Digital Commons Network^™

Terrible Freedom, Ambiguous Authenticity, And The Pragmatism Of The Endangered: Why Free Speech In Law School Gets Complicated, Leonard M. Niehoff

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We idealize colleges and universities as places of unfettered inquiry, where freedom of expression flourishes. The Supreme Court has described the university classroom as “peculiarly the ‘marketplace of ideas.’” It declared: “The Nation’s future depends upon leaders trained through wide exposure to that robust exchange of ideas which discovers truth out of a multitude of tongues, [rather] than through any kind of authoritative selection.” The exchange of competing ideas takes place not only in classrooms, but also in public spaces, dormitories, student organizations, and in countless other campus contexts.

Humans In The Loop, Nicholson Price Ii, Rebecca Crootof, Margot Kaminski

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From lethal drones to cancer diagnostics, humans are increasingly working with complex and artificially intelligent algorithms to make decisions which affect human lives, raising questions about how best to regulate these “human in the loop” systems. We make four contributions to the discourse.

First, contrary to the popular narrative, law is already profoundly and often problematically involved in governing human-in-the-loop systems: it regularly affects whether humans are retained in or removed from the loop. Second, we identify “the MABA-MABA trap,” which occurs when policymakers attempt to address concerns about algorithmic incapacities by inserting a human into decision making process. Regardless …

Designing A Fulfilling Life In The Law, Bridgette Carr, Vivek Sankaran, Taylor J. Wilson

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There is a mental health crisis in the legal profession. This isn’t news; in 2017, the National Task Force on Lawyering Well-Being acknowledged that the profession has failed to give adequate regard to the well-being of lawyers. High rates of chronic stress, depression, and substance use suggest that “the current state of lawyers’ health cannot support a profession dedicated to client service and dependent on the public trust.”

An Ecological Study Of The Spatiotemporal Dynamics And Drivers Of Domestically Acquired Campylobacteriosis In Ireland, 2011–2018, Martin Boudou, Coilín Ó Haiseadha, Patricia Garvey, Jean O'Dwyer, Paul Hynds

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In 2021, Campylobacteriosis was the main gastrointestinal disease in the European Union since 2007 according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. In the Republic of Ireland, the incidence of the disease is particularly high with approximately 3,000 cases per annum, raising significant concerns for national health authorities with an expected increase in the number of cases in the light of climate change. The current study sought to assess the spatio-temporal patterns of campylobacteriosis in the Republic of Ireland using 20,391 cases from January 2011 to December 2018. An ensemble of spatial statistics techniques including seasonal decomposition, spatial …

Overview Of Various Components Of Lateral-Flow Immunochromatography Assay For The Monitoring Of Aflatoxin And Limit Of Detection In Food Products: A Systematic Review, Thasmin Shahjahan, Bilal Javed, Vinayak Sharma, Furong Tian

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The detection of aflatoxins is essential for the food industry to ensure the safety and quality of food products before their release to the market. The lateral-flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) is a simple technique that allows the rapid on-site detection of aflatoxins. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and compare the limits of detection reported in the most recent research articles, published between the years of 2015 and 2023. The limits of detection (LODs) were compared against the particle type and particle size, as well as other variables, to identify trends and correlations among the parameters. A growing …

Surface-Modified Silver Nanoparticles And Their Encapsulation In Liposomes Can Treat Mcf-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Ellenor Moors, Vinayak Sharma, Furong Tian, Bilal Javed

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising tool for cancer treatment due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties. However, their clinical applications are limited by their potential cytotoxicity caused due to oxidation stress and non-specific cellular uptake pathways. To overcome these barriers, surface modifications of AgNPs have been proposed as an effective strategy to enhance their biocompatibility and specificity toward cancer cells. In this study, AgNPs were synthesised using the chemical reduction method and subsequently conjugated with various capping agents such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Further, this study involves the synthesis of liposomes by …

Pressure-Based Method For The Extraction And Characterisation Of Agar From Gelidium Sesquipedale, L.P. Gomez Barrio, D. Pradhan, U. Tiwari, J.F. Curtin, A.K. Jaiswal, B.K. Tiwari, C. Alvarez Garcia

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Agar has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and medical fieldsand has been traditionally extracted by soaking the macroalgae for up to 4 h at boiling temperatures. Traditional methods are often energy intensive and therefore extraction technologies are currently being investigated in order to pursue more sustainable form of extraction. This study focused on the extraction of agar from Gelidium sesquipedale by means a combination of an acid pre-treatment (citric or acetic acid) followed by autoclaving at different time/temperature combinations. It was found that among all the conditions tested (10, 15 and 20 min) and (100, 110, and 120 …

An Exploration Of Practitioners’ Experiences Of Delivering Digital Social Care Interventions To Children And Families During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Mixed Methods Study, Grainne Hickey, Claire Dunne, Lauren Maguire, Niamh Mccarthy

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Digital technology is an increasingly prominent feature of health care delivery; however, social care has remained less digitized than other systems [1]. As an allied health profession, child and family social care practice is aimed at supporting the welfare and safety of vulnerable children and families. Similar to many other health professionals, social care practitioners develop an understanding of clients’ needs and provide support through the development of interpersonal relationships [2]. Traditionally, this involves physical proximity and face-to-face interaction, often in the context of the home environment [3]. Digital technologies, however, have crept into the delivery of social care interventions …

Taste And Smell Abnormalities In Advanced Cancer: Negative Impact On Subjective Food Intake, Aidan O'Donoghue, Michelle Barrett, Pauline Uí Dhuibhir Pauline Uí Dhuibhir, Aileen Kennedy, Norma O'Leary, Declan Walshe

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Background: Taste and smell abnormalities (TSAs) are present in all cancer stages and may contribute to malnutrition. Despite this, they are rarely screened for. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of TSAs and their influence on subjective food intake in advanced cancer. Methods: Consecutive patients with advanced cancer were recruited. A modified Taste and Smell Survey assessed subjective TSAs. Objective TSAs were assessed with validated taste strips and "Sniffin Sticks." A six-item food intake questionnaire identified any effect TSAs had on food preferences/aversions. Nutrition status was evaluated with the abridged Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment. Results: All 30 participants had …

Assessment Of The Environmental Impact Of Food Consumption In Ireland-Informing A Transition To Sustainable Diets, Laura B Kirwan, Janette Walton, Albert Flynn, Anne P. Nugent, John Kearney, Nicholas M. Holden, Breige A. Mcnulty

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Dietary changes are required to mitigate the climatic impact of food consumption. Food consumption databases can support the development of sustainable food based dietary guidelines (SFBDG) when linked to environmental indicators. An improved knowledge base is crucial to the transition to sustainable diets, and multiple environmental indicators should be considered to ensure this transition is evidence based and accounts for trade-offs. The current study aimed to quantify the environmental impact of daily diets across population groups in Ireland. Nationally representative food consumption surveys for Irish children (NCFSII; 2017-2018), teenagers (NTFSII; 2019-2020), and adults (NANS; 2008-2010) were used in this analysis. …

Implementation Of A Food Science And Nutrition Module In A Dental Undergraduate Curriculum, Michael Crowe, Michael O'Sullivan, Lewis Winning, Oscar Cassetti, Brian O'Connell, Aifric O'Sullivan, Eileen Gibney, Suzanne Doyle, Annemarie Bennett, Paula Moynihan

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Although it is generally acknowledged that nutrition should be a core subject in curricula, most dental programmes do not specifically include nutrition education.1–5 The rationale for improving the nutrition education of dental students is supported by the multidirectional and synergistic relationship between nutrition and oral health.6,7 As highlighted recently, achieving a population-wide reduction in free sugar consumption has now become a central tenet for public health authorities and professional healthcare workers globally.8 However, dentists do not have the confidence or competencies to assess or deliver appropriate dietary interventions.

Synthesis, Characterisation, And Solution Behaviour Of Ag(I) Bis(Phenanthroline‑Oxazine) Complexes And The Evaluation Of Their Biological Activity Against The Pathogenic Yeast Candida Albicans, Clara Evans, Muhib Ahmed, Malachy Mccann, Kevin Kavanagh, Michael Devereux, Denise Rooney Denise Rooney, Frances Heaney

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Three Ag(I) bis(phenanthroline-oxazine) complexes with varying lipophilicity were synthesised and characterised. The solution stoichiometry of 1:2 Ag(I):ligand was determined for each complex by the continuous variation Job's plot method using NMR spectroscopy. NMR studies were also carried out to investigate the fluxional behaviour of the Ag(I) complexes in solution. The biological activity of the silver(I) complexes and the corresponding ligands towards a clinical strain of Candida albicans MEN was studied using broth microdilution assays. Testing showed the choice of media and the duration of incubation were key determinants of the inhibitory behaviour towards Candida albicans, however, the difference between freshly …

Hospital Outcomes In Patients Hospitalized For Covid-19 Pneumonia: The Effect Of Sars-Cov-2 Vaccination And Vitamin D Status, Martyna Sanecka, Modar Youssef, Mohammad Abdulsalam, Syed F. Raza, Abdul Qadeer, Julia Ioana, Alya Aldoresi, Syed I. Shah, Abdul Al Lawati, Joseph Feely, William P. Tormey, Eoghan O'Neill, Liam J. Cormican, Eoin P. Judge, Daniel Mccartney, John L. Faul

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccination promises to improve outcomes for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (most notably those with advanced age and at high risk for severe disease). Here, we examine serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and outcomes in both old (>70 years) and young vaccinated (n = 80) and unvaccinated (n = 91) subjects, who were hospitalized due to COVID- 19 pneumonia in a single center (Connolly Hospital Dublin). Outcomes included ICU admission and mortality. Serum 25(OH)D levels were categorized as D30 (/L), D40 (30–49.99 nmol/L) and D50 (50 nmol/L). In multivariate analyses, D30 was independently associated with ICU admission (OR: 6.87 …

Peptidases Are Potential Targets Of Copper(Ii)-1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dione Complex, A Promising And Potent New Drug Against Trichomonas Vaginalis, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Fernando Gomes Cardoso, Matheus Menonca Pereira, Michael Devereux, Malachy Mccann, Andre L.S. Santos, Tiana Tasca

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Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for 156 million new cases per year worldwide. When present asymptomatically, the parasite can lead to serious complications, such as development of cervical and prostate cancer. As infection increases the acquisition and transmission of HIV, the control of trichomoniasis represents an important niche for the discovery and development of new antiparasitic molecules. This urogenital parasite synthesizes several molecules that allow the establishment and pathogenesis of infection. Among them, peptidases occupy key roles as virulence factors, and the inhibition of these enzymes has become an important mechanism for modulating pathogenesis. Based on these premises, our group recently …

A Qualitative Analysis Of Women’S Postnatal Experiences Of Breastfeeding Supports During The Perinatal Period In Ireland, Niamh Lawlor, Lucia Prihodova, Deborah Byrne, Megan Etherton, Felicienne Rahill, Catie Wilson, Elizabeth O'Sullivan

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Ireland has among the lowest rates of breastfeeding worldwide. Despite policies to support breastfeeding, breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity remain low in Ireland. Greater knowledge about support received in the maternity unit may—in part—shed light on why this is so. Our aim was to analyse women’s experiences of the breastfeeding supports available in the early postnatal period in Ireland. We conducted an analysis of an open-ended question on a cross-sectional survey about breastfeeding support conducted in the Republic of Ireland in 2022. Participants were asked to provide comments about the breastfeeding support they received in the maternity unit or during your …

Silver(I) And Copper(Ii) 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dione Complexes As Promising Antivirulence Strategy Against Leishmania: Focus On Gp63 (Leishmanolysin), Simone S.C. Oliveira, Claudyane A. Correia, Vanessa S. Santos, Elaine F.F. Da Cunha, Alexandre A. De Castro, Teodorico C. Ramalho, Michael Devereux, Malachy Mccann, Marta H. Branquinha, Andre L.S. Santos

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Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, encompasses a group of neglected diseases with diverse clinical and epidemiological manifestations that can be fatal if not adequately and promptly managed/treated. The current chemotherapy options for this disease are expensive, require invasive administration and often lead to severe side effects. In this regard, our research group has previously reported the potent anti-Leishmania activity of two coordination compounds (complexes) derived from 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione): [Cu(phendione)3 ].(ClO4 )2 .4H2O and [Ag(phendione)2 ].ClO4 . The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of these complexes on leishmanolysin (gp63), a virulence factor produced by all Leishmania …

Peptidases Are Potential Targets Of Copper(Ii)-1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dione Complex, A Promising And Potent New Drug Against Trichomonas Vaginalis, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Matheus Mendonca Pereira, Michael Devereux, Malachy Mccann, Andre L.S. Santos, Tiana Tasca

Articles

Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for 156 million new cases per year worldwide. When present asymptomatically, the parasite can lead to serious complications, such as development of cervical and prostate cancer. As infection increases the acquisition and transmission of HIV, the control of trichomoniasis represents an important niche for the discovery and development of new antiparasitic molecules. This urogenital parasite synthesizes several molecules that allow the establishment and pathogenesis of infection. Among them, peptidases occupy key roles as virulence factors, and the inhibition of these enzymes has become an important mechanism for modulating pathogenesis. Based on these premises, our group recently …

The Iris Clinic: A Protocol For A Mixed-Methods Study Evaluating The Management Of Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Eileen O'Brien, Jean Doherty, Sarah Louise Killeen, Melanie Bennett, Lillian Murtagh, Sinead Curran, Suzanne Murphy, Helen Mchale, Lucille Sheehy

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Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that affects 0.3–3% of women and has profound nutritional, physical and psychological consequences. Research is lacking regarding the most effective management of the condition. In response to patient feedback, a multidisciplinary HG day-case service (IRIS Clinic) was launched in 2020 at The National Maternity Hospital, Ireland. The clinic provides routine, day-case care in a comfortable space with pre-booked appointments. The MDT involves midwives, dietitians, perinatal mental health, obstetrics and pharmacy, and the nature of the clinic enables peer-to-peer support. As this clinic is the first of its …

A Qualitative Analysis Of Women's Postnatal Experiences Of Breastfeeding Supports During The Perinatal Period In Ireland, Niamh Lawlor, Lucia Prihodova, Deborah Byrne, Megan Etherton, Felicienne Rahill, Catie Wilson, Elizabeth J. O'Sullivan

Articles

Ireland has among the lowest rates of breastfeeding worldwide. Despite policies to support breastfeeding, breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity remain low in Ireland. Greater knowledge about support received in the maternity unit may—in part—shed light on why this is so. Our aim was to analyse women's experiences of the breastfeeding supports available in the early postnatal period in Ireland. We conducted an analysis of an open-ended question on a cross-sectional survey about breastfeeding support conducted in the Republic of Ireland in 2022. Participants were asked to provide comments about the breastfeeding support they received in the maternity unit or during your …

Associations Between Maternal Metabolic Parameters During Pregnancy And Fetal And Child Growth Trajectories From 20 Weeks' Gestation To 5 Years Of Age: Secondary Analysis From The Rolo Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study, Helena C. Bartels, Linda M. O'Keeffe, Cara A. Yelverton, Kate N. O'Neill, Aisling A. Geraghty, Eileen C. O'Brien, Sarah Louise Killeen, Ciara Mcdonnell, Fionnuala M. Mcauliffe

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Objective: To examine the association between maternal metabolic parameters in pregnancy and growth trajectories up to 5 years of age. Methods: Data from mother–child pairs who participated in the ROLO study, a randomized trial examining the impact of a low glycaemic index diet on the recurrence of macrosomia, were analysed. Fetal and child growth trajectories were developed from longitudinal measurements from 20 weeks gestation up to 5 years of age. We examined associations between maternal fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin, taken in early pregnancy (14–16 weeks) and late pregnancy (28 weeks), and weight (kg) and abdominal circumference (cm) trajectories …

Adolescent Overweight And Obesity In Ireland—Trends And Sociodemographic Associations Between 1990 And 2020, Aoibhín Moore Heslin, Aisling O'Donnell, Laura Kehoe, Janette Walton, Albert Flynn, John Kearney, Breige Mcnulty

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Background: Overweight and obesity in adolescence is a growing issue and can have a range of both short- and long-term consequences on health. Objectives: To analyse trends in adolescent weight status in Ireland across a 30-year period and to examine the influence of sociodemographic factors on overweight/obesity in Irish adolescents over time. Methods: Body composition and body mass index weight status of Irish adolescents were compared using data from three nationally representative, cross-sectional Irish national food consumption surveys from 1990, 2006 and 2020. Adjusted analysis of associations between socio-demographic factors with the risk of adolescent overweight/obesity at each time point …

Parents' Experiences Of Infant And Young Child Feeding During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Ireland, Elizabeth J. O'Sullivan, Aileen Kennedy

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Objective: The WHO has urged member states to develop preparedness plans for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) during emergencies. Ireland has no such plan. We aimed to identify the needs of caregivers in Ireland with regards IYCF during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Online survey conducted in May-June 2020. Setting: Ireland, during the first period of severely restricted movement due to COVID-19 (lockdown). Participants: Respondents (n 745) were primary caregivers of a child under 2 years; they were primarily well educated and likely of higher socio-economic status. Results: Among those who breastfed, being unable to access breast-feeding support groups and …

Constitutional Review Of Federal Tax Legislation, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Yoseph M. Edrey

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What does the Constitution mean when it says that “The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States” (U.S. Const. Article I, Section 8, Clause 1)?

The definition of “tax” for constitutional purposes has become important considering the Supreme Court’s 2012 decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (“NFIB”), in which Chief Justice Roberts for the Court upheld the constitutionality of the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) under the taxing …

Constitutional Losses And (Some) Statutory Wins For Criminal Defendants: Select Criminal Law And Procedure Cases From The Supreme Court's 2022-2023 Term., Eve Brensike Primus, Mark Rucci

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The Supreme Court’s 2022–23 Term included a number of important statutory interpretation rulings, as well as significant cases concerning the scope of the Confrontation Clause; the Venue, Vicinage, and Double Jeopardy Clauses; the federal courts’ ability to entertain claims of legal innocence; and the contours of the adequate and independent state ground doctrine. It also was the first term for Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson—the first former public defender and first Black woman to join the centuries-old institution. Although Justice Jackson joined a Court ruptured along ideological lines and confronting serious challenges to its legitimacy and ethical standards, she quickly proved …

Trademarks And Censorship In The Time Of Covid-19, Xuan-Thao Nguyen

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During the devastating year of 2020, China quickly conquered the novel coronavirus and roared back economically while the United States faced staggering deaths and economic losses. But underneath the divergent experience of the two countries is an untold story of trademark and censorship in the time of COVID-19. This Article observes that while the United States Supreme Court has lifted the ban on trademark registrations for unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination, opening the door for offensive COVID-19 trademark applications, China has transformed trademark law into the law for censorship as Chinese authorities press forward to achieve twin victories over the coronavirus and …

Privacy And National Politics: Fingerprint And Dna Litigation In Japan And The United States Compared, Dongsheng Zang

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Drawing cases from two related areas of law-fingerprint and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) data-this Article proposes a modified framework, built on the Balkin-Levinson emphasis on national politics: First, national politics understood as partisan rivalry cannot account for what I call doctrinal lock-in in this Article, where I will demonstrate that in different stages of American politics-the Lochner era, the New Deal era, and Civil Rights era-courts across the nation ruled predominantly in favor of public data collectors-state and federal law enforcement in fingerprint cases. From the 1990s, when DNA data became hot targets of law enforcement, the United States Supreme Court …

Woke Capital Revisited, Jennifer S. Fan

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Inclusive corporate leadership is now at the forefront of discussions related to corporate governance. Two corporate theories help to explain the rise in prominence of diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) efforts in corporate leadership. First, an expanded definition of corporate purpose which elevated the idea of the importance of stakeholders, contributed to the momentum from business and legal quarters for broader corporate inclusion. Second, the increasing publicness of corporations—the social expectation of how large, typically public corporations should act given their position of power—also led to corporations becoming more active in the DEI space. It is against this backdrop that …

Conditions Of Participation: Incorporating The History Of Hospital Desegregation, Sallie Sanford

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Our students ought to know about the history of formal hospital segregation and desegregation. To that end, this article urges those who teach foundational health law and policy courses to do three things. First, to teach the Simkins case. Second, to swap out the usual Medicare signing ceremony picture for one that includes W. Montague Cobb, M.D., Ph.D. Third, to highlight how the implementation of that program for the elderly led, in a matter of months, to the desegregation of hospitals throughout the country.

Honest Belief And Proof Of Unlawful Motive, Eric Schnapper

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A large number of federal statutes impose liability on a defendant if it acted with a forbidden motivation. Intent is also central to the meaning of a number of constitutional provisions, including many applications of the First Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause. The large volume of litigation under these provisions does not turn on doctrinal differences about the meaning of intent or purpose, but on disputes about the types of evidence that are and are not sufficient to establish the existence of the forbidden purpose. Those standards, as a practical matter, determine the efficacy of the prohibition at issue …

Views Of The Irish Judiciary On Technology In Courts: Results Of A Survey, Brian M. Barry Dr, Rónán Kennedy Dr

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Technology continues to transform how judges perform their functions, both in Ireland and elsewhere. This article reports the results of a survey of Irish judges on their use of technology in their role, their attitudes towards technology, and their views on how it impacts on the judicial function. The survey, part of a global survey, found that Irish judges habitually used digital technologies, and were broadly satisfied with the technology available in chambers, but less so with what was provided in courtrooms. Although generally happy to embrace change, the majority of respondents were concerned with, and did not prefer, online …