a critical component of interpersonal communication marked by verbal and non-verbal behaviors including attention, positivity, and coordination. The presence of these indicators during police interviews is positively correlated with information yield. This grounded theory study examined the relationship between rapport and information yield as measured by the quantity of details interviewees disclosed to investigators, particularly sensitive or incriminating details. The theory guiding this study was Cesare Beccaria’s classical criminology Rational Choice Theory, which suggests offenders are rational beings who conduct a cost-benefit analysis before engaging in crime. Investigators applying this theory and employing rapport-based interviewing skills will elicit …


Exploring Phonics Instruction And Strategies In Emerging Literacy: A Phenomenological Inquiry Into Effective Early Literacy Interventions, Morgan J. Dugan Mar 2025

Exploring Phonics Instruction And Strategies In Emerging Literacy: A Phenomenological Inquiry Into Effective Early Literacy Interventions, Morgan J. Dugan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study examines the experiences of public-school kindergarten teachers in Pennsylvania who implement grouped phonics instruction to support early literacy development. Grounded in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the research focuses on educators’ instructional strategies, challenges, and collaborative practices in fostering reading skills. The central research question asks, “What are the experiences of kindergarten teachers using grouped phonics education methods?” Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 10 teachers averaging 20.2 years of experience, the study identifies key themes in phonics instruction. Findings show the widespread use of structured programs such as Heggerty (used by 80% of participants) and …


Marketization As An Influence On Leadership Behavior And Organizational Mission In U.S.-Based Nonprofit Organizations, Joshua Caulfield Mar 2025

Marketization As An Influence On Leadership Behavior And Organizational Mission In U.S.-Based Nonprofit Organizations, Joshua Caulfield

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) form a sector of society aimed at supporting specific communities without a profit motive and the encumbrances inherent in government organizations. As society has matured, NPOs find themselves engaging in their missions within the context of a highly competitive marketplace. Leadership and staff find that resource requirements are growing, the supply of funding and other sources of support is threatened, and the expectations of their communities are expanding. This has led NPO leaders to make decisions to adopt businesslike practices, called marketization, more frequently. This study explored an under-researched sector of the NPO community, trade associations and …


Connections Between Co-Occurring Symptoms Of Eating Disorders, Gut Dysbiosis, Anxiety, And Depression, Erin L. Thomas Mar 2025

Connections Between Co-Occurring Symptoms Of Eating Disorders, Gut Dysbiosis, Anxiety, And Depression, Erin L. Thomas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Eating disorders (ED) are a pervasive mental health condition that puts individuals at risk for long-term physical consequences or even death, and current treatment methods typically do not offer long-term efficacy. The current study aims to examine relationships between co-occurring symptoms of EDs, gastrointestinal distress, anxiety, and depression to add to the scientific literature and point towards directions that may increase the benefits of treatment efforts. A total of 72 participants were asked to complete an online survey that consisted of measures from each variable and took about 20 minutes to finish. Participating individuals had to be at least 18 …


Improving The Mq For Pastoral Counseling At Hesed Counseling Ministries To Benefit Pro-Life Victims Of Pro-Abortionist Violence, Sean Michael Patrick Ferreiro Mar 2025

Improving The Mq For Pastoral Counseling At Hesed Counseling Ministries To Benefit Pro-Life Victims Of Pro-Abortionist Violence, Sean Michael Patrick Ferreiro

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Biblical Christianity has ubiquitously denounced abortion. Unfortunately, an unprecedented number of physical attacks on the pro-ministry’s volunteers and properties have resulted in traumatic experiences. Counseling services are the natural recommendation for these volunteers thereafter. However, secular counselors are often incongruent with the values of the pro-life ministry. Hesed Counseling Ministries offers counseling services for pro-life volunteers. As a group of solution-focused practitioners, they utilize the miracle-question (MQ). To create a counseling milieu congruent to the unique subculture of the pro-life ministry, they created their own MQ. It was bereft of the voices and verbiage of the pro-life ministry. Therefore, the …


Building Unity Between Coeur D’Alene Bible Church And Summit Christian Academy Communities Through Leadership Engagement Groups, Nathan T. Duncan Mar 2025

Building Unity Between Coeur D’Alene Bible Church And Summit Christian Academy Communities Through Leadership Engagement Groups, Nathan T. Duncan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The Western church must model unity to its congregation and the local community as part of the battle against the growing cultural focus on individualism. The purpose of this action research project was to develop and build unity between Coeur d'Alene Bible Church (CBC) and Summit Christian Academy (SCA) by utilizing Leadership Engagement Groups (LEGs). LEGs consisted of individuals from the leadership team of each ministry, five from CBC and four from SCA. They met for five weeks to pray, examine biblical unity, and discuss how they can practically assist the other ministry in their ministry goals. Questionnaires, which measured …


The Impact Of A Social Media Literacy Program On Adolescent Subjective Well-Being, Miranda L. Virone Mar 2025

The Impact Of A Social Media Literacy Program On Adolescent Subjective Well-Being, Miranda L. Virone

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study examined the impact of a Social Media Literacy (SML) program on adolescent subjective well-being. The research was conducted in a public middle school in rural western Pennsylvania, with 102 eighth-grade students participating in a six-week SML intervention as part of regular educational practices. The study utilized pre- and post-intervention assessments to measure changes in both SML and subjective well-being. Data analysis included paired samples t-tests to assess within-group effects and Pearson’s r correlation to evaluate associations between variables. Results indicated no statistically significant effect of the SML program on subjective well-being, leading to the rejection of the first …