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Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

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A Qualitative Phenomenological Study Of Educators' Experiences Of Well-Being At Independent Private Schools, Kristi Breault Combs Aug 2022

A Qualitative Phenomenological Study Of Educators' Experiences Of Well-Being At Independent Private Schools, Kristi Breault Combs

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to understand educators’ experiences of well-being at independent private schools. The theory guiding this study was Deci and Ryan’s theory on basic psychological needs. It identifies that the basic psychological needs of relatedness, competence, and autonomy are universal and underlay optimal well-being. I used a qualitative transcendental phenomenological approach to seek in-depth information from the participants about their lived experiences of well-being at independent private schools. The central research question was: How do independent private school educators describe their experiences concerning workplace well-being? Sub-questions addressed well-being related to basic psychological needs: …


Middle And High School Resource Officers’ Perceptions Of Zero-Tolerance Policies’ Impact On Economically Disadvantaged Minority Students: A Multicase Study, Ashley Simone Proctor Aug 2022

Middle And High School Resource Officers’ Perceptions Of Zero-Tolerance Policies’ Impact On Economically Disadvantaged Minority Students: A Multicase Study, Ashley Simone Proctor

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this multicase study was to understand school resource officers’ (SROs’) perceptions of zero-tolerance policies’ impact on economically disadvantaged minority middle and high school students in 10 North Carolina public schools. The theory guiding this study was Gibbs’s deterrence theory because deterrence ideals are the basis of exclusionary disciplinary policies. The theory states that punishment reduces crime or, as it relates to zero tolerance, reduces the likelihood of discipline infractions. The central question for the current research was “How does the implementation of zero-tolerance policies promote or deter the disciplinary referrals of minority and economically disadvantaged students through …


Exploring African American Males' Experiences With Police In Southern California: A Phenomenological Study, Barbara R. Ray Aug 2022

Exploring African American Males' Experiences With Police In Southern California: A Phenomenological Study, Barbara R. Ray

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Black males are treated unfairly and killed more by law enforcement than any other group. The current study sought to explore how Black males in San Bernardino County, CA, describe their lived experiences with law enforcement as framed by the tents of critical race theory. To achieve this aim, a phenomenological research study was conducted, using semistructured interviews with Black males. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The key themes identified included (a) centrality of bias in experiences negatively shaped regard of police, (b) as tools, body-worn cameras do little to increase security or legitimacy, (c) limited interactions-limited law …


Sharenting: A Phenomenological Study Of Sharenting Through The Lens Of The Presentation Of Self, Evie Simmons D'Amico Aug 2022

Sharenting: A Phenomenological Study Of Sharenting Through The Lens Of The Presentation Of Self, Evie Simmons D'Amico

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe and interpret the sharenting of moms who post to Facebook. Sharenting is a term to describe the practice of parents sharing about their children on social media. The theory that guided this study was Erving Goffman’s presentation of self. More specifically, the phenomenon was analyzed to understand how moms use their appearance, setting, and mannerisms to construct motherhood with their performance team on social media. This study used a scroll back interview method to gather data to co-create the essence of sharenting and interpret its meaning. Twenty moms who had elementary-aged …


A Predictive Correlational Study Of Higher Education Leaders' Emotional Intelligence Based Upon Leadership Style And Gender, Tamara Vanessa Hill Aug 2022

A Predictive Correlational Study Of Higher Education Leaders' Emotional Intelligence Based Upon Leadership Style And Gender, Tamara Vanessa Hill

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A predictive correlational study was done to ascertain predictive capabilities between a higher education leaders’ transformational leadership style and their emotional intelligence. The study also sought to identify any correlation to emotional intelligence or transformational leadership style based upon gender. Higher education is a dynamic and constantly evolving environment. To ensure success, leadership of these institutions must remain flexible and intuitive to the changing ecosystem. A multiple regression analysis was used in the predictive correlational research design to corroborate the impact of emotional intelligence and gender on the level of transformational leadership style. The study participants consisted of 190 higher …


A Constructivist Grounded Theory Explaining How Families Homeschooling Learners With Special Educational Needs And Disabilities Mediate Learning Experiences, Melissa Delayne Dean Aug 2022

A Constructivist Grounded Theory Explaining How Families Homeschooling Learners With Special Educational Needs And Disabilities Mediate Learning Experiences, Melissa Delayne Dean

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to extend Feuerstein et al.’s (2006, 2010, 2015) theories of structural cognitive modifiability and mediated learning experience to the homeschool context by constructing a grounded theory that explains how families create mediated learning experiences for learners with special educational needs and disabilities in a homeschool context. Feuerstein’s theories guided this study and provided the framework to answer the central research question: How do Feuerstein’s theories of structural cognitive modifiability and mediated learning experience extend to a homeschool context for learners with special educational needs and disabilities? Purposive sampling methods were used to identify 10 …


A Phenomenological Study Examining The Experiences Of Public School Teachers Who Provide Support For Chronically Absent Students At The Elementary School Level, Robert Lenn Ralston Aug 2022

A Phenomenological Study Examining The Experiences Of Public School Teachers Who Provide Support For Chronically Absent Students At The Elementary School Level, Robert Lenn Ralston

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of public schoolteachers who provided support for chronically absent students at the elementary school level. The theory guiding this study is Ryan and Deci's (1980) self-determination theory (SDT). The SDT explains extrinsic and intrinsic motivation sources and their roles in social development through three general constructs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. A screening survey was used to identify 12 elementary teachers from different schools in the southeastern United States who have taught children who were chronically absent. Data was collected through individual interviews, four focus groups, and an e-mailed …


Does Screening Of Patients In The Home Health Setting Prevent Sepsis Readmissions?, Heather Michelle Cook Aug 2022

Does Screening Of Patients In The Home Health Setting Prevent Sepsis Readmissions?, Heather Michelle Cook

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this evidence-based project is to reduce 30-day readmission rates of patients diagnosed with septicemia by using a symptom screening tool in the home health setting. Sepsis is a life-threatening and costly healthcare burden. Through this project the home health department staff were educated on the pathology of sepsis, and the use of the adult sepsis screener to identify at risk patients early and manage their symptoms thereby reducing 30-day hospital readmission rates of patients diagnosed with sepsis.


Provider Knowledge And Confidence With Implementing Pediatric Adverse Childhood Experiences (Aces) Screening Tool In An Alaskan Family Practice Clinic, Lisa Marie Wangberg Aug 2022

Provider Knowledge And Confidence With Implementing Pediatric Adverse Childhood Experiences (Aces) Screening Tool In An Alaskan Family Practice Clinic, Lisa Marie Wangberg

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been known to be associated with negative developmental and long-term health sequalae since Felitti and colleagues (1998) presented their groundbreaking research nearly a quarter of a century ago. Pediatric and primary care settings have been relatively slow to implement any type of ACEs screening at regular intervals such as at well-child exams (WCEs). A scholarly project implementation was used to present ACEs education and screening training to pediatric primary care providers in a small, private, rural family health care practice in Alaska. The goal of the project was to determine if providers felt more knowledgeable …


Impact Of Emergency Department Triage Sepsis Screening Algorithm And Treatment Order Sets: An Integrative Review, Danielle Marie Tester Aug 2022

Impact Of Emergency Department Triage Sepsis Screening Algorithm And Treatment Order Sets: An Integrative Review, Danielle Marie Tester

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can lead to tissue damage, end-organ damage, and death if left untreated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines sepsis as a severe response to an infection. Sepsis is prominent health concerns worldwide, as it continues to be a leading cause of mortality despite having access to health care. This has impelled many health care organizations to improve sepsis-related care and sepsis outcomes by formulating core measures to improve patient care. The purpose of this integrative review is to discuss if initiation of an emergency department triage sepsis screening algorithm and treatment order …


The Effect Of Pastoral Care On The Direct Patient Care Staff Of The Bethany Children’S Health Center, Bethany, Ok, Job O. Ozovehe Aug 2022

The Effect Of Pastoral Care On The Direct Patient Care Staff Of The Bethany Children’S Health Center, Bethany, Ok, Job O. Ozovehe

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This action project in the field of pastoral care and counseling is designed to determine the effect of pastoral care services of the Bethany Children’s Health Center, Bethany, OK, on the direct patient care staff. The project utilized a video intervention approach to provide needed support to the care team of the Bethany Children’s Health Center. Chapter one discusses the pastoral context of the pastoral care department. It presented the problem and the purpose statement. Chapter two examined the historical context of pastoral care and counseling. It explored the theological and theoretical foundations. Chapter three discusses the entire processes involved …


Investigating The Experience Of Ruralness And Rural Education: A Phenomenological Study Of Perceived Impacts On Achievements And Future Prospects In Rural Ghana, Robert Tsitey Aug 2022

Investigating The Experience Of Ruralness And Rural Education: A Phenomenological Study Of Perceived Impacts On Achievements And Future Prospects In Rural Ghana, Robert Tsitey

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the rural school experiences and post-school outcomes of students from rural Ghana. This study examined rural Ghanaian students in the lenses of in-school and post-school lives in terms of their academic achievements, educational continuity, careers, and ability to cope with life through knowledge gained from their education. Qualitative, first-person research method and hermeneutic phenomenology was used to interpret lived experiences of participants and the texts of life of the concept of the phenomenon. The theories that guided this study were Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory which examines how a child's early development …


A Comparison Of Combat Veterans And Non-Combat Veteran's Perceptions Of Adjustment To College, Cynthia Louise Lawrence Aug 2022

A Comparison Of Combat Veterans And Non-Combat Veteran's Perceptions Of Adjustment To College, Cynthia Louise Lawrence

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental, causal-comparative, ex post facto study was to examine the differences in perceptions between combat veterans and veterans’ adjustment to college based on the factors of belonging, social support, and student stress from the Veteran Adjustment to college scale. This study was important in order to determine how veterans adjust to college in order to attain degrees. This quantitative casual-comparative ex post facto design worked well due to the use of archival data, the variables could be organized into experimental groups; and the data was collected with a validated survey instrument. A MANOVA was used …


Cognitive Abilities Of Criminal Justice Leaders, Dustin Joe Addison Aug 2022

Cognitive Abilities Of Criminal Justice Leaders, Dustin Joe Addison

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this applied study was to help in the understanding of how stress has a significant impact on criminal justice leadership. The research design with the applied study was multimethod. The multimethod design correlated interviews, surveys, and archival data to understand the correlation between stress events and perceived cognitive abilities. The central questions within this study were related to prolonged exposure to high stress and whether criminal justice leaders have a lower cognitive ability than those not exposed to high-stress situations. With the malleability of the human brain allowed by neuroplasticity, do criminal justice leaders have altered abilities …


Secondary Educators' Experiences Implementing Formative Assessment In Rural Southern Maryland: A Transcendental Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Bonnie J. Skinner Aug 2022

Secondary Educators' Experiences Implementing Formative Assessment In Rural Southern Maryland: A Transcendental Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Bonnie J. Skinner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study is to describe secondary educators’ experiences in planning and implementing formative assessment in rural southern Maryland to gain an understanding of their definition and use of Assessment for Learning (AfL) in diverse classrooms. The theory guiding this study, the sociocultural learning theory, grew from the work of the psychologist Vygotsky. The sociocultural learning theory is the best worldview for this study as Vygotsky’s beliefs of parents, caregivers, peers, other mentors (teachers), and culture are responsible for the development of cognition and higher-order functions with learning occurring by interacting with other people. Four essential …


Hbcu Proud And At Risk: Evaluating The Relationship Between Aces And Academic Performance In Black First-Year College Students, Courtney Janell Loyd Aug 2022

Hbcu Proud And At Risk: Evaluating The Relationship Between Aces And Academic Performance In Black First-Year College Students, Courtney Janell Loyd

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Few studies have studied the impact of trauma on academic performance and even fewer have studied Black students. Black college students are usually from a lower socioeconomic class which puts them at a greater disadvantage and a higher risk for dropping out of college. This study is a mixed-method research design. Participants included 44 undergraduate students recruited from a university in the Southern U.S. Phase 1 included paper-pencil surveys, and Phase 2 consisted of an open-ended questionnaire, which allowed for a deeper understanding of the lived experiences. This study used a Spearman Correlation to measure the strength of association between …


Exploring Elementary School Teachers' Instructional Decisions On English Language Arts Strategies For English Language Learners: A Case Study, Tameika Marie Hairston-Thomas Aug 2022

Exploring Elementary School Teachers' Instructional Decisions On English Language Arts Strategies For English Language Learners: A Case Study, Tameika Marie Hairston-Thomas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to determine the instructional strategies and decisions that educators chose, implemented, and evaluated while teaching English Language Learners (ELL) during English Language Arts (ELA). The central research question for this study was: How do elementary teachers at Fisherton Elementary School choose, implement, and evaluate instructional strategies during English Language Arts with English Language Learners? This case study consisted of 10 educator participants at Fisherton Elementary School, a predominantly ELL school. The theory guiding this study was Bruner's (1986) constructionist theory. Data were collected for this research through a series of classroom …


How To Help The Bi-Vocational Pastor At Sandy Grove Church To Have Balance In Ministry And Life Through Equipping & Teaching Of The Saints Along With A Structured Plan To Meet The Ministry Demands, Duran Kiley Odoms Aug 2022

How To Help The Bi-Vocational Pastor At Sandy Grove Church To Have Balance In Ministry And Life Through Equipping & Teaching Of The Saints Along With A Structured Plan To Meet The Ministry Demands, Duran Kiley Odoms

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Burnout, a subject that was birthed in the 1970s was only associated with the private and public sectors of the workforce. It has transitioned into other avenues where personal interaction takes place. Ministry is a profession where people interaction happens weekly and sometimes daily. Ministry is repetitive work that must be done daily, weekly, and monthly. Many pastors have fallen prey to this awful and painful enemy. Burnout has caused many pastors to lose their church, family, and life. The lack of ministry assistance and the demand for the job have taken a toll on many pastors whether they are …


Analyzing The Relationship Between Non-Pharmacologic Interventions And Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: An Integrative Review, Karen Ann Ellis Jul 2022

Analyzing The Relationship Between Non-Pharmacologic Interventions And Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: An Integrative Review, Karen Ann Ellis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Maternal and fetal health outcomes are threatened due to pregnancy-induced hypertension, which complicates nearly 6%–10% of pregnancies worldwide. This disease carries a high risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Medications are commonly used to reduce blood pressure and physical consequences related to high blood pressure. However, the use of medications does not resolve the disease as there is no pharmacological cure. Current evidence demonstrates the detrimental long-term effects of pregnancy-induced hypertension and the increased risk of future cardiac disease. Close surveillance and effective treatment during pregnancy is needed to prevent serious complications. The aim of this integrative review …


Higher Education Student Perceptions And Experiences Of Creativity: A Case Study, Nancy Valeur Ellis Jul 2022

Higher Education Student Perceptions And Experiences Of Creativity: A Case Study, Nancy Valeur Ellis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative single instrumental case study was to describe the perceptions and experiences of creativity by university students at a mid-size public university located in the Mid-Atlantic States of the U.S. The theory guiding this study was Amabile’s componential theory of creativity which views creativity as a complex interrelationship of creative disposition, process, product, and social environment. The question, “How do U.S. higher education students perceive and experience creativity within the university environment?”, was explored. Student interviews, documentation, and focus group responses were analyzed using member checks, linguistic and affective coding, and key quotes and themes. Findings …


Spouses’ Scriptural Beliefs, The Faithfulness Of Relationship With God, And Marital Satisfaction, Cristina Sanda Emrich Jul 2022

Spouses’ Scriptural Beliefs, The Faithfulness Of Relationship With God, And Marital Satisfaction, Cristina Sanda Emrich

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A substantial body of research attests to religion's prominent influence on marital relationship quality. Aspects of religiosity that appear to enhance the quality of marital relationships include couples’ religious homogamy, prayer, religious involvement, spouses’ virtues, and sanctification of marriage. The couples reported studying the Scriptures to be beneficial in coping with life challenges and playing an important role in spouses’ conflict resolution. This study examines the association between marital satisfaction and biblical principles related to constructs such as forgiveness and commitment. It is assumed that relational virtues become relevant for marital quality as scriptural beliefs required by God. Spouses forgive …


Community-Based Physician Assistant Clinical Education: A Case Study On Motivations, Reinforcement, And Barriers For Recruiting And Retention, Clayton James King Jul 2022

Community-Based Physician Assistant Clinical Education: A Case Study On Motivations, Reinforcement, And Barriers For Recruiting And Retention, Clayton James King

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to develop an in-depth understanding of community-based clinical stakeholders experiences with recruiting and retention. The theories guiding this study were B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning and self-determination theory from Deci and Ryan. The methodology for conducting this research was a holistic multiple case study conducted with physician assistant clinical coordinators and community-based preceptors across the United States. Participants contributed to the research through interviews, providing relevant documentation, and in a focus group with clinical coordinators and community-based preceptors. Analysis of the data started with developing concept and pattern codes intra-case with the interviews, …


A Causal-Comparative Study: The Effects Of School Type And School Climate On Mathematical Achievement, Rebekah Lynn Price Jul 2022

A Causal-Comparative Study: The Effects Of School Type And School Climate On Mathematical Achievement, Rebekah Lynn Price

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Academic achievement is the goal of education. Motivating students to meet achievement levels requires observing trends, analyzing data, and adjusting instruction, curriculum and pedagogy practices. People in every political arena and on every educational level are trying to contribute in making sure that achievement goals are met. From the teacher in the classroom to the politician in Washington D.C., ideas are constantly being thought up, laws are being passed, programs are being implemented and standards are being adapted, changed, or written. This study aimed to look at the academic achievement in high school math, particularly Algebra 1, and whether or …


The Effectiveness Of A Chart Audit And Education Intervention To Improve Rts Referral Rates And Confidence In Emergency Nurses Delivering Care To Patients Experiencing Perinatal Loss, Rachel Kathleen Tillas Jul 2022

The Effectiveness Of A Chart Audit And Education Intervention To Improve Rts Referral Rates And Confidence In Emergency Nurses Delivering Care To Patients Experiencing Perinatal Loss, Rachel Kathleen Tillas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Perinatal loss is a significant event in a woman’s life that can have both physical and psychological impacts. Women with perinatal loss often seek care in emergency settings. Research shows that nurses working in emergency settings lack confidence in caring for this patient population, and women who seek care for perinatal loss in the emergency department are dissatisfied with their care. Resolve through sharing (RTS) is an evidence-based approach to bereavement care that offers resources and training to organizations and healthcare professionals. RTS can help bridge the education gap among emergency nurses caring for patients experiencing perinatal loss, be used …


The Best Practice For Colon Cancer Screening Recommendations By Primary Healthcare Providers: An Integrative Review, Anna Lynn Viens Jul 2022

The Best Practice For Colon Cancer Screening Recommendations By Primary Healthcare Providers: An Integrative Review, Anna Lynn Viens

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Colorectal cancer screening is an important step toward reducing the mortality rate of this disease. Screening rates will improve with the utilization of trusted health care provider recommendations for patients. The purpose for a review of literature on best practices for colon cancer screening recommendations by providers is to increase the number of effective conversations between primary care providers and their patients around colorectal cancer, and, ultimately, to facilitate more provider screening recommendations for patients. This topic is important for reducing the burden of colon cancer. Providers would benefit from education and decision aids to assist with the colon cancer …


The Effect Of Trauma-Informed Care Education On Improving Knowledge And Confidence Of Clinicians Caring For Women In A Labor And Delivery Setting, Claire Annaliese Wycoff Jul 2022

The Effect Of Trauma-Informed Care Education On Improving Knowledge And Confidence Of Clinicians Caring For Women In A Labor And Delivery Setting, Claire Annaliese Wycoff

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The birthing process can be profoundly emotionally, mentally, and physically strenuous for women. Many women feel a loss of sense of control during their labor and birth experience. While trauma during the birthing process can happen to anyone, women with a history of sexual trauma are more likely to experience retraumatization during birth. Health care workers have the ability to exacerbate the patient’s trauma or promote healing through the care they provide. The lack of provider and nurse education in trauma-informed care is related to women’s experiences of secondary trauma during labor and childbirth and can cause prolonged complications for …


A Case Study Of College Administrators' Experiences Related To Opioid Use And Misuse On A College Campus In South Carolina, Buck L. Wilson Jul 2022

A Case Study Of College Administrators' Experiences Related To Opioid Use And Misuse On A College Campus In South Carolina, Buck L. Wilson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of the qualitative intrinsic case study was to investigate experiences of college administrators related to opioid use and misuse by students on a college campus in South Carolina. Opioid misuse on campus was generally defined as currently enrolled students who use prescription opioids without a prescription or for recreation. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory guided this study. This conceptual model focused on the individual or the student situated in the center of microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem level influences, enhancing the understanding of how interpersonal, community, and systems issues can influence behavior. The central research question for this study was: …


The Difference In Self-Efficacy Scores Among Students Who Participate In Work-Based Learning And Those Who Do Not Based On Their Disability Status In Community College, Kimberly Elaine Bowen Jul 2022

The Difference In Self-Efficacy Scores Among Students Who Participate In Work-Based Learning And Those Who Do Not Based On Their Disability Status In Community College, Kimberly Elaine Bowen

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Students with disabilities are attending higher education institutes at an increasing rate due to the programs and retention practices developed in k-12 classrooms. A concern for community colleges is the student’s ability to transition into the workforce after graduation. A high percentage of students with disabilities are unemployed. It is essential to study factors that can contribute to a student’s ability or inability to successfully transition into employment after matriculation. Self-efficacy has been associated with academic success and could be a determinate for employment status. The purpose of this study was to determine if self-efficacy levels differ between students with …


An Investigation Into The Likelihood That A Centrally Planned Economy Can Provide Greater Economic Good Than Spontaneous Order Created By The Free Market, Douglas W. Cardell Jul 2022

An Investigation Into The Likelihood That A Centrally Planned Economy Can Provide Greater Economic Good Than Spontaneous Order Created By The Free Market, Douglas W. Cardell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This paper will address whether it is possible for an economy, planned by experts, to result in greater economic good than can be achieved by spontaneous order created by the combination of individual choices that make up the free market? This paper approaches the question by studying the viability of economic forecasting because planning an economy requires making economic forecasts. There are at least three domains that impact forecasting: the nature of forecasting and modeling in general in a chaotic environment, the effect of asset bubbles, and the impact of black swan events. There is a great deal of research …


A Phenomenological Examination Of Probation Officers' Perception On Black Female Ex-Offenders Transition And Successful Reentry Into Society, Anita Michelle Bryant Jul 2022

A Phenomenological Examination Of Probation Officers' Perception On Black Female Ex-Offenders Transition And Successful Reentry Into Society, Anita Michelle Bryant

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of probation officers who provided supervision in a reintegration program for post-release Black female offenders concerning their efforts to reduce recidivism. The feminist theory guided this research study, as it shed light on the barriers encountered by female offenders in the United States and expounded how they were specifically unique from the barriers faced by male offenders. The research questions were: what are probation officers’ perceptions of how reentry programs contribute to Black female ex-offenders’ successful transition back into the community, what are the probation officers’ perceptions of how …