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Articles 5311 - 5340 of 8252
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Cross-National Measures Of Punitiveness, Alfred Blumstein, Michael Tonry, Asheley Van Ness
Cross-National Measures Of Punitiveness, Alfred Blumstein, Michael Tonry, Asheley Van Ness
Articles
No abstract provided.
Risk, Rents, And Regressivity: Why The United States Needs Both An Income Tax And A Vat, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Risk, Rents, And Regressivity: Why The United States Needs Both An Income Tax And A Vat, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Articles
In this article, Prof. Avi-Yonah argues that the legal academic debate about fundamental tax reform from 1974 onward has been skewed by the assumption that a consumption tax must replace the income tax. He addresses three of the major issue in recent writings on the income/consumption tax debate, and shows how none of the arguments in favor of the consumption tax are conclusive. Avi-Yonah also addresses the various consumption tax proposals that have been made and shows that they are all deficient in comparison with a VAT, as well as failing to achieve the goals of an income tax. Finally, …
Regulatory Taxings, Eduardo Peñalver
Regulatory Taxings, Eduardo Peñalver
Articles
The tension between the Supreme Court's expansive reading of the Takings Clause and the state's virtually limitless power to tax has been repeatedly noted, but has received little systematic exploration. Although some scholars, most notably Richard Epstein, have used the tension between takings law and taxes to argue against the legitimacy of taxation as it is presently practiced, such an approach has failed to gain a significant following. Instead, the broad legal consensus is that legislatures effectively have unlimited authority to impose tax burdens. Nevertheless, this Article demonstrates that every attempt to formulate a "Reconciling Theory," a theory that would …
The Defined Contribution Paradigm, Edward A. Zelinsky
The Defined Contribution Paradigm, Edward A. Zelinsky
Articles
Pension cognoscenti have frequently remarked on the stagnation of defined benefit pensions and the concomitant rise of defined contribution plans. I suggest that, over the last generation, something even more fundamental has occurred, something that can justly be called a paradigm shift. Americans today primarily conceive of and implement retirement savings in the form of individual accounts. Such accounts have become primary instruments of public policy, not just for retirement savings, but increasingly for health care and education as well.
The Acs Virgo Cluster Survey. Xi. The Nature Of Diffuse Star Clusters In Early-Type Galaxies, Eric Peng, Patrick Côté, Andrés Jordán, John P. Blakeslee, Laura Ferrarese, Simona Mei, Michael J. West, David Merritt, Milos Milosavljević, John L. Tonry
The Acs Virgo Cluster Survey. Xi. The Nature Of Diffuse Star Clusters In Early-Type Galaxies, Eric Peng, Patrick Côté, Andrés Jordán, John P. Blakeslee, Laura Ferrarese, Simona Mei, Michael J. West, David Merritt, Milos Milosavljević, John L. Tonry
Articles
We use HST/ACS imaging of 100 early-type galaxies in the ACS Virgo Cluster Survey to investigate the nature of diffuse star clusters (DSCs). Compared to globular clusters (GCs), these star clusters have moderately low luminosities (MV > −8) and a broad distribution of sizes (3 < rh < 30 pc), but they are principally characterized by their low mean surface brightnesses which can be more than three magnitudes fainter than a typical GC (µg > 20 mag arcsec−2). The median colors of diffuse star cluster systems are red, 1.1 < g − z < 1.6, which is redder than metal-rich GCs and often as red as the galaxy itself. Most DSC systems thus have mean ages older than 5 Gyr or else have super-solar metallicities implying that diffuse star clusters are likely to be long-lived, surviving for significant fraction of a Hubble time. We find that 12 galaxies in our sample contain a significant excess of diffuse star cluster candidates. Nine of them are morphologically classified as lenticulars (S0s), and five of them visibly contain dust. We also find a substantial population of DSCs in the halo of the giant elliptical M49, associated with the companion galaxy VCC 1199. Most DSC systems appear to be both aligned with the galaxy light and associated with galactic disks, but at the same time many lenticular galaxies do not host substantial DSC populations, and environment and clustercentric radius do not appear to be good predictors of their existence. Diffuse star clusters in our sample share similar characteristics to those identified in other nearby lenticular, spiral, and dwarf galaxies. Unlike luminous GCs, whose sizes are constant with luminiosity, DSCs are bounded at the bright end by an envelope of nearly constant surface brightness. We suggest that populations of diffuse star clusters preferentially form, survive, and coevolve with galactic disks. Their properties are broadly consistent with those of merged star cluster complexes, and we note that despite being 3–5 magnitudes brighter than DSCs, ultra-compact dwarfs have similar surface brightnesses. The closest Galactic analogs to the DSCs are the old open clusters. We suggest that if a diffuse star cluster population did exist in the disk of the Milky Way, it would be very difficult to find.
How Well Can People Use Different Color Attributes?, Hongqin Zhang, Ethan Montag
How Well Can People Use Different Color Attributes?, Hongqin Zhang, Ethan Montag
Articles
Two psychophysical experiments were conducted to analyze the role of color attributes in simple tasks involving color matching and discrimination. In Experiment I observers made color matches using three different adjustment control methods. The results showed that the Lightness, Chroma, Hue (LCH) and the Lightness, redness/greenness, blueness/yellowness ({L, r/g, y/b}) adjustment controls elicited significantly better performance than the display RGB controls in terms of both accuracy and time, but were not significantly different from each other. Expert observers performed significantly better than naive observers in terms of accuracy. Experiment II was a replication and extension of Melgosa, et al.’s experiment …
The Acs Virgo Cluster Survey. Ii. Data Reduction Procedures, Andrés Jordán, John P. Blakeslee, Eric W. Peng, Simona Mei, Patrick Côté, Laura Ferrarese, John L. Tonry, David Merritt, Miloš Milosavljević, Michael J. West
The Acs Virgo Cluster Survey. Ii. Data Reduction Procedures, Andrés Jordán, John P. Blakeslee, Eric W. Peng, Simona Mei, Patrick Côté, Laura Ferrarese, John L. Tonry, David Merritt, Miloš Milosavljević, Michael J. West
Articles
The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey is a large program to carry out multi-color imaging of 100 early-type members of the Virgo Cluster using the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Deep F475W and F850LP images (≈ SDSS g and z) are being used to study the central regions of the program galaxies, their globular cluster systems, and the three-dimensional structure of Virgo itself. In this paper, we describe in detail the data reduction procedures used for the survey, including image registration, drizzling strategies, the computation of weight images, object detection, the identification of globular cluster candidates, …
Preaching The Gospel In A De-Christianised Parish 2 : The Healing Power Of Grace, Eamon Maher
Preaching The Gospel In A De-Christianised Parish 2 : The Healing Power Of Grace, Eamon Maher
Articles
Material reproduced by kind permission of Reality
The Federalist Dimension Of Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence, Stewart E. Sterk
The Federalist Dimension Of Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence, Stewart E. Sterk
Articles
Conventional wisdom teaches that the Supreme Court's takings doctrine is a muddle. Appearances, however, are deceiving. The "property" protected by the Takings Clause is defined not by a single sovereign, but by the legislative enactments and judicial pronouncements of fifty separate states. As a result, federalism concerns - underappreciated in the takings literature - do and should play an important role in shaping the Court's takings doctrine. In particular, these concerns make it inappropriate for the Court to use the Takings Clause as a vehicle for articulating a comprehensive theory of the limits on government power to regulate land. This …
A Classification Of Tournaments Having An Acyclic Tournament As A Minimum Feedback Arc Set, Garth Isaak, Darren Narayan
A Classification Of Tournaments Having An Acyclic Tournament As A Minimum Feedback Arc Set, Garth Isaak, Darren Narayan
Articles
Given a tournament with an acyclic tournament as a feedback arc set we give necessary and sufficient conditions for this feedback arc set to have minimum size.
High-Resolution Slant-Angle Scene Generation And Validation Of Concealed Targets In Dirsig, Kris E. Barcomb, John Schott, Scott D. Brown, Timothy J. Hattenberger
High-Resolution Slant-Angle Scene Generation And Validation Of Concealed Targets In Dirsig, Kris E. Barcomb, John Schott, Scott D. Brown, Timothy J. Hattenberger
Articles
Traditionally, synthetic imagery has been constructed to simulate images captured with low resolution, nadirviewing sensors. Advances in sensor design have driven a need to simulate scenes not only at higher resolutions but also from oblique view angles. The primary efforts of this research include: real image capture, scene construction and modeling, and validation of the synthetic imagery in the reflective portion of the spectrum. High resolution imagery was collected of an area named MicroScene at the Rochester Institute of Technology using the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science’s MISI and WASP sensors using an oblique view angle. Three Humvees, …
Surface And Buried Landmine Scene Generation And Validation Using The Digital Imaging And Remote Sensing Image Generation Model, Erin D. Peterson, Scott D. Brown, Timothy J. Hattenberger, John R. Schott
Surface And Buried Landmine Scene Generation And Validation Using The Digital Imaging And Remote Sensing Image Generation Model, Erin D. Peterson, Scott D. Brown, Timothy J. Hattenberger, John R. Schott
Articles
Detection and neutralization of surface-laid and buried landmines has been a slow and dangerous endeavor for military forces and humanitarian organizations throughout the world. In an effort to make the process faster and safer, scientists have begun to exploit the ever-evolving passive electro-optical realm, both from a broadband perspective and a multi or hyperspectral perspective. Carried with this exploitation is the development of mine detection algorithms that take advantage of spectral features exhibited by mine targets, only available in a multi or hyperspectral data set. Difficulty in algorithm development arises from a lack of robust data, which is needed to …
Integrating Remorse And Apology Into Criminal Procedure, Stephanos Bibas, Richard A. Bierschbach
Integrating Remorse And Apology Into Criminal Procedure, Stephanos Bibas, Richard A. Bierschbach
Articles
The article argues that the criminal justice system's current focus on punishment and procedural efficiency overlooks the transformative potential of remorse and apology in repairing moral and relational harm caused by crime. It advocates for a relational approach that integrates mechanisms like restorative justice and victim-offender mediation to foster healing, reconciliation, and reintegration of offenders into society.
Duress Is Not A Justification, Kyron J. Huigens
Gaming Delaware, William Wilson Bratton
Temporal Variations In The Apparent Emissivity Of Various Materials, Carl Salvaggio, David P. Miller
Temporal Variations In The Apparent Emissivity Of Various Materials, Carl Salvaggio, David P. Miller
Articles
Spectral emissivity measurements gathered in the longwave infrared region of the spectrum during a recent airborne hyperspectral data collection experiment indicated that the spectral emissivity of certain organic polymers changed by as much as 10% throughout the day. Inorganic and many other organic materials that were measured at the same time during this experiment showed no change. As this was an unexpected event, a subsequent experiment was designed to make emissivity measurements of several organic and inorganic materials over a 24-hour period/diurnal cycle. The results from this experiment confirmed that certain materials showed a significant spectral emissivity variation over this …
Comparison Of Basis-Vector Selection Methods For Target And Background Subspaces As Applied To Subpixel Target Detection, Peter Bajorski, Emmett J. Ientilucci, John Schott
Comparison Of Basis-Vector Selection Methods For Target And Background Subspaces As Applied To Subpixel Target Detection, Peter Bajorski, Emmett J. Ientilucci, John Schott
Articles
This paper focuses on comparing three basis-vector selection techniques as applied to target detection in hyperspectral imagery. The basis-vector selection methods tested were the singular value decomposition (SVD), pixel purity index (PPI), and a newly developed approach called the maximum distance (MaxD) method. Target spaces were created using an illumination invariant technique, while the background space was generated from AVIRIS hyperspectral imagery. All three selection techniques were applied (in various combinations) to target as well as background spaces so as to generate dimensionally-reduced subspaces. Both target and background subspaces were described by linear subspace models (i.e., structured models). Generated basis …
Identification And Detection Of Gaseous Effluents From Hyperspectral Imagery Using Invariant Algorithms, Erin M. O'Donnell, David W. Messinger, Carl Salvaggio, John Schott
Identification And Detection Of Gaseous Effluents From Hyperspectral Imagery Using Invariant Algorithms, Erin M. O'Donnell, David W. Messinger, Carl Salvaggio, John Schott
Articles
The ability to detect and identify effluent gases is, and will continue to be, of great importance. This would not only aid in the regulation of pollutants but also in treaty enforcement and monitoring the production of weapons. Considering these applications, finding a way to remotely investigate a gaseous emission is highly desirable. This research utilizes hyperspectral imagery in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum to evaluate an invariant method of detecting and identifying gases within a scene. The image is evaluated on a pixel-by-pixel basis and is studied at the subpixel level. A library of target gas spectra …
Making Lawyers Compete, Lester Brickman
Making Lawyers Compete, Lester Brickman
Articles
The article argues that the market for contingent-fee-financed tort litigation is not price competitive, primarily due to uniform contingency fees charged by lawyers regardless of case-specific factors such as risk or effort required. This lack of competition leads to excessive costs for claimants and contributes to the expansion of tort liability. The author contends that the legal profession maintains this system through various barriers, including ethical rules and entry restrictions, which prevent competitive market forces from functioning effectively.
Core Formation By A Population Of Massive Remnants, David Merritt, Slawomir Piatek, Simon Portegies Zwart, Marc Hemsendorf
Core Formation By A Population Of Massive Remnants, David Merritt, Slawomir Piatek, Simon Portegies Zwart, Marc Hemsendorf
Articles
Core radii of globular clusters in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds show an increasing trend with age. We propose that this trend is a dynamical effect resulting from the accumulation of massive stars and stellarmass black holes at the cluster centers. The black holes are remnants of stars with initial masses exceeding ∼ 20 - 25M⊙; as their orbits decay by dynamical friction, they heat the stellar background and create a core. Using analytical estimates and N-body experiments, we show that the sizes of the cores so produced and their growth rates are consistent with what is observed. We …
From Agency To Zattiero - The Effect Of School Board Policy, John E. Rumel
From Agency To Zattiero - The Effect Of School Board Policy, John E. Rumel
Articles
No abstract provided.
Consequences Of Gravitational Radiation Recoil, David Merritt, Miloš Milosavljević, Marc Favata, Scott A. Hughes, Daniel E. Holz
Consequences Of Gravitational Radiation Recoil, David Merritt, Miloš Milosavljević, Marc Favata, Scott A. Hughes, Daniel E. Holz
Articles
Coalescing binary black holes experience an impulsive kick due to anisotropic emission of gravitational waves. We discuss the dynamical consequences of the recoil accompanying massive black hole mergers. Recoil velocities are sufficient to eject most coalescing black holes from dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, which may explain the apparent absence of massive black holes in these systems. Ejection from giant elliptical galaxies would be rare, but coalescing black holes are displaced from the center and fall back on a time scale of order the half-mass crossing time. Displacement of the black holes transfers energy to the stars in the nucleus …
Self-Assembled Arrays Of Zno Nanoparticles And Their Application As Varistor Materials, Suresh Pillai, Declan Mccormack, John Kelly, Raghavendra Ramesh
Self-Assembled Arrays Of Zno Nanoparticles And Their Application As Varistor Materials, Suresh Pillai, Declan Mccormack, John Kelly, Raghavendra Ramesh
Articles
Linear arrays of ZnO nanoparticles have been successfully prepared by a simple sol–gel condensation reaction involving chemical modifiers, followed by drying (80oC) and calcination (500 oC). The calcined material (nanoarray ZnO) is composed of approximately spherical nanoparticles of average diameter 21+/-3 nm, selfassembled to form arrays extending in length to 2–4 mm. The morphology of the ZnO is found to depend sensitively on the amounts of chemical modifiers present. In their absence the ZnO produced (nano-ZnO) is an unstructured agglomerate of nanoparticles. The mechanism for formation of these linear arrays has been investigated by examining the intermediates formed at 80 …
Enough: The Failure Of The Living Will, Angela Fagerlin, Carl E. Schneider
Enough: The Failure Of The Living Will, Angela Fagerlin, Carl E. Schneider
Articles
Enough. The living will has failed, and it is time to say so. We should have known it would fail: A notable but neglected psychological literature always provided arresting reasons to expect the policy of living wills to misfire. Given their alluring potential, perhaps they were worth trying. But a crescendoing empirical literature and persistent clinical disappointments reveal that the rewards of the campaign to promote living wills do not justify its costs. Nor can any degree of tinkering ever make the living will an effective instrument of social policy. As the evidence of failure has mounted, living wills have …
Rules, Principles, And The Accounting Crisis In The United States, William Wilson Bratton
Rules, Principles, And The Accounting Crisis In The United States, William Wilson Bratton
Articles
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Securities Exchange Commission move too quickly when they prod the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the standard setter for US GAAP, to move immediately to a principles-based system. Priorities respecting reform of corporate reporting in the US need to be ordered more carefully. Incentive problems impairing audit performance should be solved first through institutional reform insulating the audit from the negative impact of rent-seeking and solving adverse selection problems otherwise affecting audit practice. So long as auditor independence and management incentives respecting accounting treatments remain suspect, the US reporting system holds out no actor plausibly positioned …
Chile - Price Band System And Safeguard Measures Relating To Certain Agriculture Products Paper, Alan O. Sykes, Kyle Bagwell
Chile - Price Band System And Safeguard Measures Relating To Certain Agriculture Products Paper, Alan O. Sykes, Kyle Bagwell
Articles
No abstract provided.
India - Measures Affecting The Automotive Sector Paper, Alan O. Sykes, Kyle Bagwell
India - Measures Affecting The Automotive Sector Paper, Alan O. Sykes, Kyle Bagwell
Articles
No abstract provided.
Performance Analysis Of Improved Methodology For Incorporation Of Spatial/Spectral Variability In Synthetic Hyperspectral Imagery, Neil W. Scanlan, John Schott, Scott D. Brown
Performance Analysis Of Improved Methodology For Incorporation Of Spatial/Spectral Variability In Synthetic Hyperspectral Imagery, Neil W. Scanlan, John Schott, Scott D. Brown
Articles
Synthetic imagery has traditionally been used to support sensor design by enabling design engineers to pre-evaluate image products during the design and development stages. Increasingly exploitation analysts are looking to synthetic imagery as a way to develop and test exploitation algorithms before image data are available from new sensors. Even when sensors are available, synthetic imagery can significantly aid in algorithm development by providing a wide range of "ground truthed" images with varying illumination, atmospheric, viewing and scene conditions. One limitation of synthetic data is that the background variability is often too bland. It does not exhibit the spatial and …
Beware Of Lawyers Bearing Gifts:A Critical Evaluation Of The Proposals On Fundamental Rights In The Draft Constitutional Treaty., Stephen Carruthers
Beware Of Lawyers Bearing Gifts:A Critical Evaluation Of The Proposals On Fundamental Rights In The Draft Constitutional Treaty., Stephen Carruthers
Articles
The article assesses how far the provisions on fundamental rights contained in the draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe advance the objectives of promotion of the rule of law, transparency, a balanced relationship between the Union and national legal orders, and effective judicial redress. Argues that while the proposed accession of the Union to the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 and incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000, notwithstanding justiciability problems, deserve support, the retention of the general principles of law as a source of fundamental rights and the suggested amendments to the …
Colonialism And Journalism In Ireland, Michael Foley
Colonialism And Journalism In Ireland, Michael Foley
Articles
Irish journalism developed during the 19th century at a time of tremendous change. While journalists were involved in the debates about nationalism, both as commentators and in many cases activists, they also developed a journalism practice that corresponded to the professional norms of journalists in Britain and the United States. It would appear that the middle-class nature of Irish journalists meant there was a dual pressure towards professionalising journalism and fighting for legislative independence. Both factors came together in the development of a public sphere, where professional journalists were involved in creating public opinion.