Digital Commons Network^™

In Defense Of The Short Cut, Stephen M. Johnson

Articles

Congress frequently gives administrative agencies a choice of several different tools—including legislative rulemaking, nonlegislative rulemaking, and adjudication—to interpret and apply the statutes that they administer. When Congress gives agencies a choice, courts rarely second-guess the agencies’ choice of policymaking tool. Rarely, that is, unless the agency chooses to interpret a statute through nonlegislative rulemaking. ...

Part II of this Article explores the variety of policymaking tools that are available to agencies, the deference generally accorded an agency’s choice of tool, and the reluctance of courts to defer when agencies choose to make policy through nonlegislative rulemaking. Part III explores Franklin’s …

Combretazet-3 A Novel Synthetic Cis-Stable Combretastatin-A4-Azetidinone Hybrid With Enhanced Stabilityand Therapeutic Efficacy In Colon Cancer, Lisa M. Greene, Shu Wang, Niamh O'Boyle, Sandra A. Bright, Jane E. Reid, Patrick Kelly, Mary J. Meegan, Daniela M. Zisterer

Articles

In recent years an extensive series of synthetic combretastatin A-4 (CA-4)-azetidinone (β-lactam) hybrids were designed and synthesised with a view to improve the stability, therapeutic efficacy and aqueous solubility of CA-4. Lead compounds containing a 3,4,5-trimethoxy aromatic ring at position 1 and a variety of substitution patterns at positions 3 and 4 of the β-lactam ring were screened in three adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cell lines (CT-26, Caco-2 and the CA-4 resistant cell line, HT-29). In both CT-26 and Caco-2 cells all β-lactam analogues analysed displayed potent therapeutic efficacy within the nanomolar range. Substitution of the ethylene bridge of CA-4 with …

Functionalized Ruthenatricarbadecaborane Via Selective Cage Iodination And Sonogashira Coupling Reactions, Ariane Perez-Gavilan, Larry Sneddon, Patrick J. Carroll

Articles

Selective iodination of the cyclopentadienylruthenium tricarbadecaboranyl complexes 1-(η5-C5H5)–2-Ph–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H9 (1) and 1-(η5-C5(CH3)5)–2-Ph–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H8 (2) to form their mono-iodo derivatives, 1-(η5-C5H5)–2-Ph–6-I–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H9 (3) and 1-(η5-C5(CH3)5)–2-Ph–6-I–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H8(4), was achieved in 90% yields by their reactions with ICl in CH2Cl2 solutions. Also isolated in trace amounts from the reaction with 2 was the di-iodo 1-(η5-C5(CH3)5)–2-Ph–6,11-I2–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H7, (5) complex. The sonication-promoted Sonogashira coupling reaction of 3 with terminal acetylenes catalyzed by Pd(dppf)Cl2/CuI yielded the functionalized ruthenatricarbadecaboranyl complexes 1-(η5-C5H5)–2-Ph–6-(Ph-C≡C)–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H8 (6), 1-(η5-C5H5)–2-Ph–6-[CH3CH2C(O)OCH2-C≡C]–closo-1,2,3,4-RuC3B7H8 (7), …

On Maximal Relatively Divisible Submodules, Brendan Goldsmith, Paolo Zanardo

Articles

In recent work Goebel and Goldsmith investigated the spectrum of maximal pure subgroups of certain Abelian groups. Here the situation relating to maximal pure submodules of a torsion-free module over an integral domain R is investigated. Connections to the level of coherency are established along with a detailed investigation of the situation where all maximal pure submodules are isomorphic to a product of copies of the ring R.

Optical Fibre Technology, Gerald Farrell

Articles

No abstract provided.

The Use Of A Fiber Comb Filter Fabricated By A Co2 Laser Irradiation To Improve The Resolution Of A Ratiometric Wavelength Measurement System, Pengfei Wang, Gilberto Brambilla, Ming Ding, Yuliya Semenova, Qiang Wu, Gerald Farrell

Articles

An edge filter-based ratiometric wavelength measurement system is modeled and analyzed in this paper. The results confirm that the noise of input signal and photodetectors limits the resolution of the wavelength measurement system. The achievable resolution is calculated for a given noise level of the input signal and photodetectors' resolution. An improved ratiometric wavelength measurement system consisting of two fiber comb filters is presented both theoretically and experimentally, which performs coarse and fine wavelength measurements simultaneously. The resolution of the system is significantly improved to better than 5 pm while maintaining the potential for high measurement speed and wide measurable …

Germanium Microsphere High-Q Resonator, Pengfei Wang, Timothy Lee, Ming Ding, Anirban Dhar, Thomas Hawkins, Paul Foy, Yuliya Semenova, Qiang Wu, Jayanta Sahu, Gerald Farrell, John Ballato, Gilberto Brambilla

Articles

In this Letter, the fabrication and characterization of a microsphere resonator from the semiconductor germanium is demonstrated. Whispering gallery modes are excited in a 46 μm diameter germanium microsphere resonator using evanescent coupling from a tapered silica optical fiber with a waist diameter of 2 μm. Resonances with Q factors as high as 3.8×104 at wavelengths near 2 μm are observed. Because of their ultrahigh optical nonlinearities and extremely broad transparency window, germanium microsphere resonators offer the potential for optical processing devices, in particular at long wavelengths, such as around 2 μm.

A Silica Single-Mode Fibre-Chalcogenide Multimode Fibre-Silica Single-Mode Fibre Structure, Pengfei Wang, Ming Ding, Lin Bo, Yuliya Semenova, Qiang Wu, Gerald Farrell

Articles

In this letter we theoretically and experimentally investigate a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) structure based on chalcogenide (As2S3) multimode fibre and silica single-mode fibres. The experimental results show a general agreement with the numerical simulation results based on a wide angle-beam propagation method (WA-BPM). Multimode interference variation was observed as a result of photo-induced refractive index changes arising from either localized laser irradiation at a wavelength of 405 nm or the use of a UV lamp. Our result provides a platform for the development

Influence Of Fluctuations Of The Geometrical Parameters On The Photonic Band Gaps In One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals, Vladimir A. Tolmachev, Anna .. Baldycheva, Kevin Berwick, Tatiana Perova

Articles

The influence of random fluctuations in the layer thicknesses in high contrast, one-dimensional Photonic Crystals (PCs) on the transmission spectra and Photonic Band Gaps (PBGs) is investigated. The change in the PBGs depends on the magnitude of the fluctuations and increases with an increase in the order of the PBG. Introducing thickness non-uniformity into the PC of up to 0.004 times the value of lattice constant for different types of fluctuation distributions has a negligible effect on either the position or the shape of the 1st and nearest PBGs. The approach suggested here allows the determination of the tolerances required …

What Do Final Year Engineering Students Know About Sustainable Development, Iacovos Nicolaou, Eddie Conlon

Articles

This paper presents data from a project which aims to determine the level of knowledge and understanding of engineering students about Sustainable Development (SD). The data derives from a survey completed by final year engineering students in three Irish Higher Education Institutions. This paper is part of a larger study which examines the relationship between students’ and teachers’ understanding of SD. The results from the survey show that final year engineering students have a discipline-led conception of SD. The majority of the participants fail to acknowledge the complexity of the concept and focus only on environmental protection. Their knowledge of …

A Front Tracking Model Of The Maxus-8 Microgravity Solidification Experiment On A Ti-45.5at.% Al-8at.%Nb Alloy, Robin Mooney, Shaun Mcfadden, Marek Rebow, David J. Browne

Articles

On 26th March 2010 the MAXUS-8 sounding rocket was launched from the Esrange Space Center in Sweden. As part of the Intermetallic Materials Processing in Relation to Earth and Space Solidification (IMPRESS) project, a solidification experiment was conducted on a Ti-45.5at.%Al-8at.%Nb intermetallic alloy in a module on this rocket. The experiment was designed to investigate columnar and equiaxed microstructures in the alloy. A furnace model of the MAXUS 8 experiment with a Front Tracking Model of solidification has been developed to determine the macrostructure and thermal history of the samples in the experiment. This paper gives details of results of …

The Driving Forces Of Change In Energy-Related Co2 Emissions In Ireland: A Multi-Sectoral Decomposition From 1990 To 2007, Tadhg O'Mahony, Peng Zhou, John Sweeney

Articles

Ireland recorded significant growth in energy-related carbon emissions from 1990 to 2007 as the country underwent rapid economic development. Using the LMDI decomposition analysis method, this paper aims to identify and analyse the driving forces of CO2 emissions in eleven final energy consuming sectors. This multi-sectoral analysis is based on four economic sectors, the residential sector and gives a detailed representation of transport in keeping with UNFCCC recommendations. Scale, structure and intensity effects are explored and substantial heterogeneity in sectoral performance is observed. Scale growth in economic and transport activity was considerable. Some improvements in energy intensity were recorded in …

Quantitative Reagent-Free Detection Of Fibrinogen Levels In Human Blood Plasma Using Raman Spectroscopy, Kelvin Poon, Fiona Lyng, Peter Knief, Orla L. Howe, Aidan Meade, James Curtin, Hugh Byrne, Joseph Vaughan

Articles

Fibrinogen assays are commonly used as part of clinical screening tests to investigate haemorrhagic states, for detection of disseminated intravascular coagulation and as a predictor of a variety of cardiovascular events. The Clauss assay, which measures thrombin clotting time, is the most commonly used method for measuring fibrinogen levels. Nevertheless, inconsistencies are present in inter-manufacturer reagent sources, calibration standards and methodologies. Automated coagulation analysers, which measure changes in optical density during the prothrombin time (PT-Fg), have found use in many hospitals. However, the PT-Fg method is found to give falsely elevated values due to varying choices of calibrants, reagents and …

The Generalised Zakharov-Shabat System And The Gauge Group Action, Georgi Grahovski

Articles

The generalized Zakharov-Shabat systems with complex-valued non-regular Cartan elements and the systems studied by Caudrey, Beals and Coifman (CBC systems) and their gauge equivalent are studied. This study includes: the properties of fundamental analytical solutions (FAS) for the gauge-equivalent to CBC systems and the minimal set of scattering data; the description of the class of nonlinear evolutionary equations, solvable by the inverse scattering method, and the recursion operator, related to such systems; the hierarchies of Hamiltonian structures. The results are illustrated on the example of the multi-component nonlinear Schrodinger (MNLS) equations and the corresponding gauge-equivalent multi-component Heisenberg ferromagnetic (MHF) type …

Planning For Environmental Sustainability : Learning From Leed And The Usgbc, Shannon Chance

Articles

The author analyzes the relationship between the US Green Building Council and higher education by examining campus use of LEED credits over time, and also suggests that the USGBC provides a model for large-scale learning organizations.

Transparency And Financial Regulation In The European Union: Crisis And Complexity, Caroline Bradley

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No abstract provided.

Striking Out Specious Claims In Mass Tort Global Settlements, Sergio J. Campos

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No abstract provided.

The Connection Between Permanency And Education In Child Welfare Policy, Kele Stewart

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No abstract provided.

Who Should Protect The Forest: Conservation Easements In The Forest Legacy Program, Jessica Owley, Stephen J. Tulowiecki

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No abstract provided.

The Roles Of Phonological Short-Term Memory And Working Memory In L2 Grammar And Vocabulary Learning, Katherine I. Martin, Nick C. Ellis

Articles

This study analyzed phonological short-term memory (PSTM) and working memory (WM) and their relationship with vocabulary and grammar learning in an artificial foreign language. Nonword repetition, nonword recognition, and listening span were used as memory measures. Participants learned the singular forms of vocabulary for an artificial foreign language before being exposed to plural forms in sentence contexts. Participants were tested on their ability to induce the grammatical forms and to generalize the forms to novel utterances. Individual differences in final abilities in vocabulary and grammar correlated between 0.44 and 0.76, depending on the measure. Despite these strong associations, the results …

Resistance To Soybean Cyst Nematode: Rhg1, Ahmad Walid Afzali, Ali Srour, Aparna Natarajan, Navinder Saini, M Javed Iqbal, Matt Geisler, Hany A. El Shemy, David A. Lightfoot

Articles

The genes underlying rhg1 lie at a sometimes dominant sometimes co-dominant locus, necessary for resistance to all Hg types of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Genomic research identified; nucleotide changes within a candidate gene encoding a receptor like kinase (RLK) that were capable of altering root development and thereby part of the resistance to Hg types 0 (race 3); changes in a laccase that are capable of altering cyst development; and genes underlying changes in membrane biology. This set of three genes are subject to co-selection with a modifier locus on another …

Genetic Analysis Of Root And Shoot Traits In The ‘Essex’ By ‘Forrest’ Recombinant Inbred Line (Ril) Population Of Soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.], William Brensha Brensha, Stella K. Kantartzi, Khalid Meksem, Robert L. Grier Iv, Abdelali Barakat, David A. Lightfoot, My Abdelmajid Kassem

Articles

Crop productivity is severely reduced by water deficit and drought in many plant species including soybean. Improved root and shoot traits can contribute to drought tolerance ability of the plant. This research was conducted to identify QTL that underlie several root and shoot traits in the ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest’ (ExF RILs, n=94) recombinant inbred line (RIL) soybean population. Field collected samples were used for gathering phenotypic data of basal root thickness (BRT), lateral root number (LRN), maximum root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and calculating RFW/SFW, and …

The Challenge Of Domestic Implementation Of International Human Rights Law In The Cotton Field Case, Caroline Bettinger-López

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No abstract provided.

King Arthur Confronts Twiqy Pleading, Edward H. Cooper

Articles

Rule 25 of the 1912 Equity Rules stated that "it shall be sufficient that a bill in equity shall contain ... a short and simple statement of the ultimate facts upon which the plaintiff asks relief, omitting any mere statement of evidence." Not mere conclusions, not evidence, but "ultimate facts." And, at that, not facts "constituting the cause of action." The bare words of Rule 25 could mean something quite different to a twenty-first-century audience than they meant to a twentieth-century audience. But they may serve as a foil to the challenge framed by the Supreme Court in Bell Atlantic …

Rico, Corruption And White-Collar Crime, Pamela Bucy Pierson

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No abstract provided.

Alabama Tax Certificate Investors Beware: Negotiating Through The Labyrinth Of, And Important Limitations To Recovering Money In, The Redemption Process, Gary E. Sullivan

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No abstract provided.

Precious Knowledge: State Bans On Ethnic Studies, Book Traffickers (Librotraficantes), And A New Type Of Race Trial Race Trials, Richard Delgado

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No abstract provided.

Centennial Reflections On The California Law Review's Scholarship On Race: The Structure Of Civil Rights Thought Centennial Tribute Issue, Richard Delgado

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No abstract provided.

Four Reservations On Civil Rights Reasoning By Analogy: The Case Of Latinos And Other Nonblack Groups Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, And Contemporary Implications: Panel Iv: Contemporary Implications, Richard Delgado

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No abstract provided.

Down-Sizing The Little Guy Myth In Legal Definitions, Mirit Eyal-Cohen

Articles

What is a “small business” in the eyes of the law? There is not one standard definition. Current legal definitions of a firm's size are inconsistent and overinclusive. They vary from one area of the law to another and within various sections of the same law. They create a skewed picture and result in data distortion that reinforces favoritism toward small entities, as studies on the contribution of small businesses to the economy are greatly dependent on these studies' delineation of the term “small.” In this time of huge deficits and rise in economic inequality, a lot of money is …