Digital Commons Network^™

Preparing Future Lawyers To Draft Contracts And Communicate With Clients In The Era Of Generative Ai, Kristen Wolff

Articles

Thank you all for coming today. This is, I think, a really important topic. Important enough that the conference has decided to have two talks on the same topic, and Mark will be presenting on this in the next session, too. I plan on attending because I don’t think you can get enough perspectives on it right now. And hearing this information, I had to attend several talks myself before I really digested it and understood what this was all about. So, I hope that I can give you a little bit of that today. My name is Kristen Wolff. …

The Radical Challenge To The Antitrust Order, Daniel A. Crane

Articles

The U.S. antitrust order is undergoing a radical challenge along three key dimensions. First, the challengers seek to denaturalize markets and replace a commitment to competition with an anti-domination norm. Second, the challengers seek to dramatically alter institutional arrangements, with Congressional legislation and agency rulemaking replacing antitrust's longstanding commitment to judicial common law incrementalism. Finally, the challengers would replace the antitrust order's preferred juridical approach-open-ended rule of reason analysiswith a return to bright-line prohibitory rules and a related demotion of economists as decision-makers. Each of these challenges entails significant consequences, many of them unintended, counter-productive, or perverse. Contrary to the …

The American Antimonopoly Tradition: Origins, Contradictions, Transformations, Daniel A. Crane

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Proponents of antitrust reform argue for the rediscovery of an American antimonopoly tradition that predated the Sherman Act by centuries and suggests the reimagination of a more robust contemporary policy against concentrated economic power. But historically there have been a number of distinct and often contradictory strands of American antimonopoly. The American colanists inherited a weak, recent, and largely invented antimonopoly common law tradition focused on exclusive grants of privilege from the crown. In the nineteenth century, antimonopoly became a generative and ubiquitous concept in state legislatures and courts, but one with multiple, inconsistent meanings that evolved in the decades …

Two Takes On Administrative Change From The Roberts Court, Daniel Deacon, Leah Litman

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In Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, the Supreme Court finally did what many long hoped (or feared) it would do: overrule Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council. Chevron instructed courts to defer to an agency’s interpretation of an ambiguous statutory provision, provided the interpretation was reasonable. Chevron, according to Justice Kagan, had “served as a cornerstone of administrative law” and “the warp and woof of modern government, supporting regulatory efforts of all kinds—to name a few, keeping air and water clean, food and drugs safe, and financial markets honest.” Not surprisingly, statutes governing such matters contain quite a number of …

A Methodological Framework For Exploring Sme Finance With Safe Data, Marie Finnegan, Lucía Morales, Atlantic Technological University

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Research on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access to bank finance is vital for the euro area economy. SMEs heavily represent the European business sector, employing around 100 million people and accounting for more than half of the Gross Domestic Product. Research studies in the field often rely on the ECB/EC Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (SAFE). Many studies employ probit or logit models with categorical dependent variables derived from SAFE. The research findings show that hardly any study employs the simpler linear probability model (LPM), with a dominant lack of research providing evidence that justifies the …

Circular Material Usage Strategies And Principles In Buildings: A Review, Paulo Santos, Génesis Camila Cervantes, Alicia Zaragoza-Benzal, Aimee Byrne, Ferhat Karaca, Daniel Ferrández, Adriana Salles, Luís Bragança

Articles

Building construction accounts for a significant proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions, raw material extraction, and waste production. Applying circular economy (CE) principles in the building construction industry would considerably reduce these values. However, uptake by the industry is relatively slow, which is largely attributed to sectoral barriers, including limitations in knowledge and experience. This review paper aims to assess and contribute to diminishing these obstacles by offering a comprehensive review of circular material usage principles and strategies within the construction sector. Opportunities and facilitators of change are also presented, including innovations and emerging technologies in recycling, digitization, robotic systems, …

The Role Of Interpersonal Conflict As A Cause Of Work-Related Stress In Construction Managers In Ireland, Patrick J. Bruce, Victor Hrymak, Carol M. Bruce Dr, Joseph Byrne

Articles

Construction is a project-driven industry that places a high premium on product delivery on time, within budget and to required standards. Modern construction projects have become more complex in nature, the complex relational and lengthy process of designing and building makes construction a process in which conflict is virtually ensured (Jaffar et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2023). These characteristics of the industry contribute to workplace stress. Therefore, it is not surprising that research has confirmed a strong presence of workplace stress within the industry, (Lingard and Francis, 2004; Vaux and Dority, 2020). Many construction managers experience excessive levels of …

What Is The Best Candidate For A Post-Moore Constitutional Challenge?, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

Articles

On December 5, 2023, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Moore, the case challenging the constitutionality of the mandatory repatriation tax enacted in 2017 (section 965). Most of the justices' questions focused on the potential collateral consequences from requiring realization as a constitutional matter, and the majority seemed inclined to avoid the constitutional issue by focusing on the fact that the income in Moore was realized and that section 965 simply followed a long list of precedents by attributing this corporate income to shareholders in a closely held corporation.

Is Treasury Bound By The Arm's-Length Standard?, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

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In December 2023 Abbott Laboratories petitioned the Tax Court to reverse $417 million in section 482 deficiencies. The petition addresses many issues, but as Tax Notes contributing editor Ryan Finley pointed out in his excellent recent article, the most important one relates to the issue of whether stock-based compensation should be included in the pool of costs covered by a costsharing arrangement. This is the same issue that taxpayers have litigated repeatedly, with the most recent case, Altera, resulting in an IRS victory in the Ninth Circuit. If Abbott wins, the case is appealable to the Seventh Circuit, potentially setting …

Generalised Zero-Shot Learning For Action Recognition Fusing Text And Image Gans, Kaiqiang Huang, Susan Mckeever, Luis Miralles-Pechuán

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Generalized Zero-Shot Action Recognition (GZSAR) is geared towards recognizing classes that the model has not been trained on, while still maintaining robust performance on the familiar, trained classes. This approach mitigates the need for an extensive amount of labeled training data and enhances the efficient utilization of available datasets. The main contribution of this paper is a novel approach for GZSAR that combines the power of two Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). One GAN is responsible for generating embeddings from visual representations, while the other GAN focuses on generating embeddings from textual representations. These generated embeddings are fused, with the selection …

Neural Correlates Of Audiovisual Narrative Speech Perception In Children And Adults On The Autism Spectrum: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Lars A. Ross, Sophie Molholm, John S. Butler, Victor A. Del Bene, Tufikameni Brima, John J. Foxe

Articles

Autistic individuals show substantially reduced benefit from observing visual articulations during audiovisual speech perception, a multisensory integration deficit that is particularly relevant to social communication. This has mostly been studied using simple syllabic or word-level stimuli and it remains unclear how altered lower-level multisensory integration translates to the processing of more complex natural multisensory stimulus environments in autism. Here, functional neuroimaging was used to examine neural correlates of audiovisual gain (AV-gain) in 41 autistic individuals to those of 41 age-matched non-autistic controls when presented with a complex audiovisual narrative. Participants were presented with continuous narration of a story in auditory-alone, …

Framing A Feminist Phenomenological Inquiry Into The Lived Experiences Of Women Entrepreneurs, Edicleia Oliveira, Serge Basini, Thomas M. Cooney

Articles

Purpose – This article aims to explore the potential of feminist phenomenology as a conceptual framework for advancing women’s entrepreneurship research and the suitability of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to the proposed framework.

Design/methodology/approach – The article critically examines the current state of women’s entrepreneurship research regarding the institutional context and highlights the benefits of a shift towards feminist phenomenology.

Findings – The prevailing disembodied and gender-neutral portrayal of entrepreneurship has resulted in an equivocal understanding of women’s entrepreneurship and perpetuated a male-biased discourse within research and practice. By adopting a feminist phenomenological approach, this article argues for the importance …

Machine Vs Machine: Large Language Models (Llms) In Applied Machine Learning High-Stakes Open-Book Exams, Keith Quille, Csanad Alattyanyi, Brett A. Becker, Róisín Faherty, Damian Gordon, Miriam Harte, Svetlana Hensman, Markus Hofmann, Jorge Jiménez García, Anthony Kuznetsov, Conrad Marais, Keith Nolan, Cianan Nicolai, Ciarán O'Leary, Andrzej Zero

Articles

There is a significant gap in Computing Education Research (CER) concerning the impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) in advanced stages of degree programmes. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the effectiveness of LLMs in answering exam questions within an applied machine learning final-year undergraduate course. The research examines the performance of LLMs in responding to a range of exam questions, including proctored closed-book and open-book questions spanning various levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. Question formats encompassed open-ended, tabular data-based, and figure-based inquiries. To achieve this aim, the study has the following objectives: Comparative Analysis: To compare LLM-generated …

Confronting Structural Inequality In State Labor Law, Andrew Elmore

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Low-wage workers face a structural problem in seeking to improve their work standards: While companies have substantial labor market power to impose work terms and conditions, workers require affirmative state support to collectively press their workplace demands. But their employers can mobilize private capital and property rights, often with judicial deference, to fend off state intrusions into the workplace. While the National Labor Relations Act aims to resolve this structural problem by protecting the rights of workers to join unions, strike, and collectively bargain, employers, backed by judicial support for managerial prerogatives and property rights, can often leverage NLRA weaknesses …

Politicizing Antisemitism Amidst Today's Educational Culture Wars, Lili Levi

Articles

The traditional narrative of American Jewry emphasizes American exceptionalism with respect to antisemitism. But there have been clear signs of a resurgence of public antisemitism in the United States even before the massive rise in antisemitic expression and incidents associated with the Israel-Hamas war of fall 2023.

One of the notable aspects of the rise and normalization of antisemitic expression is the deployment of antisemitism as a political tool. For example, in addition to Democrats and Republicans accusing each other of complicity in antisemitism, both federal policy since the Trump era and state anti-antisemitism legislation have targeted campus antisemitism in …

Chickpea Seed Endophyte Enterobacter Sp. Mediated Yield And Nutritional Enrichment Of Chickpea For Improving Human And Livestock Health, Arpan Mukherjee, Anand Kumar Gaurav, Gowardhan Kumar Chouhan, Saurabh Singh, Ankita Sarkar, Saman Abeysinghe, Jay Prakash Verma

Articles

Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) are used as a good source of proteins and energy in the diets of various organisms including humans and animals. Chickpea straws can serve as an alternative option for forage for different ruminants. This research mainly focussed on screening the effects of adding beneficial chickpea seed endophytes on increasing the nutritional properties of the different edible parts of chickpea plants. Two efficient chickpea seed endophytes (Enterobacter sp. strain BHUJPCS-2 and BHUJPCS-8) were selected and applied to the chickpea seeds before sowing in the experiment conducted on clay pots. Chickpea seeds treated with both endophytes showed improved …

Combinedeepnet: A Deep Network For Multistep Prediction Of Near-Surface Pm2.5 Concentration, Prasanjit Dey, Soumyabrata Dev, Bianca Schoen Phelan

Articles

PM2.5 is a type of air pollutant that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Precise PM2.5 (μg/m3) concentration prediction may help reduce health concerns and provide early warnings. To better understand air pollution, a number of approaches have been presented for predicting PM2.5 concentrations. Previous research used deep learning models for hourly predictions of air pollutants due to their success in pattern recognition, however, these models were unsuitable for multisite, long-term predictions, particularly in regard to the correlation between pollutants and meteorological data. This article proposes the combine deep network (CombineDeepNet), which combines multiple deep networks, including a bidirectional long …

Microfluidic Flowmeter Based On A Liquid Crystal-Filled Nested Capillary, Zhe Wang, Arun Kumar Mallik, Fangfang Wei, Zhuochen Wang, Anuradha Rout, Rayhan Habib Jibon, Qiang Wu, Yuliya Semenova, University College Cork

Articles

Microfluidic flowmeters are a powerful and highly accurate tool, enabling precise monitoring and measurements of flows of gases and fluids in a range of applications. Here we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a whispering gallery modes flowmeter composed of a liquid crystal-filled nested capillary. Whispering gallery modes are excited by a tapered fiber coupled perpendicularly to the nested capillary. The air flowing through the capillary cools it down, which leads to a temperature-induced change of the refractive index of the nematic liquid crystals. This change in turn leads to a spectral shift of the whispering gallery modes resonances, which can be …

Enhancing Inclusive Entrepreneurial Activity Through Community Engagement Led By Higher Education Institutions, Emma O'Brien, Thomas M. Cooney

Articles

While supporting entrepreneurship through government intervention has become a global phenomenon, the OECD (2021) has identified that several communities (including women, youth, seniors, unemployed and immigrants) remain under-represented in terms of entrepreneurial activity. Inclusive entrepreneurship policies seek to enhance economic and social inclusion and emphasise the significant contribution that people from within these communities could make to local and regional development if appropriate support was offered. The purpose of this study is to examine how higher education institutions (HEIs) can co-create inclusive entrepreneurial training initiatives with local communities that support economic and social inclusion.

A Critical Race Theory Analysis Of Critical Race Theory Bans, Caroline Mala Corbin

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A majority of state legislatures have introduced bills prohibiting public schools from teaching certain "divisive concepts" attributed to critical race theory (CRT), with at least fifteen states successfully enacting them. This Article applies a critical race theory analysis to these critical race theory bans, finding that the bans embody white privilege and especially its companion, white fragility.

After providing a primer on critical race theory, Part I explains how the state bans profoundly misunderstand critical race theory, which focuses on how systems and institutions reproduce racial inequality. These bans, however, assume that racism is individual, intentional, and rare, and that …

Crypto: The Prospect Of Regulatory Competition, Charles M. Yablon

Articles

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Population Aging On Future Temperature-Related Mortality At Different Global Warming Levels, Multi-Country Multi-City (Mcc) Collaborative Network, Patrick Goodman

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Older adults are generally amongst the most vulnerable to heat and cold. While temperature-related health impacts are projected to increase with global warming, the influence of population aging on these trends remains unclear. Here we show that at 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C of global warming, heat-related mortality in 800 locations across 50 countries/areas will increase by 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.5%, respectively; among which 1 in 5 to 1 in 4 heat-related deaths can be attributed to population aging. Despite a projected decrease in cold-related mortality due to progressive warming alone, population aging will mostly counteract this trend, …

A Comparative Study On Feature Extraction Techniques For The Discrimination Of Frontotemporal Dementia And Alzheimer's Disease With Electroencephalography In Resting-State Adults, Utkarsh Lal, Arjun Vinayak Chikkankod, Luca Longo

Articles

Early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) share similar symptoms, complicating their diagnosis and the development of specific treatment strategies. Our study evaluated multiple feature extraction techniques for identifying AD and FTD biomarkers from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. We developed an optimised machine learning architecture that integrates sliding windowing, feature extraction, and supervised learning to distinguish between AD and FTD patients, as well as from healthy controls (HCs). Our model, with a 90% overlap for sliding windowing, SVD entropy for feature extraction, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for supervised learning, achieved a mean F1-score and accuracy of 93% and 91%, 92.5% …

Synthetic Dataset Generation Using Photo-Realistic Simulation With Varied Time And Weather Axes, Thomas Lee, Susan Mckeever, Jane Courtney

Articles

To facilitate the integration of autonomous unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) in day-to-day life, it is imperative that safe navigation can be demonstrated in all relevant scenarios. For UAVs using a navigational protocol driven by artificial neural networks, training and testing data from multiple environmental contexts are needed to ensure that bias is minimised. The reduction in predictive capacity when faced with unfamiliar data is a common weak point in trained networks, which worsens the further the input data deviates from the training data. However, training for multiple environmental variables dramatically increases the man-hours required for data collection and validation. In …

A Business Model For Communication Design Enterprises, Con Kennedy

Articles

Several international reports and studies indicate that the Communication Design sector has a skill deficit in entrepreneurship and business management, and a greater understanding of these topics is needed. Some authors advocate applying existing business models for design enterprises. However, the skill deficit prevails. It is worth noting that these reports discuss the entrepreneurship deficit in general terms without an explanation of the causes of this deficit or how to remedy the issue. Therefore, this paper explores the development of a Business Model specific for Design Entrepreneurs for deployment in Communication Design enterprises.A theoretical framework for a specific business model …

Action Recognition For Human–Robot Teaming: Exploring Mutual Performance Monitoring Possibilities, Shakra Mehak, John D. Kelleher, Michael Guilfoyle, Maria Chiara Leva

Articles

Human–robot teaming (HrT) is being adopted in an increasing range of industries and work environments. Effective HrT relies on the success of complex and dynamic human–robot interaction. Although it may be optimal for robots to possess all the social and emotional skills to function as productive team members, certain cognitive capabilities can enable them to develop attitude-based competencies for optimizing teams. Despite the extensive research into the human–human team structure, the domain of HrT research remains relatively limited. In this sense, incorporating established human–human teaming (HhT) elements may prove practical. One key element is mutual performance monitoring (MPM), which involves …

Valuing Social Data, Amanda Parsons, Salome Viljoen

Articles

Social data production—accumulating, processing, and using large volumes of data about people—is a unique form of value creation that characterizes the digital economy. Social data production also presents critical challenges for the legal regimes that encounter it. This Article provides scholars and policymakers with the tools to comprehend this new form of value creation through two descriptive contributions. First, it presents a theoretical account of social data, a mode of production that is cultivated and exploited for two distinct (albeit related) forms of value: prediction value and exchange value. Second, it creates and defends a taxonomy of three “scripts” that …

Tying Law For The Digital Age, Daniel A. Crane

Articles

Tying arrangements, a central concern of antitrust policy since the early days of the Sherman and Clayton Acts, have come into renewed focus with re-spect to the practices of dominant technology companies. Unfortunately, tying law’s doctrinal structure is a self-contradictory and incoherent wreck. A con-ventional view holds that this mess is due to errant Supreme Court precedents, never fully corrected, that expressed hostility to tying based on faulty economic understanding. That is only part of the story. Examination of tying law’s origins and development shows that tying doctrine was built on a now-dated paradigm of what constitutes a tying arrangement. …

Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Drug Development, Louise C. Druedahl, Nicholson Price, Timo Minssen, Dipl Jur, Ameet Sarpatwari

Articles

Considerable focus has been placed on the health care applications of artificial intelligence (AI). Already, machine learning, a subset of AI that involves “the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn” has been used to predict diseases, while AI-powered smartphone apps have been developed to promote mental health and weight loss. Owing in part to such successes, the market for AI in health care has been forecasted to increase more than 1000% between 2022 and 2029, from $13.8 billion to $164.1 billion. One area of substantial promise is drug development, which is poised to benefit …

Protecting The Sovereign's Money Monopoly, Gary B. Gorton, Jeffery Zhang

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Sovereign states have held a monopoly over the production of circulating money for well over a century. Governments, not private entities, issue circulating money. The advent of stablecoins—privately issued digital money that can circulate—raises the question of the sovereign’s money monopoly from the grave. Should private money circulate alongside sovereign money in the twenty-first century? We argue against coexistence to preserve financial stability and monetary sovereignty.

Through the lens of economic theory, we explore the coexistence question by revisiting the original debates that led to the sovereign’s money monopoly in England, the United States, Canada, and Sweden. In each case, …