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Study And Evaluation Of Parameters Influencing Parkison’S Disease Using 3d Cnn, Caroline El Fiorenza J, V. Sellam
Study And Evaluation Of Parameters Influencing Parkison’S Disease Using 3d Cnn, Caroline El Fiorenza J, V. Sellam
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
A diagnostic method of determining protein structure in persons for Parkinson’s disease (PD) would be a 3D imaging scan. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which are efficient when used with spatial data, are suitable candidates for automating this diagnostic procedure to assist medical workers. The protein structure of PD patients was evaluated or diagnosed using a Improved Faster Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (IFRCNN) ordinal model in this article. A data preprocessing technique was modified to operate PD because IFRCNNs require big datasets to operate acceptably. We take into account the Improved Shortest Paths Ordinal Graph-based Oversampling (ISP-OGO) technique that employs a …
Sixth-Kind Chebyshev Collocation Treatment Of Fractional Fredholm-Volterra Integro-Differential Equations, Mahmoud M. Mokhtar
Sixth-Kind Chebyshev Collocation Treatment Of Fractional Fredholm-Volterra Integro-Differential Equations, Mahmoud M. Mokhtar
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
We propose a spectral technique for solving mixed nonlinear and linear Fredholm-Volterra integro-differential equations. Our method involves transforming the problem using Simpson’s integration formula and expanding the solution as a series of sixth- kind Chebyshev polynomials. The convergence rate and estimated chopping error are analyzed, and numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the approach.
On The Blow Up Criterion For The 3d Nematic Liquid Crystal Flows Involving The Second Eigenvalue Of The Deformation Tensor, Ines Ben Omrane
On The Blow Up Criterion For The 3d Nematic Liquid Crystal Flows Involving The Second Eigenvalue Of The Deformation Tensor, Ines Ben Omrane
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this paper, we study the blow up criterion of the smooth solutions to the three-dimensional incompressible nematic liquid crystal flows in terms of $\lambda _{2}^{+}$ in the multiplier space $\dot{X}_{1}$ and $\nabla d$ in $BMO$. It is shown that the solution $(u,d)$ can be extended beyond $t=T$ if T λ + ( · , t ) 2 2 2 X ̇ 1 + ∥ ∇ d ( · , t ) ∥ B M O d t < ∞ . 0 ln(e+∥∇u(·,t)∥X ̇1) ln(e+∥∇d(·,t)∥BMO)
Duality In A Class Of Vector Ko ̈ The-Orlicz Spaces, Mohamed Ahmed Sidaty
Duality In A Class Of Vector Ko ̈ The-Orlicz Spaces, Mohamed Ahmed Sidaty
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
We deal with a complete normed space $E$, a scalar sequence space $\lambda$, and an Orlicz mapping $M$ to introduce and study some properties of the spaces $\lambda_M\{E\}$ of all $E-$valued sequences that are absolutely $(\lambda, M)$-summable. Denote by $\lambda_M\{E\}_{r}$ the subspace of $\lambda_M\{E\}$ whose elements are AK-sequences. We describe the continuous linear forms on this space in term of $E^*-$valued sequences that are absolutely $(\lambda^*, N)$-summable, where $N$ is the Orlicz mapping complement of $M$.
Spectrum Of A Perturbed Harmonic Oscillator, K. Dosmagulova, B. Kanguzhin, Z. Fazullin
Spectrum Of A Perturbed Harmonic Oscillator, K. Dosmagulova, B. Kanguzhin, Z. Fazullin
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this article the spectrum of a perturbed harmonic oscillator is calculated. New correctly solvable boundary value problems are used for the corresponding harmonic oscillator on a two-dimensional punctured sphere. The eigenfunctions of the harmonic oscillator are studied in detail and a set of elements from the obtained functionals is introduced.
Optimizing Reliability Of Flow Networks Using Rwga Subject To Total Capacity Constraint, S. Alkhalaf, H. S. Ahmed, M. E. Hussein, M. R. Hassan, A. Mikhaylov, E. Mahmoud
Optimizing Reliability Of Flow Networks Using Rwga Subject To Total Capacity Constraint, S. Alkhalaf, H. S. Ahmed, M. E. Hussein, M. R. Hassan, A. Mikhaylov, E. Mahmoud
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The study of capacity assignment problem for multistate network is an essential and helps in finding the best set of assigned capacities with maximum system reliability. Analyzing the network structure with respect to the system reliability helps in determining the critical nodes. Sufficient capacity should be assigned for each node in the flow network to keep the network operating normally in the case of failure due to maintenance at one or more nodes. Capacity assignment problem aims to decrease the number of critical nodes by searching for the minimum capacity with considering system reliability constraint, it is known as NP-hard …
Deep Transfer Learning And Image Segmentation For Fruit Recognition, Ahmad Odat, Mohammad Alodat
Deep Transfer Learning And Image Segmentation For Fruit Recognition, Ahmad Odat, Mohammad Alodat
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
This paper is structured in such a way that you can able to develop the fruit recognition web app from scratch with Machine Learning & Flask. The primary objective of this research is to identify plant products in order to estimate their pricing without having to rely on recollection to enabling retail market administration and enhancing the shopping experience for customers. Methods and techniques used in this research was machine learning, deep learning, data analysis, processing, and interpretation, depending on Experimental Methods, Survey Research, Meta-Analysis, and Data Mining to provide a comprehensive and robust analysis of the data. Convolutional neural …
Binary Classification With Supervised Machine Learning: A Comparative Analysis, Yassine El Aachab, Mohammed Kaicer, Youness Jouilil
Binary Classification With Supervised Machine Learning: A Comparative Analysis, Yassine El Aachab, Mohammed Kaicer, Youness Jouilil
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Over the past decade, Machine Learning has become a practical approach for simulating and examining social issues, notably poverty, education, and health diseases. This study compares the performance of various machine learning methods especially Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees (DT), and Logistic Regression (LR) in predicting poverty status. For this purpose, the present contribution employs a micro dataset which has been extracted from the National Survey on Household Consumption and Expenditure 2013/2014. Several evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, Cohen’s Kappa statistic, F1-score, and recall are used to evaluate the models’ outputs. The R results indicate that the three …
New Perspectives On Predicting Economic Growth In The Presence Of Multicollinearity And Outliers, A. Ebiwonjumi, R. Chifurira, K. Chinhamu
New Perspectives On Predicting Economic Growth In The Presence Of Multicollinearity And Outliers, A. Ebiwonjumi, R. Chifurira, K. Chinhamu
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Nigeria’s economic growth is a tremendous concern to policymakers, economics and scholars because of the inherent challenges of economic characteristics, consequences and contradictions. The Central Bank of Nigeria has implemented several policies such as tightening of monetary policy rate and heavy borrowing for infrastructural development to stimulate economic growth in the past few years. The prediction of economic growth from economic variables poses a challenge due to collinearity among the economic variables. In this study, we predict Nigerian economic growth using internal and external debt, interest and exchange rate as well as trade openness in the presence of multicollinearity and …
On A Generalized Fractional Integral And Related Methodological Remarks, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Juan E. Na ́Poles Valde ́S, Shilpi Jain, Praveen Agarwal
On A Generalized Fractional Integral And Related Methodological Remarks, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Juan E. Na ́Poles Valde ́S, Shilpi Jain, Praveen Agarwal
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this paper, we define a generalized fractional integral of order α which are the natural extension of the newly defined k-fractional conformable integrals and they can be reduced to other fractional integrals. Later, the existence of such k-generalized integrals is proved. Finally, discuses some future possibilities.
Creation Of A Cryptosystem That Satisfies Shannon’S Perfect Secrecy Condition Based On The Lieb-Liniger Model, Mukhayo Yunusovna Rasulova
Creation Of A Cryptosystem That Satisfies Shannon’S Perfect Secrecy Condition Based On The Lieb-Liniger Model, Mukhayo Yunusovna Rasulova
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The paper proposes the Lieb-Liniger model of statistical mechanics for creating a cryptosystem that satisfies the Shannon perfect secrecy condition.
Certain Integral Inequalities Associated With The Strongly Harmonic H−Convex Functions, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Praveen Agarwal, Jorge E. Herna ́Ndez H., Shaher Momani
Certain Integral Inequalities Associated With The Strongly Harmonic H−Convex Functions, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Praveen Agarwal, Jorge E. Herna ́Ndez H., Shaher Momani
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
We study the concept of strongly harmonically h-convex functions and some examples and properties of them. Here, we develop few inequalities for this new class of functions, specifically these inequalities are: Hermite-Hadamard and Fejer. In addition, we establish some applications of our results to special media of non zero and non negative real numbers.
Concerning The Inequality Of Hermite-Hadamard Generalized, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Juan E. Na ́Poles Valde ́S, Praveen Agarwal, Jorge Eliecer Herna ́Ndez
Concerning The Inequality Of Hermite-Hadamard Generalized, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Juan E. Na ́Poles Valde ́S, Praveen Agarwal, Jorge Eliecer Herna ́Ndez
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
n this paper, we present new extensions of the Hermite-Hadamard type generalized inequalities for convex functions, within the framework of a generalized operator integral. Results are general in nature.
Structure A Public-Key Cryptosystem Based On Hss Algebra, Hiba Shakir Salman, Hassan Rashed Yassein
Structure A Public-Key Cryptosystem Based On Hss Algebra, Hiba Shakir Salman, Hassan Rashed Yassein
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
NTRU (Number theory research unit) is a public key cryptosystem that uses lattice-based cryptography. It is more resistant to assaults than other commonly used public-key cryptosystems, and its performance has been proven to be much better. This study introduces TRUHIB, a commutative variation of the NTRU, as a novel multidimensional public-key cryptosystem. It operates using a novel mathematical structure that consists of two public keys and five private keys. in a algebra called HSS algebra. This new structure has improved the security and sophistication of the public key cryptosystem.
Assessing The Waste Management Practices In Stone And Marble Industry In Palestine: Practical Implications, Ahmad Ramahi, Yahya Saleh, Ruaa Binsaddig, Rahaf Ghozzi, Bara’ Abu Baker, Abdelraheem Khateeb
Assessing The Waste Management Practices In Stone And Marble Industry In Palestine: Practical Implications, Ahmad Ramahi, Yahya Saleh, Ruaa Binsaddig, Rahaf Ghozzi, Bara’ Abu Baker, Abdelraheem Khateeb
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
This paper aims at assessing the current status of solid waste management practices in stone and marble industry (SMI) facilities in Palestine. To this end, mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches have been adopted. Morse specifically, both field visits and semi-structured interviews as well as questionnaires have been employed to gather needed data from a randomly selected sample of Palestinian SMI faculties. Such data include facilities’ demographics, their infrastructure and production inputs, solid and liquid waste estimated quantities as well as the current waste management practice. Statistical analyses show that SMI facilities are highly heterogeneous in their profiles and practices. Besides, …
Modelling And Optimal Control Strategies Of Corruption Dynamics, Temesgen Duressa Keno, Fekadu Mosisa Legesse
Modelling And Optimal Control Strategies Of Corruption Dynamics, Temesgen Duressa Keno, Fekadu Mosisa Legesse
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this study, we presented a non linear deterministic corruption transmission dynamics using optimal control analysis and cost effective strategies. To begin, we demonstrated that in a given set of initial conditions, the model solution is non-negative and bounded. A basic reproductive number is calculated using the corruption-free equilibrium point via the next generation matrix. The linearization and the Lyapunov function are then used to demonstrate how corruption-free equilibrium is both locally and globally stable. The corruption-free equilibrium point is asymptotically stable both locally and globally if the basic reproduction number is less than one; otherwise, an endemic corruption equilibrium …
The Double Ara-Formable Transform With Applications, Rania Saadeh, Motasem M. Mustafa
The Double Ara-Formable Transform With Applications, Rania Saadeh, Motasem M. Mustafa
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The main goal of this work is to introduce a new double transform named the double ARA-Formable transform (DARA- FT) we introduce the application of the new double transform to various fundamental functions and master properties. Additionally, we state and prove the convolution and existence theorems. Subsequently, by utilizing these findings, different kinds of partial differential equations (PDEs) are solved. We establish novel methods for resolving families of PDEs. With the latter, one can obtain precise answers to some well-known PDEs, including the telegraph equation, the advection-diffusion equation, the Klein-Gordon equation, and others. The results demonstrate the double ARA-Formable transform …
Optimal Control Strategy On Mathematical Model For The Dynamics Of Mastitis, Basem Abu Izneid, Eshetu Dadi Gurmu, Legesse Lemecha Obsu, Abdisa Shiferaw Melese, Mohammad Kanan, Ahmad Al-Qerem
Optimal Control Strategy On Mathematical Model For The Dynamics Of Mastitis, Basem Abu Izneid, Eshetu Dadi Gurmu, Legesse Lemecha Obsu, Abdisa Shiferaw Melese, Mohammad Kanan, Ahmad Al-Qerem
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Inthisstudy,anonlinearmathematicalmodelforthetransmissiondynamicsofmastitisdiseasesisformulatedandanalyzed. The local and global stability analysis of mastitis-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium is obtained using the stability theory of differential equation. It was established that the mastitis-free equilibrium is locally stable if the basic reproduction number is less than unity. The endemic equilibrium, which exists only when the basic reproduction number is greater than unity, is globally asymptotically stable. Sensitivity analysis of the reproduction number suggested that the concentration of bacteria in the environment has a high impact on the dynamics of mastitis. Furthermore, an optimal control problem is formulated by applying Pontryagin’s minimum principle with three control strategies, …
Numerical Design And Optimization Of Near-Infrared Band- Pass Filter, Hafiza Syeeda Faiza, Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan, Basem A. Abu Izneid, Muhammad Azhar, Saira Riaz, Syed Sajjad Hussain, Saira Ikram, Mohsin Khan, Shahzad Naseem, Mohammad Kanan, Ibrahim M. Mansour
Numerical Design And Optimization Of Near-Infrared Band- Pass Filter, Hafiza Syeeda Faiza, Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan, Basem A. Abu Izneid, Muhammad Azhar, Saira Riaz, Syed Sajjad Hussain, Saira Ikram, Mohsin Khan, Shahzad Naseem, Mohammad Kanan, Ibrahim M. Mansour
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Band-pass filters functioning in the near-infrared (IR) range are desired for laser technology, multi-photon fluorescence, and IR imaging applications. In this study, we have designed four band-pass filters in the near Infrared spectrum (900-1200 nm) by vertically stacking different high and low-index materials. The band-pass filters are modelled by Essential Macleod software with different thicknesses. The layer’s thicknesses were optimized in such a way to provide the negligible reflectance and maximum transmission on the front side. All the simulated band-pass filters exhibit high transmittance, but TiO2/Al2O3 and Ta2O5/Al2O3 outperforms other modelled structure in terms of performance due to the better …
Ara-Sumudu Method For Solving Volterra Partial Integro-Differential Equations, Ahmad Qazza, Rania Saadeh, Shams A. Ahmed
Ara-Sumudu Method For Solving Volterra Partial Integro-Differential Equations, Ahmad Qazza, Rania Saadeh, Shams A. Ahmed
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The major goal of the study, is investigate solving various kinds of Volterra integral equations via via a new method. This article presents a novel double ARA- Sumudu (ARA-S) transformation . this novel approach is implemented to handle some integral equations and partial integro-differential equations. Fundamental characteristics and results related to double ARA-S transformation are investigated including the existence, inverse derivative and the convolution property. Furthermore, to prove the applicability of the presented transform, we discuss the solution of some examples on integral equations using double ARA-S transformation.
Truhsh: Developing Ntru Cryptosystem In Terms Of Security And Performance, Hiba Shakir Salman, Hassan Rashed Yassein
Truhsh: Developing Ntru Cryptosystem In Terms Of Security And Performance, Hiba Shakir Salman, Hassan Rashed Yassein
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The rapid advancement of technology, the creation of new communication channels, the globalization of some aspects of society, and the reliance on networks for the distribution of different types of data have all increased the risk of information leakage and unauthorized access, making it urgent to maintain information security. In this work, we presented the improvement of the NTRU system, which is still effective, by introducing a new system called TRUHSH based on a new algebra called hexat, in addition to a new mathematical construction of the encryption stages, while giving high security and efficient performance.
Detecting Retinal Damage With Image Analysis Using Machine Learning Algorithm, Anitha. E, A. Antonidoss
Detecting Retinal Damage With Image Analysis Using Machine Learning Algorithm, Anitha. E, A. Antonidoss
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Retina is an important layer of tissue in the back of the eye. The retina’s primary job is to gather light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send those signals to the brain for optical compensation. This crucial tissue may appear damaged due to retinal detachment (RD). Such conditions can impair vision and undoubtedly have the potential to be severe enough to cause blindness. It can be challenging to identify the damage since the layers and the nerve connections are too delicate and thin, and they may be mistaken for another illness. IMRCNN, an …
Fuzzy Time Series Inference For Stationary Linear Processes: Features And Algorithms With Simulation, Khaled M. Alqahtani, Mohammed H. El-Menshawy, Mohamed S. Eliwa, Mahmoud El-Morshedy, Rashad M. El-Sagheer
Fuzzy Time Series Inference For Stationary Linear Processes: Features And Algorithms With Simulation, Khaled M. Alqahtani, Mohammed H. El-Menshawy, Mohamed S. Eliwa, Mahmoud El-Morshedy, Rashad M. El-Sagheer
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The primary objective of this article is to estimate the unknown parameters of stationary linear processes based on a fuzzy time series approach to observations that follow AR (1) processes. Predicted observations are obtained using fuzzy time series. Both actual and forecasted observations are utilized to study various classic method’s estimators for the autoregressive parameter. The comparisons between actual and forecasted observations in all estimating processes are discussed based on the mean squared errors. Furthermore, to investigate the extent to which fuzzy time series can enhance estimates produced by traditional estimating techniques. Based on these comparisons, it is possible to …
On Generalized Harmonically Ψ-Mt-Convex Functions Via Local Fractional Integrals And Some Applications, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Ahsan Fareed Shah, Waqas Nazeer, Jorge Eliecer Herna ́Ndez Herna ́Ndez
On Generalized Harmonically Ψ-Mt-Convex Functions Via Local Fractional Integrals And Some Applications, Miguel Vivas-Cortez, Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Ahsan Fareed Shah, Waqas Nazeer, Jorge Eliecer Herna ́Ndez Herna ́Ndez
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this work, we introduce a new class of harmonically convex functions, namely, generalized harmonically ψ-MT-convex functions established on fractal set techniques, for establishing inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type and certain related variants with respect to the Raina’s function. With the help of an auxiliary identity associated with Raina’s function, by generalized Holder inequality and generalized power mean, generalized midpoint type, Ostrowski type, and trapezoid type inequalities via local fractional integral for generalized harmonically ψ-MT-convex functions are given. The introduced technique gives the results by establishing some special values for the parameters or applying restrictive suppositions and is entirely practicable for …
Approach To Cryptography From The Lieb-Liniger Model, Mukhayo Rasulova
Approach To Cryptography From The Lieb-Liniger Model, Mukhayo Rasulova
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this paper, using the method of statistical physics, a new encryption method is proposed that provides its own transformation for each cell of information, i.e., the perfect secrecy of information. This new method is based on the Lieb-Liniger model, which describes a gas of bosons in one-dimensional space.
Legendre Polynomials’ Second Derivative Tau Method For Solving Lane-Emden And Ricatti Equations, M. Abdelhakem, Mona Fawzy, M. El-Kady, Hanaa Moussa
Legendre Polynomials’ Second Derivative Tau Method For Solving Lane-Emden And Ricatti Equations, M. Abdelhakem, Mona Fawzy, M. El-Kady, Hanaa Moussa
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
This paper investigates a highly efficient method that depends on the Tau method for solving initial and boundary value problems. The second derivatives of Legendre polynomials (SDLPs) have been used as novel basis functions. A linearization relation for the presented basis functions has been introduced and proved to avoid any issues arising during tau’s integration, especially for the nonlinear problems. Consequently, some essential integrations have been determined. Moreover, we used those relations to construct explicit forms for approximating the solutions of Lane-Emden and the Recatti equations. In addition, the presented strategy’s converge and error analysis are discussed carefully and in-depth. …
Numerical Solutions Of A Three-Dimensional Schro ̈Dinger Equation For A Non–Relativistic Quark Model, M. Allosh, M. S. Abdelaal, F. Alshowaikh, A. Ismail
Numerical Solutions Of A Three-Dimensional Schro ̈Dinger Equation For A Non–Relativistic Quark Model, M. Allosh, M. S. Abdelaal, F. Alshowaikh, A. Ismail
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
An accurate bound state eigenvalues are evaluated and plotted utilizing the non–relativistic quark model by using three different methods. The methods are employed perfectly within the three-dimensional time–independent Schro ̈dinger equation. Therefore, developing an effective technique to manipulate this well–known equation is the main reason for publishing this study. In this regard, an extensive comparison of the calculated numerical approaches with experimental data was conducted. In most cases, the three considered methods reflected optimal results for heavy mesonic family members by satisfying the minimization condition of χ2 values for each.
A New Iterative Approach For Designing Passive Harmonic Filters For Variable Frequency Drives, Tareq Foqha, Samer Alsadi, Osama Omari, Mohammad Rasmi Al-Mousa, Salem Aljazzar, Mohammad Kanan
A New Iterative Approach For Designing Passive Harmonic Filters For Variable Frequency Drives, Tareq Foqha, Samer Alsadi, Osama Omari, Mohammad Rasmi Al-Mousa, Salem Aljazzar, Mohammad Kanan
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The extensive usage of variable frequency drives (VFDs) in industrial applications has caused significant concern regarding the quality of power in electrical distribution systems. VFDs are nonlinear loads that cause harmonic voltages across system impedance by injecting harmonic currents into the power system. The performance of other sensitive loads in the system may be harmed as a result of this harmonic distortion. This study presents a new method for designing and specifying low-voltage harmonic filters for 6-pulse VFDs. An electrical distribution system feeding a group of variable frequency drives was analyzed using the proposed methodology. MATLAB software was used to …
Ruled Surfaces With Stationary Width In Euclidean 3-Space E3, Maryam T. Aldossary, Rashad A. Abdel-Baky
Ruled Surfaces With Stationary Width In Euclidean 3-Space E3, Maryam T. Aldossary, Rashad A. Abdel-Baky
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this paper, we define and study pairs of ruled surfaces in Euclidean 3-space E3, which have the following properties: Their bases curves are stationary width curves, and the corresponding rulings are parallels. Then, we find the condition of general helix as stationary width curve and construct ruled surfaces with stationary width.
Relationship Between Illicit Drug Users And Bandits In A Population: Mathematical Modelling Approach, John O. Akanni, Afeez Abidemi
Relationship Between Illicit Drug Users And Bandits In A Population: Mathematical Modelling Approach, John O. Akanni, Afeez Abidemi
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Among the major global health and social problems facing the world today is the use of illicit drugs and the act of banditry. The two problems have resulted in the loss of precious lives and possessions and even devastating effects on the economy of some countries where such acts were being practised. Of interest in this work is to study the global stability of illicit drug use spread dynamics with banditry compartments using a dynamical system theory approach. Illicit drug use and banditry reproduction number, which measures the potential spread of illicit drug use and banditry in the population, is …