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Articles 31 - 59 of 59
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Common Ravens In Alaska's North Slope Oil Fields: An Integrated Study Using Local Knowledge And Science, Stacia Ann Backensto
Common Ravens In Alaska's North Slope Oil Fields: An Integrated Study Using Local Knowledge And Science, Stacia Ann Backensto
Biological Sciences
Common ravens (Corvus corax) that nest on human structures in the Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay oil fields on Alaska's North Slope are believed to present a predation risk to tundra-nesting birds in this area. In order to gain more information about the history of the resident raven population and their use of anthropogenic resources in the oil fields, I documented oil field worker knowledge of ravens in this area. In order to understand how anthropogenic subsidies in the oil fields affect the breeding population, I examined the influence of types of structures and food subsidies on raven nest site use …
Purple Martin, Progne Subis, In San Luis Obispo County Riparian Habitat: Presence, Persistence, Nesting, Brooding And Reproductive Success, Shannon Eileen Murphy
Purple Martin, Progne Subis, In San Luis Obispo County Riparian Habitat: Presence, Persistence, Nesting, Brooding And Reproductive Success, Shannon Eileen Murphy
Biological Sciences
The State of California, as of 2002, identified the Purple Martin as a bird species of Special Concern (Airola et al., 2003). These migrants were historically found in a unique habitat in Central California; nesting in natural cavities of Western Sycamores within Riparian Habitats. I am proposing that Purple Martins still successfully nest and brood young in this unique habitat in San Luis Obispo County. The primary study site is in Atascadero where Highway 41 meets San Gabriel Road and San Gabriel Road crosses Atascadero creek. The secondary site is Highway 58 in Santa Margarita where the highway crosses the …
Advances In Serpentine Geoecology: A Retrospective, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Robert S. Boyd
Advances In Serpentine Geoecology: A Retrospective, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Robert S. Boyd
Biological Sciences
(In absence of a text abstract the first paragraph of the paper is provided.)
Serpentine habitats have long provided model settings for geoecological research (reviewed in Alexander et al. 2007, Brady et al. 2005, Brooks 1987, Kazakou et al. 2008, Kruckeberg 1984, Proctor and Woodell 1975, Raja-karuna et al 2009). Serpentine loosely refers to a broad group of minerals associated with the weathering of ultramafi c (high iron and magnesium-rich) rocks found along continental margins and orogenic belts. Soils associated with such rocks often differ from more widespread soils, being less fertile and having high concentrations of some heavy metals. …
Serpentine Geoecology Of Eastern North America: A Review, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Tanner B. Harris, Earl B. Alexander
Serpentine Geoecology Of Eastern North America: A Review, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Tanner B. Harris, Earl B. Alexander
Biological Sciences
Serpentine outcrops are model habitats for geoecological studies. While much attention has been paid to serpentine outcrops worldwide, the literature on eastern North American serpentine and associated biota is scant. This review examines the available literature, published and unpublished, on geoecological studies conducted on serpentine in eastern North America, from Newfoundland through Québec and New England south to Alabama. Most serpentine outcrops in the region have been mapped, but there have been few intensive mineralogical and pedological investigations. The limited soil analyses available suggest elevated levels of heavy metals such as Ni, near-neutral pH values, and Ca∶Mg ratios < 1, characteristic of serpentine soils worldwide. Botanical studies to date have largely focused on floristic surveys and the influence of fire exclusion and grazing on indigenous vegetation. To date, 751 taxa of vascular plants belonging to 92 families have been reported from serpentine outcrops in the region. Two taxa, Agalinis acuta …
Balancing The Conservation Of Wildlife Habitat With Road Access For Subsistence Hunting In Yakutat, Alaska, Colin S. Shanley
Balancing The Conservation Of Wildlife Habitat With Road Access For Subsistence Hunting In Yakutat, Alaska, Colin S. Shanley
Biological Sciences
"This thesis was an interdisciplinary investigation with the goal of balancing the conservation of wildlife habitat with road access for subsistence hunting in Yakutat, Alaska. The problem posed by land managers and subsistence moose hunters revolved around the use of off-highway vehicles (OHVs; e.g. 'four-wheelers') for subsistence moose hunting and the potential disturbance OHVs have on moose. This complex social-ecological problem is becoming an increasingly common management dilemma faced by rural mixed cash-subsistence communities across the Circumpolar North. I addressed this problem in two chapters with a combination of methods from wildlife ecology, landscape modeling, subsistence land-use, and scenario planning. …
Changes In Biotic And Abiotic Processes Following Mangrove Clearing, Elise Granek, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg
Changes In Biotic And Abiotic Processes Following Mangrove Clearing, Elise Granek, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg
Biological Sciences
Mangrove forests, important tropical coastal habitats, are in decline worldwide primarily due to removal by humans. Changes to mangrove systems can alter ecosystem properties through direct effects on abiotic factors such as temperature, light and nutrient supply or through changes in biotic factors such as primary productivity or species composition. Despite the importance of mangroves as transitional habitats between land and sea, little research has examined changes that occur when they are cleared. We examined changes in a number of biotic and abiotic factors following the anthropogenic removal of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in the Panamanian Caribbean, including …
Recruitment Of Coastal Fishes And Oceanographic Variability In Central California, J. R. Wilson, B. R. Broitman, J. E. Caselle, D. E. Wendt
Recruitment Of Coastal Fishes And Oceanographic Variability In Central California, J. R. Wilson, B. R. Broitman, J. E. Caselle, D. E. Wendt
Biological Sciences
Recruitment of pelagic larval fishes to the nearshore environment is dependent on a suite of biological and physical processes operating at many spatial and temporal scales. Nearshore circulation processes associated with coastal upwelling are widely upheld as major determinants of year class strength for many rockfishes (Sebastes spp.), but the mechanism by which these processes drive recruitment is largely unknown. We used Standard Monitoring Units for the Recruitment of Fishes (SMURFs) to monitor recruitment of two rockfish complexes (Sebastes spp.) and cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) from March to September of 2004 and 2005 at 3 sites along …
Oligonucleotide Primers For The Detection Of Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates Reveal Novel Luciferase Sequences And Information On The Molecular Evolution Of This Gene, Andrea Baker, Ian Robbins, Mark A. Moline, Maria Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez
Oligonucleotide Primers For The Detection Of Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates Reveal Novel Luciferase Sequences And Information On The Molecular Evolution Of This Gene, Andrea Baker, Ian Robbins, Mark A. Moline, Maria Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez
Biological Sciences
Bioluminescence is reported in members of 18 dinoflagellate genera. Species of dinoflagellates are known to have different bioluminescent signatures, making it difficult to assess the presence of particular species in the water column using optical tools, particularly when bioluminescent populations are in nonbloom conditions. A "universal" oligonucleotide primer set, along with species and genus-specific primers specific to the luciferase gene were developed for the detection of bioluminescent dinoflagellates. These primers amplified luciferase sequences from bioluminescent dinoflagellate cultures and from environmental samples containing bioluminescent dinoflagellate populations. Novel luciferase sequences were obtained for strains of Alexandrium cf. catenella (Whedon et Kof.) Balech …
Spatial And Temporal Approaches In Analyzine Recreational Groundfish Data From Southern Central California And Their Application Toward Marine Protected Areas, Steven J. Rienecke, John S. Stephens Jr., Royden Nakamura, Erin Nakada, Dean E. Wendt
Spatial And Temporal Approaches In Analyzine Recreational Groundfish Data From Southern Central California And Their Application Toward Marine Protected Areas, Steven J. Rienecke, John S. Stephens Jr., Royden Nakamura, Erin Nakada, Dean E. Wendt
Biological Sciences
Many nearshore rockfish species have small homerange sizes and therefore may be affected by heavier localized fishing in nearport areas. For this study we examined longterm trends in rockfish and lingcod landings from the commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) fishery along the south central coast (SCC) of California using data from two sources: California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) surveys from 1988–98 and California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) surveys in 2003–04. The objective was to make comparisons between areas close to port (that receive greater fishing effort) and those far from port (areas receiving less fishing effort). We …
An Automated Temperature-Based Option For Estimating Surface Activity And Refuge Use Patterns In Free-Ranging Animals, J R. Davis, E N. Taylor, D F. Denardo
An Automated Temperature-Based Option For Estimating Surface Activity And Refuge Use Patterns In Free-Ranging Animals, J R. Davis, E N. Taylor, D F. Denardo
Biological Sciences
Accurately assessing free-ranging animals’ patterns of surface activity and refuge use is critical, yet fundamentally challenging for biologists and wildlife managers. We evaluate the accuracy of an automated technique—temperature-based activity estimation (TBAE)—in estimating surface activity and refuge use patterns of two sympatric reptiles, the western diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) in the Sonoran Desert. TBAE derived from a comparison of body temperature to shaded air temperature was effective in estimating the overall percent surface activity for both rattlesnakes (observed surface activity 51.8%, TBAE estimated surface activity 48.2%) and Gila monsters (observed …
Genetic Evidence For The Persistence Of The Critically Endangered Sierra Nevada Red Fox In California, John D. Perrine, John P. Pollinger, Benjamin N. Sacks, Reginald H. Barrett, Robert K. Wayne
Genetic Evidence For The Persistence Of The Critically Endangered Sierra Nevada Red Fox In California, John D. Perrine, John P. Pollinger, Benjamin N. Sacks, Reginald H. Barrett, Robert K. Wayne
Biological Sciences
California is home to both the native state-threatened Sierra Nevada red fox (Vulpes vulpes necator), which historically inhabited high elevations of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains, and to multiple low-elevation red fox populations thought to be of exotic origin. During the past few decades the lowland populations have dramatically expanded their distribution, and possibly moved into the historic range of the native high-elevation fox. To determine whether the native red fox persists in its historic range in California, we compared mitochondrial cytochrome-b haplotypes of the only currently-known high-elevation population (n = 9 individuals) to samples …
Spatial Variation In The Chemical Composition Of Natal Otholiths From A Reef Fish In The Galápagos Islands, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg, Robert R. Warner
Spatial Variation In The Chemical Composition Of Natal Otholiths From A Reef Fish In The Galápagos Islands, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg, Robert R. Warner
Biological Sciences
Over the past decade, researchers have used variation in the chemical composition of fish otoliths (earstones) to address a number of ecological questions, such as stock assessment and assessing rates of movement of individuals among habitats or life-history stages. However, these methods have yet to be applied successfully to the study of larval connectivity, a major unanswered question in marine ecology. Accomplishing this task requires a reference collection of pre-pelagic natal otoliths and accurate measurement of the chemical signatures of otoliths cores of recruits. We analyzed the chemical composition of natal otoliths from near-term benthic eggs of a damselfish (Stegastes …
Phytoremediation: An Affordable Green Technology For The Clean-Up Of Metal-Contaminated Sites In Sri Lanka, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Kathleen M. Tompkins, Peter G. Pavicevic
Phytoremediation: An Affordable Green Technology For The Clean-Up Of Metal-Contaminated Sites In Sri Lanka, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Kathleen M. Tompkins, Peter G. Pavicevic
Biological Sciences
Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remediate sites contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, and phytomining, the technology involved in extracting the pollutants removed for commercial purposes, are rapidly-growing industries with multi-million dollar markets. This solar-driven, green technology is oftenfavored over more conventional methods of clean-up due to its low cost, low impact, and wider public acceptance. In this paper we discuss phytoremediation as a valid alternative for remediating contaminated bodies of soils and water in developing countries like Sri Lanka, where clean-up can often be stalled due to the high costs associated with traditional remediation technologies. While phytoremediation techniques …
Rockfish Resources Of The South Central California Coast: Analysis Of The Resource From Partyboat Data, 1980-2005, John Stephens, Dean Wendt, Debra Wilson-Vandenberg, Jay Carroll, Royden Nakamura, Erin Nakada, Steven Reinecke, Jono Wilson
Rockfish Resources Of The South Central California Coast: Analysis Of The Resource From Partyboat Data, 1980-2005, John Stephens, Dean Wendt, Debra Wilson-Vandenberg, Jay Carroll, Royden Nakamura, Erin Nakada, Steven Reinecke, Jono Wilson
Biological Sciences
Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) have historically comprised a large proportion of catches in the nearshore recreational fishery in California, but declining populations of some species have led to increasingly restrictive management of the resource. This report summarizes new and existing data on rockfishes of the south central coast of California. In 2003, the California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo placed observers on commercial passenger fishing vessels (partyboats) from the region. By the end of 2005, we had observed catches from 258 trips (8,839 fisher hours). We appended these data to partyboat catch statistics collected by the California Department of …
Diploid And Polyploid Cytotype Distribution In Melampodium Cinereum And M. Leucanthum (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), Tod F. Stuessy, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss, David J. Keil
Diploid And Polyploid Cytotype Distribution In Melampodium Cinereum And M. Leucanthum (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), Tod F. Stuessy, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss, David J. Keil
Biological Sciences
Previous chromosomal studies within Melampodium (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) of Mexico and Central America have documented chromosome numbers n = 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 23, 25 ± 1, 27, 30, and 33. Some species also have been shown to exhibit infra-and interpopulational polyploidy. The presence of cytotype mixtures is especially pronounced in the white-rayed complex, which occurs in the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. This group includes M. cinereum (n = 10 and 20), M. leucanthum (n = 10 and 20), and M. argophyllum (n = 30). Cytotype distribution has been newly analyzed in 415 plants from 152 populations …
Migrant Stopover Ecology And Resident Resilience After Hurricane Iris In A Neotropical Bird Community, Andrew Bryant Johnson
Migrant Stopover Ecology And Resident Resilience After Hurricane Iris In A Neotropical Bird Community, Andrew Bryant Johnson
Biological Sciences
I conducted two avian ecology studies in southern Belize. I examined mass gains by Nearctic-Neotropic migrants in forest near the Gulf of Honduras, a potential ecological barrier to migration. Condition indices (mass/wing chord or tail length) were used to estimate net diel mass gains in migrant species. Ten migrant species apparently were fattening at the site, but some species not fattening at the site had accumulated fat loads elsewhere, and this region appears to provide important resources for transient migrants. I also studied the resilience of a marked resident bird community after Hurricane Iris severely altered the habitat. Given the …
Leaf Size, Specific Leaf Area And Microhabitat Distribution Of Chaparral Woody Plants: Contrasting Patterns In Species Level And Community Level Analyses, D. D. Ackerly, Charles A. Knight, S. B. Weiss, K. Barton, K. P. Starmer
Leaf Size, Specific Leaf Area And Microhabitat Distribution Of Chaparral Woody Plants: Contrasting Patterns In Species Level And Community Level Analyses, D. D. Ackerly, Charles A. Knight, S. B. Weiss, K. Barton, K. P. Starmer
Biological Sciences
We examined variation in leaf size and specific leaf area (SLA) in relation to the distribution of 22 chaparral shrub species on small-scale gradients of aspect and elevation. Potential incident solar radiation (insolation) was estimated from a geographic information system to quantify microclimate affinities of these species across north- and south-facing slopes. At the community level, leaf size and SLA both declined with increasing insolation, based on average trait values for the species found in plots along the gradient. However, leaf size and SLA were not significantly correlated across species, suggesting that these two traits are decoupled and associated with …
Invasion Genetics Of New World Medflies: Testing Alternative Colonization Scenarios, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, Francis X. Villablanca, George K. Roderick
Invasion Genetics Of New World Medflies: Testing Alternative Colonization Scenarios, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, Francis X. Villablanca, George K. Roderick
Biological Sciences
The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is an invasive agricultural pest with a wide host range and a nearly global distribution. Efforts to forgo the medfly''s spread into the United States are dependent on an understanding of population dynamics in newly established populations elsewhere. To explore the potential influence of demographic and historical parameters in six medfly populations distributed from Mexico to Peru, we created population genetic null models using Monte Carlo simulations. Null expectations for genetic differentiation (F ST) were compared with actual sequence variation from four highly polymorphic nuclear loci. Four colonization scenarios that …
Winter Vertebrate Browsing Of Birch: Effects On The Use Of Leaf Litter Leachates By Stream Microorganisms, Jeffrey L. Estensen
Winter Vertebrate Browsing Of Birch: Effects On The Use Of Leaf Litter Leachates By Stream Microorganisms, Jeffrey L. Estensen
Biological Sciences
Winter browsing of birch leads to chemical changes in leaves of the following growing season, potentially generating differences in the quality of leachates derived from leaf litter and in leachate use by stream microorganisms. The effects of moose browsing were tested on leachates from leaves collected from browsed and unbrowsed trees and inoculated with microbial communities. Respiration and bacterial abundance were used to assess qualitative differences in leachates. Microbes cultured in leachates derived from leaves of browsed trees had significantly higher rates of oxygen uptake. There were no significant differences in bacterial abundance between treatments. The basis for the qualitative …
Modeling The Influences Of Climate Change, Permafrost Dynamics, And Fire Disturbance On Carbon Dynamics Of High -Latitude Ecosystems, Qianlai Zhuang
Modeling The Influences Of Climate Change, Permafrost Dynamics, And Fire Disturbance On Carbon Dynamics Of High -Latitude Ecosystems, Qianlai Zhuang
Biological Sciences
A Soil Thermal Model (STM) with the capability to operate with a 0.5-day internal time step and to be driven with monthly input data was developed for applications with large-scale ecosystem models. The use of monthly climate inputs to drive the STM resulted in an error of less than 1�C in the upper organic soil layer and in an accurate simulation of seasonal active layer dynamics. Uncertainty analyses identified that soil temperature estimates of the upper organic layer were most sensitive to variability in parameters that described snow thermal conductivity, moss thickness, and moss thermal conductivity. The STM was coupled …
Survival And Brood Rearing Ecology Of Emperor Geese, Joel A. Schmutz
Survival And Brood Rearing Ecology Of Emperor Geese, Joel A. Schmutz
Biological Sciences
Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) breed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in an area inhabited by three other goose species. Whereas populations of other geese increased since the mid 1980s, Emperor Goose numbers remained low. Because survival and habitat selection by broods of Emeperor Geese had not been studied previously and numbers of predatory Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) had recently increased, I studied brood rearing ecology of Emperor Geese during 1993-1996 to assess whether this seasonal period could be limiting population growth. Survival of goslings to 30 days varied among years from 0.32 to 0.70 and was primarily influenced by mortality during …
Secondary Reproductive Strategies In Pacific Black Brant (Branta Bernicla Nigricans), Pamela A. Svete
Secondary Reproductive Strategies In Pacific Black Brant (Branta Bernicla Nigricans), Pamela A. Svete
Biological Sciences
Waterfowl are known to use secondary reproductive strategies, both extra-pair copulations and intraspecific brood parasitism, to increase fitness. We used five polymorphic microsatellite loci to determine extra-pair paternity and nest parasitism in 30 nests of Pacific Black Brant geese (Branta bernicla nigricans) containing 108 offspring. Fourteen of the 30 nests contained offspring that were not genetically related to one or both of the attending adults: 6.5% (7/108) of the offspring resulted from extra-pair copulations (EPC); 13.9% (15/108) of the offspring resulted from intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP). All offspring resulting from EPCs were produced during the peak period of nest initiation. …
Foraging Ecology And Conservation Biology Of African Elephants: Ecological And Evolutionary Perspectives On Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions In African Landscapes, Joseph Paine Dudley
Foraging Ecology And Conservation Biology Of African Elephants: Ecological And Evolutionary Perspectives On Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions In African Landscapes, Joseph Paine Dudley
Biological Sciences
The available scientific evidence indicates that African forest elephants and bush elephants are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct taxa. The current practice of regarding these two taxa as ecotypes of a single species, Loxodonta africana (i.e., L. a. africana Blumenbach 1797, L. a. cyclotis Matschie 1900) appears unwarranted, and obscures issues of major significance to the conservation biology of African elephants. Under a proposed taxonomic revision, the African bush elephant retains the designation Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797 while the African forest elephant is recognized as Loxodonta cyclotis Noack 1906. The browsing of woody plants by African bush elephants is a major …
Is Population Genetics Mired In The Past?, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, George K. Roderick, Francis X. Villablanca
Is Population Genetics Mired In The Past?, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, George K. Roderick, Francis X. Villablanca
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns (Trfps), A Rapid, Pcr-Based Method For The Comparison Of Complex Bacterial Communities, Brian G. Clement, Lucia E. Kehl, Kristin L. Debord, Christopher L. Kitts
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns (Trfps), A Rapid, Pcr-Based Method For The Comparison Of Complex Bacterial Communities, Brian G. Clement, Lucia E. Kehl, Kristin L. Debord, Christopher L. Kitts
Biological Sciences
Microbial populations in complex environmental samples are difficult to characterize; current techniques are incomplete and time consuming. We investigated a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for rapidly comparing bacterial communities independent of culture or cloning. Community 16S rRNA genes were amplified and fluorescently labeled by PCR. The labeled products were digested by a restriction enzyme and the labeled, terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were separated by electrophoresis and detected by laser-induced fluorescence on an automated gene sequencer. PCR parameters were optimized using an in vitro model community of known organisms. Community comparisons were made between deer fecal pellets, petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sands …
Summer Habitat Relationships And Foraging Ecology Of The Delta Bison Herd, Maria Berger
Summer Habitat Relationships And Foraging Ecology Of The Delta Bison Herd, Maria Berger
Biological Sciences
Investigations of habitat use, diet composition and diet selection of introduced plains bison (Bison bison bison) in interior Alaska in summer were conducted during 1989 through 1991. Bison used early- and mid-successional plant communities on the floodplain of the Delta River and wetlands above the floodplain. Grasses predominated in summer diets of bison, but substantial amounts of willow (Saiix) were included. Other shrubs were used much less than available, as were sedges. The role of sedges in bison diets may be changing as bison increasingly have exploited sedge-dominated wetland habitats. Experimental studies of the effects of bison grazing on forage …
Nesting Ecology Of Migratory Golden Eagles (Aquila Chrysaetos) In Denali National Park, Alaska, Carol L. Mcintyre
Nesting Ecology Of Migratory Golden Eagles (Aquila Chrysaetos) In Denali National Park, Alaska, Carol L. Mcintyre
Biological Sciences
Between 1988 and 1993 I measured occupancy of nesting territories and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Denali National Park, Alaska. I collected data occupancy of nesting territories and three reproductive variables (pairs nesting, pairs producing fledglings, and fledgling production) at 74 nesting territories using three aerial surveys each year. During my study, annual fledgling production varied nearly threefold, from 20 fledglings in 1992 to 58 fledglings in 1989. Although rates of nesting territory occupancy did not vary significantly among years (yj = 8.21, d.f. = 5, P = 0.114), I noted significant variation in the proportion of pairs …
Black Bear Denning Ecology And Habitat Selection In Interior Alaska, Martin E. Smith
Black Bear Denning Ecology And Habitat Selection In Interior Alaska, Martin E. Smith
Biological Sciences
To identify conflicts between existing black bear (Ursus americanus) management and human activity on Tanana River Flats, Alaska, we monitored 27 radio-collared black bears from 1988-1991. We compared denning chronology, den characteristics, den-site selection, and habitat selection across sex, age, and female reproductive classes. Mean den entry was 1 October and emergence was 21 April, with females denned earlier and emerging later than males. Marshland and heath meadow habitats were avoided, and willow-alder was selected for den-sites. Eighty-three percent of dens were excavated, 100% contained nests, 18% were previously used, and 29% had flooded. Black bears selected black spruce-tamarack and …
Fishes Collected In Morro Bay, California Between January, 1968 And December, 1970, Harry L. Fierstine, Kurt F. Kline, Gregory R. Garman
Fishes Collected In Morro Bay, California Between January, 1968 And December, 1970, Harry L. Fierstine, Kurt F. Kline, Gregory R. Garman
Biological Sciences
Sixty-six species of fish were collected in Morro Bay between January, 1968 and December, 1970. The bay was divided into five ecological zones. Zone I was characterized by sandy beaches with little algae and contained 10 species. Zone II contained 35 species and was characterized by a sandy-silt bottom with some Zostera and kelp beds scattered among commercial piers. Zone III contained 31 species and was characterized by more Zostera beds and fewer commercial developments than Zone II. Zone IV contained 30 species and was characterized by large expanses of shallow Zostera beds dissected by very narrow channels. Zone V …