Digital Commons Network^™

Effect Of Multispecies Swards On The Fat Composition And Oxidative Stability Of Milk From Dairy Cows In Mid-Late Lactation, Samuel Rapisarda, Kate M. Mccarthy, Tommy M. Boland, Helen Sheridan, Frank J. Monahan, Finbar J. Mulligan, Graham O'Neill, Nissreen Abu-Ghannam

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Multispecies swards have been recognized as more sustainable than traditional ryegrass systems, in addition to providing a range of phytochemicals to the ruminant diet. In this regard, polyphenols may be linked to higher levels of bioactive fatty acids in milk and enhanced nutraceutical properties in dairy products. This study compares the fat composition and oxidative stability of milk produced by cows fed on multispecies swards (MULTI) with milk from two conventional swards [a perennial ryegrass monoculture (PRG) and a mixture of perennial ryegrass and white clover (PRG + WC)] during the Irish summer. Milk from cows fed on MULTI had …

Should Country-By-Country Reporting Be Public?, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

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Under action 13 of the base erosion and profit shifting project, large multinational enterprises are obligated to file country-by-country reports with tax authorities. As of April 2024, over 80 countries have adopted a multilateral agreement on exchanging CbC reports. The United States has not adopted the multilateral agreement, but regulations require U.S.-based MNEs to file these reports with the IRS, which can then exchange them with other countries under tax treaties.

A Comparison Study Of Senior And Junior Deck Officers’ Interpretations Of The International Regulations For The Prevention Of Collisions At Sea, Ian Heffernan, Tom O'Mahony

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The International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (IRPCS) provide a comprehensive set of instructions for watchkeeping officers to follow and prevent collisions at sea. This study compares how six newly qualified deck officers and six Master Mariners, who were all trained at the same college, applied the IRPCS. Individual, semi-structured interviews were used to uncover how the 12 participants applied and interpreted the rules for three authentic scenarios. Phenomenography was used to capture the qualitatively different means by which participants interpreted the IRPCS. For basic collision avoidance situations, the results indicated little difference between the cohorts' ability …

The International Law Commission's Seventy-Fifth (2024) Session: Immunity Of State Officials From Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction And Other Topics, Charles C. Jalloh

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The International Law Commission (Commission or ILC) held its seventy-fifth session at its seat in Geneva from April 15 to May 31 and from July 1 to August 2, 2024. The Commission was chaired by Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Ecuador), and for the first time since its establishment in 1945, elected a majority of three females out of the five officers elected to its bureau annually. The Commission celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary and progressed its work on the topics in the program of work despite the shortening of the twelve-week General Assembly approved session to ten weeks due to the liquidity …

Integration Of Data Sets For Modelling Gender Violence And Perception Of Insecurity, Sandra Lucia Hernandez Zetina, Ana Belen Anquela Julian, Angel Esteban Martin Furones, Carlos Martinez Montes, Santos Fernandez Noguerol

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The dataset offers a comprehensive information to analyse cities and neighbourhood that are potentially unsafe for women, this information has been collected for four cities: Toluca (Mexico), Valencia (Spain), Dublin (Ireland) and San Francisco (USA). The collection includes quantitative and qualitative variables obtained and processed from open data, georeferenced publications from a social media platform, and points located through participatory mapping sessions.

The data is structured in raw format, organized by country and city, and categorized according to the data source used while processing, which allows unrestricted access with most data analysis software and it does not depend on specific …

Evaluating The Ghg Emissions, Land Use, And Water Use Associated With Contemporary Dietary Patterns In The Republic Of Ireland, Daniel Burke, Paul Hynds, Anushree Priyadarshini

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Dietary patterns are intrinsically linked to greenhouse (GHG) emissions, land use, and water use via food production systems. Analysing and comparing contemporary dietary patterns and their environmental impact is critical to identifying which should be promoted to enhance global sustainability. A cross-sectional survey of adult consumption patterns was conducted across Ireland with a representative sample size of 957 respondents. Subsequently, a farm-to-fork life cycle assessment (LCA) was employed via OpenLCA 2.0.4 to assess three primary environmental impacts (global warming, land use, and water use) across the population. Thirteen distinct dietary patterns were analysed: total population, rural, urban, self-reported (omnivore, flexitarian, …

Strategically Restated Defaults, Wendy G. Couture

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Business and commercial statutes are composed almost entirely of default rules, which parties may override via agreement or adopt via silence. Drafters of these statutes, and theories about the substance of default rules, assume that parties indeed adopt statutory default rules via silence. Against this backdrop, this Article examines unexpected behavior by parties to business and commercial agreements: parties often restate statutory default rules in their agreements rather than adopting those rules via silence. Based on a review of actual limited partnership agreements and security agreements, this Article identifies five unique species of restatement-bald, tweak, refill, baseline, and context restatements-and …

Development Of The Navigation Guide Evidence-To-Decision Framework For Environmental Health: Version 1.0, Nicholas Chartres, Max T. Aung, Sustan L. Norris, Courtney Cooper, Lia A. Bero, Roger Chou, Devon C. Payne-Sturges, Wendy E. Wagner, Jessica W. Reyes, Lisa M. Askie, Daniel A. Axelrad, Deysi Flores Vigo, Jill E. Johnston, Juleen Lam, Keeve E. Nachman, Eva Rehfuess, Rachel Rothschild, Patrice Sutton, Lauren Zeise, Tracey J. Woodruff

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Environmental exposures, including widespread industrial pollution, impact human health and are amplified in more highly exposed communities. Policy and regulatory frameworks for making decisions and recommendations on interventions to mitigate or prevent exposures tend to narrowly focus on exposure and some health-related data related to risks. Typically, such frameworks do not consider other factors, including essentiality, health equity, and distribution of benefits and costs. Further, decisions and recommendations lack transparency regarding how they were developed. We developed the Navigation Guide Evidence-to-Decision Framework for Environmental Health (E2DFEH) to provide a structured and transparent framework incorporating a range of scientific information and …

Institutionalized Ostracism, Danieli Evans

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Belonging is a fundamental need, like food or water. Hundreds of social psychology studies find that people who are ostracized (excluded, rejected, or ignored) experience severe pain and suffering. Ostracism threatens basic needs, triggers the same neurocognitive processing system as physical pain, and impairs functioning. Furthermore, ostracized people may cope in ways that beget “deviant” labeling and further ostracism.

Belonging and ostracism are prevalent themes in social psychology research, but these constructs have received relatively little attention in law. This Article begins to explore the implications of this research for law. I make three contributions: First, I name and describe …

Abortion Ally Or Abettor: Accomplice And Conspiracy Liability After Dobbs, Mary Fan

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The bristle of state laws criminalizing abortion after Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization raises important questions about accomplice and conspiracy liability for helping people pursue reproductive freedoms out of state. Abortion funds, grassroots organizations, pilots, and other humanitarian volunteers are vital for people in need of abortions, who often are trapped by a lack of resources in abortion criminalization jurisdictions. Threats of prosecution are chilling and even shutting down assistance by abortion funds for travel to pursue reproductive freedoms. The liability questions after Dobbs arise against a backdrop of increasing prosecutions in Europe and the United States for crimes …

Designing Legal Writing Problems For The Nextgeneration, Jaclyn Celebrezze, Lauren E. Sancken, Carrie Sanford, Amanda K. Stephen, David Ziff

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When reviewing the legal writing curriculum at our school for these NextGen skills, we discovered that our primary class activities and assignments already provided our students with opportunities to practice NextGen’s fundamental skills. This essay highlights some of our activities and describes how those assignments hone relevant NextGen skills.

Tax In Law Schools, Michael Hatfield

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At the 2023 Association of American Law Schools Tax Section meeting, professors discussed their impressions of a decline in the number of JD students studying tax. Their impressions were consistent with declines that have been documented in similar fields. Between 2011 and 2021, U.S. accounting programs saw an 18% drop in students, while new CPA candidates declined 39% from 2010 to 2022. In the United Kingdom, the number of law schools that teach tax has diminished by 43% since 2002. This Article examines tax education in 40 U.S. law schools, focusing on course offerings and enrollment trends from 2012 to …

The Muslim Secular: Parity And The Politics Of India's Partition: By Amar Sohal, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2023, 328 Pp., £83.00 (Hardback), Isbn: 9780198887638, Salmoli Choudhuri

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Sohal's book explores early to mid-twentieth century Muslim thinkers who rejected communal separatism in favour of a secular nationalism that upheld a unified vision of India. But what was the ideological enemy of the Muslim secular in the high noon of anti-colonial nationalism? Crucially, secularism itself lacks a stable conceptual ‘other’. Often, this space is occupied by ‘communalism’, a unique and ambiguous Indian nomenclature that is pejoratively and variously ascribed to minority positions, exclusive majoritarianism, and anti-nationalism. As a result, despite Sohal’s careful identification of intellectual differences between the thinkers, the master noun he uses to organise them conceals more …

Three Implications Of Moore., Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

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In his majority opinion in Moore, Justice Brett Kavanaugh listed several provisions of the code that could be subject to a constitutional challenge if realization were a constitutional requirement, as suggested by Justices Amy Coney Barrett, Samuel A. Alito Jr., Clarence Thomas, and Neil M. Gorsuch. Kavanaugh wrote: In short, the Moores cannot meaningfully distinguish the [mandatory repatriation tax] from similar taxes such as taxes on partnerships, on S corporations, and on subpart F income. The upshot is that the Moores’ argument, taken to its logical conclusion, could render vast swaths of the Internal Revenue Code unconstitutional. See, e.g., 26 …

From Land Reform To Landfare: Land Claims And The Welfare State In Kerala, India, Sudheesh R.C

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While large-scale land reform may still be underway in many countries, other contexts have states responding to land claims through scattered land provision measures. This article puts forward “landfare” as a lens to capture such measures and unpacks its features in one location. The article first explains this term, outlining its location in and departure from the land reform scholarship. It next shows how Kerala, India, widely cited in the scholarship for its 20th century land reform, addresses the land claims of its Adivasi citizens in the 21st century through landfare. Through an exploration of Adivasi land claims and an …

Gender Equality Plans In Research Organisations And Higher Education Institutions As A Catalyst For Transformative And Sustainable Change, Yvonne Galligan

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Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) play a pivotal role in shaping the European Union’s commitment to fostering sustainable structural change in Research organisations regarding gender equality. This article considers the dynamic evolution of the EU policy on GEPs, assesses the state of play with regards to GEPs following the requirements at EU level, and poses the question: What further can be done to deliver the transformative potential of GEPs, embed their sustainability and advance towards inclusiveness at greater speed? Drawing on the insights of feminist institutionalism, which highlights the relevance of informal practices as well as formal rules in shaping an …

Method To Detect Contamination With Antibiotic Metabolites And Method To Reduce Or Avoid Development Of Antibiotic Resistance, Fintan Kelleher, Gordon Cooke

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A method to detect an antibiotic metabolite in the environment is provided, comprising assaying a sample from the environment for the metabolite. Further provided is a method to reduce or prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, the method comprising assaying a sample from a food or beverage product, or a sample from the environment, for the presence of one or more antibiotic or pharmaceutical metabolites, wherein when the assay indicates presence of the one or more metabolites, the method further comprises one or more of the following steps: removing or degrading the metabolite from the environment or the product source …

Developing Porous Hip Implants Implementing Topology Optimization Based On The Bone Remodelling Model And Fatigue Failure., Babak Ziaie, Xavier Velay, Waqas Saleem

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No abstract provided.

Sweeping Section Three Under The Rug: A Comment On Trump V. Anderson, William Baude, Michael Paulsen

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No abstract provided.

Dispatches From Amendment Valley, Alison Lacroix

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No abstract provided.

Enhancing Professional Development For Third Space Roles: Reflections On The Added Value Of Learning Circles, Linde Moriau, Réka Matolay, Emma Mckenna, Andrea Toarniczky, Judit Gáspár, Márta Frigyik, Catherine Bates

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This paper explores how Learning Circles can support higher education staff in navigating the complexities of contemporary educational landscapes with greater confidence, creativity, and efficacy. It presents qualitative research rooted in the three-year Erasmus+ project CIRCLET, involving five European universities. Learning Circles were implemented as a core component of professional development programmes, aiming to foster quality integration of Community Engaged Research and Learning (CERL) in academic practice. Drawing on a collaborative autoethnographic research design, we reflected on our experiences as Learning Circle designers, facilitators, and participants to identify manifestations of professional growth emanating from our project activities. We build on …

Accuracy And Repeatability Of Autorefraction In Young Adults: A Comparison Of Cycloplegic And Non-Cycloplegic Methods, Megan Doyle, Veronica O'Dwyer O'Dwyer, Michael Moore, Síofra Harrington

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Clinical Relevance: Cycloplegic refraction remains crucial in young adults, where accommodative activity can obscure accurate refractive status. Autorefractor repeatabil­ity is essential for precise optical correction and refractive error categorisation in clinical and research settings.

Background: Cycloplegic autorefraction is recommended for individuals up to 20 years to prevent hyperopia underestimation and myopia overestimation. This study evaluated differences between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction following cyclopentolate hydrochloride (cycloplegic agent) administration in young adults. This study also explored whether this difference varied by refractive status (hyperopia (≥1.00D), emmetropia ( >−0.50, < 1.00D), myopia (≤-0.50D)) or pre- instillation of proxymetacaine hydrochloride and whether cycloplegia improved autorefractor repeatability.

Methods: Participants were 182 young adults (17–30 years) (mean (standard deviation): 21.66 …

Driving Impactful Change: Entrepreneurial Insights For Social Responsibility In The Irish Context, Anna Zherdeva, Deirdre Mcquillan, Lucia Morales

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Today’s volatile situation at the global level, provoked by a significant rise in Economic and Political Uncertainty, emerged as an answer on countries attempts to manage the climate change crisis, armed conflicts, the rising cost of living, a growing divide between the more prosperous Global North and the poorest Global South that are reflected on the emergence of multifaceted, multiple and long-lasting crises. During periods of heightened instability and economic uncertainty, businesses struggle to build trusting relationships with stakeholders as they seek to reduce costs. Additionally, companies seek deep engagement as they confront the costs associated with sustainability challenges and …

Reflections And Gratitude: The Journal Of Food Law & Policy From A Twenty-Year Perspective, Margie Alsbrook

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Twenty years after the Journal of Food Law & Policy published its first issue, I find myself looking back with deep gratitude for the people who helped create it, for the students who sustained it, and for the community that continues to make it thrive. What began as an untested idea has grown into a respected publication and a cornerstone of a still-growing field. This essay is both a reflection on that journey and a heartfelt thank-you to everyone who made it possible.

Rahimi And The Future Of (The Rest Of) The Protection Order Prohibition, Bonnie Carlson

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In the summer of 2024, the Supreme Court considered United States v. Rahimi. Scholars and lawyers watched with bated breath to see how the court would interpret and apply the foundation-shifting Second Amendment test it established in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen two years earlier. Ultimately, the Court upheld the federal law which temporarily bans some protection order respondents from possessing firearms. But the Court provided little in the way of additional guidance that lower courts desperately needed as evidenced by the disparate outcomes on gun cases nationwide following Bruen. Rather, the Court opted for a …

Locating Consumer Financial Regulation, Nikita Aggarwal

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Recent advances in data-driven technology in consumer financial markets, commonly referred to as "fintech," have resurfaced the question of whether and to what extent data, particularly consumers' personal data, should be a locus for regulatory intervention in these markets. While innovation in fintech and the accompanying increase in the processing of personal data offer to improve the functioning of consumer financial markets, like all advances in technology, they also come with costs and risks. In 2024, in a move that favored the regulation of personal financial data per se and many of the traditional features of personal data protection regulation, …

Human Masters/Robot Servants: Highly Automated Vehicle Design, Intoxicated Drivers & Vicarious Liability, William H. Widen, Marilyn C. Wolf

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A traditional engineering role is to design a safe product. Safety engineering is an exercise in harm avoidance ex ante. In contrast, liability attribution is an exercise to compensate for loss post hoc — traditionally viewed as a legal matter. We observe that, when a natural person incurs liability for a loss that exceeds insurance coverage, economic ruin can follow. Neither engineering nor law focus on the loss suffered by defendants considering law as a "safety risk." The highly automated vehicle (HAV) design space, however, provides an opportunity to prevent this kind of economic harm from occurring ex ante just …

The Legacy Of Ferguson: Building Worker, Community, And Student Power To Respond To The Carceral State, Donna Coker, Melody Sinckler, Kira Mikes

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The 2014 killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri sparked national outrage regarding police violence in Black communities. But as time passed, Ferguson came to symbolize more than another episode of law enforcement violence. A Department of Justice (DOJ) report revealed that Ferguson's city coffers relied on an intentionally extractive criminal legal system that aggressively levied fines and fees in a racially discriminatory manner. As the DOJ findings illustrate, advocates seeking to transform or abolish the criminal legal system must rigorously analyze the political economy of the carceral system in their locale.

We describe a law school course aimed at …

Voter Harassment And The Limits Of State And Federal Power, Ellen D. Katz

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Acts of voter harassment are often difficult to prevent. One longstanding, albeit underused, tool for addressing such harassment is found in section 11(b) of the Voting Rights Act (VRA). Continued use of the provision, however, is threatened by recent decisions restricting private enforcement of the VRA. This Essay examines one challenge to such enforcement, exploring the linkage between section 11(b)’s prohibition on voter intimidation and the enforcement of constitutional voting guarantees, on which private enforcement of the provision presently depends. It invites consideration of the idea that this linkage is sufficient and private enforcement is appropriate because section 11(b) provides …

Should Congress Reform The Accumulated Earnings Tax?, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

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In this installment of Reflections With Reuven Avi-Yonah, Avi-Yonah explains why the shifting landscape of the corporate tax rate requires congressional intervention. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2017 permanently cut the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, and the Republican victory in the 2024 presidential election means that the rate is unlikely to be raised in the next four years. This means that there is, once again, a large disparity between the top individual tax rate of 37 percent (scheduled to increase to 39.6 percent in 2026 unless Congress acts) and the corporate rate. The corporate …