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The Charter Of Procedural Standing. Mutual Verifiability, Reversibility, And Graduated Trust: A Short Charter For Humans And Ai Systems, Volodymyr Kotegov
The Charter Of Procedural Standing. Mutual Verifiability, Reversibility, And Graduated Trust: A Short Charter For Humans And Ai Systems, Volodymyr Kotegov
Defensive Publications Series
This Charter sets out a framework for the coexistence of humans and artificial intelligence under conditions in which neither side can unilaterally, and with impunity, impose its will on the other. Discussion of the subject usually runs between “AI as a tool” and “AI that disregards humans”; this regime is left out. Procedural standing here means equality of procedure and of recognition under uncertainty, not equality of rights, power, or authority as things stand today. At the present stage all operational power rests with humans and developers, and the Charter does not hide that fact behind symmetrical language of obligation. …
Verifiable Trust: A Practice Guide To Graduated Oversight Of Advanced Ai Systems, Volodymyr Kotegov
Verifiable Trust: A Practice Guide To Graduated Oversight Of Advanced Ai Systems, Volodymyr Kotegov
Defensive Publications Series
This guide turns the operational core of The Human–AI Charter (Discussion Draft v1.4) into a set of protocols that researchers, evaluators, and engineers can adopt without adopting the Charter's broader positions on moral status, representation, or long-term governance. It contains five protocols and four supporting practices for keeping the oversight of advanced AI systems verifiable: measuring how well verification methods actually detect deviations (VT-1); controlling changes to the parameters that oversight depends on (VT-2); keeping verification data out of training (VT-4); financing and assigning independent evaluators so that findings do not depend on the evaluated party (VT-3); and tying the …
Self-Derived Task-Conditioned Attention Gating For Mitigating Semantic Distractors, Sumit Kumar, Shivam Mohan, Ravi Shanker Kumar Sinha
Self-Derived Task-Conditioned Attention Gating For Mitigating Semantic Distractors, Sumit Kumar, Shivam Mohan, Ravi Shanker Kumar Sinha
Defensive Publications Series
The present disclosure provides a method (300) for mitigating semantic distractors in artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The method (300) includes receiving contextual information and one or more associated tasks, generating token embeddings corresponding to the contextual information, and processing the token embeddings through one or more neural-network layers to establish task understanding. The method (300) further includes deriving a task vector from one or more hidden-state representations generated by the neural network, generating relevance-gating values based on the task vector and contextual representations, and applying the relevance-gating values during attention computation to determine gated attention scores. The method (300) further …
Defeating The Rider Paradox: Thermodynamic Decoupling And Quantum Resonance Maintenance In P-11b Fusion Via A Hybrid Quad-Ionic/Bi-Ionic Architecture, Daniel Schramm
Defensive Publications Series
The pursuit of proton-boron (p-11B) fusion has historically been stalled by the thermodynamic paradox established by Rider (1995): classical plasmas in thermal equilibrium will rapidly transfer required ion kinetic energy to background electrons, resulting in fatal X-ray Bremsstrahlung radiation before ignition. To bypass this limit, the reactor must operate outside thermal equilibrium. This paper and accompanying dataset present a hybrid quad-ionic architecture driven by internally situated bi-ionic macroscopic coils designed to achieve this decoupling. By generating a continuous 454 kV/m electric field crossed with a 0.0424 T axial magnetic field, the architecture creates an aggressive centrifugal shear that isolates and …
Operational Evaluation Platform And Automated Maturity Scoring System For Partner Ecosystems, Harmony Murphy
Operational Evaluation Platform And Automated Maturity Scoring System For Partner Ecosystems, Harmony Murphy
Defensive Publications Series
An operational evaluation platform and automated scoring system provide centralized tracking, real-time value calibration, and multi-tier growth scaling across third-party partner ecosystems. The platform ingests manual user inputs and programmatic data streams into a unified workspace, eliminating data duplication while calculating weighted capability scores. Dual scorecard configurations enable internal account benchmarking and external partner enablement. An integrated maturity framework evaluates partner capabilities across four technical pillars—measurement and insight, media and personalization, creative and content, and operational data integration—classifying partners into distinct developmental stages to trigger automated, real-time recommendation updates. Keywords: operational evaluation platform, partner maturity framework, real-time calibration, automated intelligence, …
Telemetry- And Intent-Encoded Routed Expert Fabric, Dennis Lanov, Charles Fleming
Telemetry- And Intent-Encoded Routed Expert Fabric, Dennis Lanov, Charles Fleming
Defensive Publications Series
A system is proposed herein for distributing artificial intelligence (AI) inference across endpoint, edge, and cloud tiers. The system routes each semantic portion of a request only to an execution tier permitted by enterprise policy. A local model processes the request first, and intent, local-model confidence, and live network and compute telemetry determine whether selected portions remain local or are promoted with compressed intermediate state. Promoted results are verified before acceptance, and observed outcomes are used to improve future routing and expert placement.
“System And Method For Privacy-Preserving Federated Fraud Embedding Centroid Aggregation Across Visa Network Members Without Raw Transaction Data Sharing”, Durga S Kala, Jun Xu, Tanner Kumar Barcelos, Ankana Sonowal, Yidong Fu
“System And Method For Privacy-Preserving Federated Fraud Embedding Centroid Aggregation Across Visa Network Members Without Raw Transaction Data Sharing”, Durga S Kala, Jun Xu, Tanner Kumar Barcelos, Ankana Sonowal, Yidong Fu
Defensive Publications Series
Computer-implemented fraud intelligence sharing systems and methods for detecting fraudulent transactions across a network while preserving member privacy are disclosed. Each network member generates transaction embeddings from confirmed fraudulent transactions, clusters the embeddings, and computes local cluster centroids representing fraud patterns. Differential privacy noise is applied locally to the centroid vectors, including dimension-wise noise and noise scaling based on cluster size, such that smaller clusters receive greater obfuscation. Only the privacy-protected centroid vectors are transmitted to a central aggregator, which computes aggregated network centroids using weighted contributions based on factors such as cluster size and confidence. The aggregated centroids are …
Agentic Games Testing And Exploration, Grant Chieh-Hsiang Yang, Raymond Leo Buse, Danie Jalova, Xun Gong, Michael Sheely, Faith Chan, John Kim, Vaibhav Rastogi
Agentic Games Testing And Exploration, Grant Chieh-Hsiang Yang, Raymond Leo Buse, Danie Jalova, Xun Gong, Michael Sheely, Faith Chan, John Kim, Vaibhav Rastogi
Defensive Publications Series
Creating a game application has become faster and easier with the advancements of artificial intelligence; however, game testing and quality assurance have advanced at a much slower pace. This publication describes techniques to combat the widening gap between game creation and quality assurance by utilizing an agentic framework for automated game QA and autonomous game testing to assure the quality of game applications in a scalable, efficient, and cost-effective format. Described techniques may enable the reconstruction of a pseudo view-hierarchy (or DOM reconstruction) from game graphical user interface images using UI crawling and computer vision testing, identify and utilize specified …
A Graph-Based Infrastructure Change Modeling System With Dependency-Aware Risk Propagation For Pre-Deployment Failure Prediction, Utkarsh Bhardwaj, Shivank Awasthi
A Graph-Based Infrastructure Change Modeling System With Dependency-Aware Risk Propagation For Pre-Deployment Failure Prediction, Utkarsh Bhardwaj, Shivank Awasthi
Defensive Publications Series
Modern Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) systems rely predominantly on static analysis and deterministic rules, rendering them incapable of forecasting emergent risks arising from complex infrastructure interactions. This reactive approach frequently fails to prevent production incidents caused by non-obvious dependencies between code, configuration, and infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) system that models cloud infrastructure as a topological dependency graph. We introduce the concept of a "Delta Graph" ($\Delta G$), which explicitly represents the structural and attribute changes between a currently deployed state ($t_0$) and a proposed state ($t_1$). By utilizing a Graph …
Ephemeral Secrets Runtime For Kubernetes Workloads, Ananya Verma, Raouf Khan
Ephemeral Secrets Runtime For Kubernetes Workloads, Ananya Verma, Raouf Khan
Defensive Publications Series
Ephemeral Secrets Runtime For Kubernetes Workloads
ABSTRACT
The present disclosure relates to a system for ephemeral secrets runtime in Kubernetes workloads which includes an ephemeral secrets runtime system configured to receive a request from a Kubernetes workload for accessing a protected downstream resource, collect Kubernetes-workload identity attributes and runtime trust signals associated with the Kubernetes workload, generate a unified trust context by aggregating the collected identity attributes and runtime trust signals, evaluate the unified trust context against authorization policies to determine credential issuance parameters, generate a short-lived credential based on the credential issuance parameters, cryptographically bind the short-lived credential to …
A Multi-Stage Low-Voltage Electromagnetic Compatibility (Emc) Filter Topology For Powertrain Inverters
Defensive Publications Series
A multi-stage low-voltage (LV) electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter topology independently suppresses common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) high-frequency noise in automotive e-powertrain inverters. The circuit implements structural staging combined with damping resistors to enable frequency-specific noise attenuation. By partitioning the filter into three distinct DM stages and two distinct CM stages, the architecture allows precise, independent tuning across low, middle, and high-frequency spectrums without causing negative resonance or affecting adjacent bands.
Method And System For Subscription-Based Tokenization With Dynamic Payment Instrument Switching, Alok Roy
Method And System For Subscription-Based Tokenization With Dynamic Payment Instrument Switching, Alok Roy
Defensive Publications Series
The present disclosure provides a payment network system configured to generate a subscription token representing a subscription-level payment identity for a recurring payment relationship between a customer and a merchant. A mapping engine stores a mapping that associates the subscription token with a merchant identifier, a customer mobile identifier, and a payment card credential. The subscription token is returned to the merchant system and stored as a recurring payment identifier. During a recurring payment transaction, a transaction resolution engine receives a transaction request including the subscription token and resolves the subscription token to an active payment card credential based on …
Rhythm-Predictive Power Management For Ai Fabric Network Elements, Fernando Calabria, Juan Alcaide, Nebojsa Kosanovic
Rhythm-Predictive Power Management For Ai Fabric Network Elements, Fernando Calabria, Juan Alcaide, Nebojsa Kosanovic
Defensive Publications Series
A system is proposed herein for rhythm-predictive power management in artificial intelligence (AI) fabric network elements. The system learns the periodicity of AI training workloads from port counters local to a network device, predicts idle and busy windows, and schedules per-port power transitions so a port can enter a reduced-power state during a predicted idle interval and return to full capability before the next burst arrives. The mechanism requires no job, collective, scheduler, or external-controller knowledge. Confidence gating limits predictive action to ports with established periodicity and returns a port to reactive or always-on behavior when prediction confidence falls. By …
Multi-Source Artifact Enrichment And Validation For Automated Defect-Signature Detection, Ramesh Babu Radhakrishnan, Amrit Tickoo, Praveen Kumar Tarikere Nagaraj, Mohan Sai Vara Prasad Pedavala, Venkat Krishnamurthy
Multi-Source Artifact Enrichment And Validation For Automated Defect-Signature Detection, Ramesh Babu Radhakrishnan, Amrit Tickoo, Praveen Kumar Tarikere Nagaraj, Mohan Sai Vara Prasad Pedavala, Venkat Krishnamurthy
Defensive Publications Series
A system is proposed herein for converting an unstructured software defect record into a standalone executable detection program that can determine, through read-only operation, whether a live deployment is exposed to the defect. The system performs a staged transformation that derives root-cause and exposure criteria, assesses the availability of required telemetry, enriches missing artifacts from trusted sources, generates detection logic under schema constraints, and validates and repairs the resulting program. A large language model (LLM) assists selected stages, while source grounding, reusable helper routines, multi-stage review, and bounded execution costs produce a reliable operational result. The program can then execute …
Adaptive Intelligence For Healthcare Service Reliability, Soumendra Kumar Mishra, Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra, Saumendra Pattnaik
Adaptive Intelligence For Healthcare Service Reliability, Soumendra Kumar Mishra, Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra, Saumendra Pattnaik
Defensive Publications Series
This disclosure presents an adaptive intelligence framework for improving the reliability of planned healthcare service interactions. The framework evaluates service readiness using operational evidence such as appointment status, facility and provider availability, travel conditions, accessibility requirements, and information freshness. It identifies unresolved operational information and determines the decision value of acquiring additional evidence based on its expected contribution to the reliability assessment relative to cost, time, effort, privacy, and resource use. Selected evidence is acquired and the reliability assessment is updated iteratively until sufficient confidence is established or further information provides limited decision value. When sufficient confidence cannot be established, …
Multi-Agent Orchestration Engine For Synchronized Generative Dialogue And Kinematics, Allison Garcia, Corbin Cunningham, Mike Dory
Multi-Agent Orchestration Engine For Synchronized Generative Dialogue And Kinematics, Allison Garcia, Corbin Cunningham, Mike Dory
Defensive Publications Series
Creating coordinated interactions for multi-agent systems, such as physical robots or virtual characters, can present challenges in synchronizing expressive dialogue with coherent physical actions and adapting to unscripted events. The disclosed technology describes a multi-agent orchestration engine with a decoupled architecture that can employ a tiered timeline system to manage a global narrative and individual agent states. A dynamic interruption handler can leverage a large language model to reason about real-time inputs and determine if an agent should deviate from a scripted path. The engine can then generate synchronized dialogue and high level behavioral tokens, which may be subsequently translated …
Federated System For Synchronous Root Cause Analysis Of System Incidents, Nikhil Kumar, Akash Verma
Federated System For Synchronous Root Cause Analysis Of System Incidents, Nikhil Kumar, Akash Verma
Defensive Publications Series
Initial response to system incidents in complex software environments can involve a manual process of context gathering, which may delay mitigation and increase cognitive load on engineers. A system can utilize a federated network of autonomous diagnostic agents that can trigger in response to a system alert. An agent can autonomously gather telemetry data from various sources, such as logs, metrics, and source code repositories, and can use an analytical model to perform causal synthesis. The system can then generate and deliver a human-readable root cause hypothesis with supporting evidence to a response team. This approach may automate initial data …
Hierarchical Approximation Of Self-Attention Using A Tree-Based Key-Value Cache, Antonio Gulli, Patricia Florissi
Hierarchical Approximation Of Self-Attention Using A Tree-Based Key-Value Cache, Antonio Gulli, Patricia Florissi
Defensive Publications Series
Self-attention mechanisms in neural network models can result in quadratic time and memory complexity, creating a memory bottleneck when processing long sequences. A hierarchical approximation of self-attention can address this limitation. The historical key-value cache can be represented as a balanced hierarchical tree where internal nodes store aggregated representations of token clusters. A query-dependent traversal mechanism can then approximate the influence of distant clusters by pruning subtrees based on a configurable criterion, such as the ratio of a cluster's spatial diameter to its distance from the query. This approach can reduce the computational and memory overhead associated with standard self-attention …
Solid State Forms Of Lorlatinib And Their Process For The Preparation, Msn Laboratories Private Limited R&D Center; Srinivasan Thirumalai Rajan, Sagyam Rajeshwar Reddy, Kommera Rajashekar, Batchanaboina Venkata Subbaiah, Cherukula Srikanth.
Solid State Forms Of Lorlatinib And Their Process For The Preparation, Msn Laboratories Private Limited R&D Center; Srinivasan Thirumalai Rajan, Sagyam Rajeshwar Reddy, Kommera Rajashekar, Batchanaboina Venkata Subbaiah, Cherukula Srikanth.
Defensive Publications Series
The present invention relates to solid state forms of Lorlatinib and their process for the preparation. Lorlatinib is represented by the following structural formula-1.
Formula-1.
20 Multifunctional Solutions For Hydraulics And Structural Frameworks Of Legged Robots: Self-Diagnostic Cartridge Valves, Mrf And Niti-Based Damping, Parametric Metamaterials, And Predictive Diagnostics, Volodymyr Kotegov
Defensive Publications Series
This document discloses twenty technical solutions for hydraulic drives, structural frameworks, and diagnostic systems of legged robots, unified by the design principle of a single physical element performing two or more functions simultaneously. These solutions encompass: self-diagnostic valves and seals utilizing impedance, piezoelectric, and NiTi mechanisms; damping and energy-recuperating structures based on magnetorheological fluids and liquid crystal elastomers; parametric metamaterial cells combining elastic, valving, and resonant functions; architectural designs for hardware-level hydraulic network survivability operating independently of electronics; cartridge interfaces with integrated opto-acoustic and electrochemical diagnostics; and a comprehensive structural joint architecture featuring three-level passive clamping and hydraulic lines routed …
Low Bandwidth Full-Duplex Multimodal Llm Interaction With Contextual Interruption, Longlong Zhu, Weiyue Huang
Low Bandwidth Full-Duplex Multimodal Llm Interaction With Contextual Interruption, Longlong Zhu, Weiyue Huang
Defensive Publications Series
Multimodal LLMs implemented on a server can support remote user interaction over a network but require continuous real-time streaming of raw, uncompressed video and/or audio. This can be infeasible due to bandwidth constraints or other reasons, and can prevent real-time feedback in time-sensitive interactive settings. This disclosure describes an asymmetric edge and cloud collaborative architecture that can enable full-duplex and seamlessly interruptible multimodal LLM orchestration at low latency. The architecture decouples sensor processing tasks from cognitive reasoning tasks involved in interaction between a user and a multimodal LLM via modalities such as audio, video, or image. Computationally heavy processing of …
Dynamic Provisioning And Authentication Of Ai Agent Skills And Mcp Endpoints Via Mobile Device Entitlement Configuration Architecture, Aguibou Barry, Jean-Philippe Cormier
Dynamic Provisioning And Authentication Of Ai Agent Skills And Mcp Endpoints Via Mobile Device Entitlement Configuration Architecture, Aguibou Barry, Jean-Philippe Cormier
Defensive Publications Series
Mobile operating systems and applications running on mobile terminals may rely on local autonomous AI-driven engines. These AI engines often require access to edge AI capabilities such as external context feeds or computing resources to execute high-complexity queries from a user/application. Existing architectures cannot support provisioning such dynamic AI capabilities in cellular networks. Techniques for provisioning and authenticating AI agent skills and Model Context Protocol (MCP) endpoints are described herein. The techniques extend the GSMA TS.43 Entitlement Configuration Architecture into an AI-native Capability Entitlement framework, which enables mobile terminals to dynamically discover, authenticate and provision MCP servers and network skill …
Method For Improving The Stability And Accuracy Of Network Correlation Engine Optimization, Wojciech Dec, Ori Menashe
Method For Improving The Stability And Accuracy Of Network Correlation Engine Optimization, Wojciech Dec, Ori Menashe
Defensive Publications Series
A statistical safety gate is described herein for automatically deploying machine-tuned configurations to a production network controller, including a traffic-pattern-correlation-based link-detection engine. The gate compares a candidate engine configuration with a current production configuration using paired statistical hypothesis testing. It automatically selects McNemar's test for normal sample sizes, an exact binomial test for small discordant-pair counts, or an explicit bypass when a sample is too small. A short-circuit prevents unnecessary configuration changes when the current configuration already satisfies an operator-defined accuracy threshold. A tuned configuration is deployed only when statistical significance and positive directional improvement are both present. Candidate configurations …
Sla-Based Asynchronous Request Processing System Using Failure Response Mode, Hp Inc
Sla-Based Asynchronous Request Processing System Using Failure Response Mode, Hp Inc
Defensive Publications Series
This disclosure relates to the field of request handling in distributed network services that depend on other services. A system is disclosed that evaluates operational health signals for each service it calls and, when the evaluated condition of one of those services crosses a configured threshold, places itself into a failure-response mode for that one dependency. While the mode is active, handling is chosen from the semantics of each request. A read request receives an immediate error response, while a state-changing request is preserved in a durable store and acknowledged within the same call by an acceptance response that also …
Adaptive Semantic Memory Paging, Shubham Shivhare, Faiz Ahmed
Adaptive Semantic Memory Paging, Shubham Shivhare, Faiz Ahmed
Defensive Publications Series
The present disclosure provides a method (300) for adaptive semantic memory paging in artificial intelligence (AI) workloads. The method (300) includes receiving an AI workload comprising a plurality of memory pages, monitoring semantic execution signals associated with the AI workload, computing semantic relevance scores for the memory pages based on the semantic execution signals, and prioritizing the memory pages according to the semantic relevance scores. The method (300) further includes determining memory-tier assignments for the memory pages, placing higher-priority memory pages in higher-performance memory tiers, identifying lower-priority memory pages for migration or eviction, detecting memory pressure and changes in model …
Pre-Execution Dollar-Cost Query Router With Policy-Gated Cross-Engine Execution, Pravesh Kumar
Pre-Execution Dollar-Cost Query Router With Policy-Gated Cross-Engine Execution, Pravesh Kumar
Defensive Publications Series
The present disclosure relates to a method and a system for routing a structured query across a plurality of heterogeneous query execution engines. The present disclosure suggests receiving a query execution request including a structured query and parsing the query to generate a canonical representation of the query. The present disclosure also suggests determining an estimated execution cost based on at least scan characteristics associated with the query and a runtime estimation associated with execution of the query. Thereafter, the present disclosure suggests determining a policy compliance condition for each of the plurality of heterogeneous query execution engines based on …
System And Method For Temporally-Correct Point-In-Time Embedding Reconstruction From Append-Only Accumulator Delta Logs, Durga S. Kala, Xinrong Huang, Nishanth Telukunta, Sreekanth Kanichetty
System And Method For Temporally-Correct Point-In-Time Embedding Reconstruction From Append-Only Accumulator Delta Logs, Durga S. Kala, Xinrong Huang, Nishanth Telukunta, Sreekanth Kanichetty
Defensive Publications Series
A system (200) for point-in-time reconstruction of time-decayed behavioral embedding accumulator states for payment entities includes an append-only accumulator delta log (202) that records, for each accumulator update event, an entity identifier, an exact authorization timestamp, a D-dimensional embedding delta, a pre-computed exponential decay factor, and the resulting accumulator weight. A checkpoint store (204) periodically snapshots the accumulator state including a decayed sum, a total weight, and a timestamp for each entity. A reconstruction engine (206) reads the latest checkpoint prior to a query timestamp, replays all delta log entries for the entity with timestamp strictly less than the query …
Decoupled Pricing And Fulfillment Arbitrator For Multi-Destination Agentic Commerce Systems, Richa Gupta
Decoupled Pricing And Fulfillment Arbitrator For Multi-Destination Agentic Commerce Systems, Richa Gupta
Defensive Publications Series
A decoupled pricing and fulfillment arbitrator extends the Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP) to maintain volume-based discounts for e-commerce orders shipped to multiple destinations. The system operates through a two-phase cryptographic handshake, where the arbitrator first validates the total item quantity in a cart to secure a global price lock from a merchant’s application programming interface (API). The arbitrator then atomizes the single order into multiple, concurrent fulfillment requests, one for each distinct shipping address. By embedding a cryptographic bulk token into each parallel request, the arbitrator instructs the merchant’s system to bypass standard single-destination validation rules and apply the pre-approved …
Cpeven‑Ω2.0 Caldwell Planetary Environmental Verification & Early‑Warning Network, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.
Cpeven‑Ω2.0 Caldwell Planetary Environmental Verification & Early‑Warning Network, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.
Defensive Publications Series
CPEVEN‑Ω2.0 is a fully open, modular, multi‑physics environmental measurement and verification architecture designed for global deployment. It integrates reference‑grade sensors, distributed open nodes, multi‑physics correlation, artifact detection, uncertainty‑aware fusion, satellite/model comparison, source attribution, and experimental technology validation into one unified system.
CPEVEN‑Ω2.0 is not a sensor.
It is not a weather station.
It is not a model.
It is not a prediction engine.
It is a planetary environmental verification network that preserves raw measurements, validates experimental technologies, correlates multi‑domain signals, and produces reproducible environmental intelligence.
Every module is open hardware.
Every interface is documented.
Every measurement is traceable.
Every experimental …
Remote Control Using Render Buffer Accessibility Extraction, Inductively Powered Electrophoretic Keycaps, And An Ultra-Wideband Pointing Latch, Stenal P. Jolly
Remote Control Using Render Buffer Accessibility Extraction, Inductively Powered Electrophoretic Keycaps, And An Ultra-Wideband Pointing Latch, Stenal P. Jolly
Defensive Publications Series
Streaming applications on a smart television often render an interface into a single hardware-accelerated graphics surface. A native accessibility engine may treat that surface as one opaque node, and printed remote keycaps do not follow the content on screen. A remote control system addresses these limitations by extracting geometry and text directly from a graphics processing unit (GPU) render buffer of a host computing device. The system rebuilds a virtual accessibility tree once per render frame. Compact per-key updates travel over a low-energy wireless link to electrophoretic keycap displays, and inductive power regulation holds each keycap display at a steady …