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A Three Dimensional Microphysiologic Liver Model For Toxicity Testing, Lindsay Mckinney Miller Jan 2015

A Three Dimensional Microphysiologic Liver Model For Toxicity Testing, Lindsay Mckinney Miller

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Drug development is an expensive and time consuming process, requiring an average of over $1 billion and up to fifteen years of work for each newly released product. Drug-induced liver toxicity is the leading cause of post-market drug withdrawals despite the fact that extensive animal testing and clinical trials are required prior to approval of a novel drug or therapy. Due to both the specificity and genetic variability of hepatic regulation and metabolism in humans, animal models and single-cell hepatocyte testing cannot fully predict the metabolic response of a novel compound. In vitro organ culture in a three dimensional (3D) …

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Innate Immunity Mechanisms In Parkinson Disease, Mark Moehle Jan 2015

Innate Immunity Mechanisms In Parkinson Disease, Mark Moehle

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a late onset, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with cardinal symptoms of tremor at rest, bradykinesia, postural instability, and rigidity. These motor symptoms of PD are caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, despite PDs first modern observation in 1817, little is understood about the causes and molecular mechanisms behind dopaminergic neuron loss. The relatively weak understanding of pathological mechanisms has hindered the development of treatments to slow or halt the progression of PD. However, recently, mounting evidence from post-mortem, imaging, and retrospective studies suggest an important role …

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The Interrelationships Among Obesity, Insulin Sensitivity, And Bone Phenotype In Pre-Pubertal Girls, Anna L. Newton Jan 2015

The Interrelationships Among Obesity, Insulin Sensitivity, And Bone Phenotype In Pre-Pubertal Girls, Anna L. Newton

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Impaired insulin sensitivity as a consequence of childhood obesity has been implicated as a contributor to skeletal fragility. There is a need to understand the interrelationships among insulin sensitivity and skeletal parameters (i.e. cortical, trabecular, marrow) in obesity during the pubertal transition. Further, calorie restricted weight loss to stabilize these relationships warrants investigation as well. The goal of this project was to examine the relationships among body composition, skeletal parameters, and insulin sensitivity. The first aim was to evaluate the relationships among total body fat, bone mineral content (BMC) and femoral bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) during childhood and underlying …

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Tau-Sh3 Interactions: Implications For Alzheimer's Disease, Jesse Nicholas Cochran Jan 2015

Tau-Sh3 Interactions: Implications For Alzheimer's Disease, Jesse Nicholas Cochran

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and with Americans’ increasing longevity it is becoming an epidemic. There are currently no effective treatments for this disorder. Abnormalities of tau track more closely with cognitive decline than the most studied therapeutic target in AD, amyloid-beta, but the optimal strategy for targeting tau has not yet been identified. Based on considerable preclinical data from AD models, we hypothesize that interactions between tau and SH3 domain–containing proteins are pathogenic in AD. Genetically reducing either tau or tau interactants has beneficial effects relevant to AD. Here, we describe a drug screen for …

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Behavioral And Developmental Abnormalities In Sult4a1 Deficient Zebrafish, Francis Crittenden Jan 2015

Behavioral And Developmental Abnormalities In Sult4a1 Deficient Zebrafish, Francis Crittenden

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Since its identification in 2000, sulfotransferase (SULT) 4A1 has presented an enigma to the field of cytosolic SULT biology. SULT4A1 is exclusively expressed in neural tissue, is highly conserved, and has been identified in every vertebrate studied to date. Despite this singular level of conservation, no substrate or function for SULT4A1 has been identified. Previous studies demonstrated that SULT4A1 does not bind the obligate sulfate donor, 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS), yet SULT4A1 is classified as a SULT superfamily member based on sequence and structural similarities to the other SULTs. In this study, RNA-seq was used to search for alterations in gene ex-pression …

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Mitragyna Speciosa: An Analytical Study, Jace Alan Daniels Jan 2015

Mitragyna Speciosa: An Analytical Study, Jace Alan Daniels

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Legal highs are compounds that produce the same psychoactive effects as illicit compounds, but are not legally controlled under the Controlled Substances Act. While Kratom has been used for centuries by Thai laborers, it has recently been offered as a legal high by online markets and local head shops. Kratom is an indigenous plant to Southeast Asia, and the botanical name is Mitragyna speciosa. It is a mild stimulant, and the traditional use is to chew on leaves to overcome fatigue. Kratom is unique in that it is capable of producing both stimulant and sedative effects depending on the dose …

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Hepatocyte Clock And Alcohol-Dependent Disruption In Glycogen Metabolism, Uduak Sunday Udoh Jan 2015

Hepatocyte Clock And Alcohol-Dependent Disruption In Glycogen Metabolism, Uduak Sunday Udoh

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Chronic alcohol consumption has been shown to significantly decrease hepatic glycogen, an important storage form of energy for the body and liver. Emerging studies indicate a link between metabolism and the molecular circadian clock. Previously, we have shown that chronic alcohol consumption disrupts the liver molecular clock mechanism. However, it is not known how this alteration impacts hepatic energy (e.g., glycogen) metabolism and contributes to alcohol hepatotoxicity. This dissertation investigates the impact chronic alcohol consumption has on time-of-day-dependent oscillations of various aspects of liver glycogen metabolism, and the importance of the liver circadian clock in these metabolic alterations. Chapter 1: …

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A Novel Role For Usp14 In Regulating Non-Proteolytic Ubiquitin Signaling, Jada Hallengren Vaden Jan 2015

A Novel Role For Usp14 In Regulating Non-Proteolytic Ubiquitin Signaling, Jada Hallengren Vaden

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Loss of the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) USP14 in the ataxia (axJ) mice leads to altered neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure, reduced synaptic transmission at the NMJ, and decreased mobility. However, the types of processes that USP14 regulates in the nervous system remain unclear. Because association with the proteasome stimulates USP14's ubiquitin hydrolase activity, it is thought to act primarily on proteasomal substrates. Therefore, one way for USP14 to support nervous system function is by modulating protein turnover. While a number of studies done in yeast and immortalized cell lines demonstrate that loss or inhibition of USP14 alters proteasome function, there is …

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The Effects Of The Initially Transcribed Sequence On Reiterative Transcription In Escherichia Coli, Jeffery Michael Vahrenkamp Jan 2015

The Effects Of The Initially Transcribed Sequence On Reiterative Transcription In Escherichia Coli, Jeffery Michael Vahrenkamp

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Transcription, the synthesis of a ribonucleic acid transcript using a nucleic acid template, is the first step in gene expression for all life. In most organisms, high fidelity transcription is achieved through the formation of an RNA:DNA hybrid which allows the RNA polymerase to maintain the correct register. Slippage, which would lead to improper base pairing, is prevented by the heterogeneous sequence of the DNA template. However, when homogenous tracts of bases are present in the template, slippage can occur, allowing a single base in the template to encode multiple bases in the transcript in a process called reiterative transcription. …

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Aping Nobility: Reinterpreting The Mma "Monkey Cup", Ruoxin Wang Jan 2015

Aping Nobility: Reinterpreting The Mma "Monkey Cup", Ruoxin Wang

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The “Monkey Cup” in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA) exhibits a unique rendition of the monkeys robbing the sleeping peddler theme. Generally believed to have been created in the second quarter of the fifteenth century in Burgundian territories, the exact origin of the beaker is not known. Based on visual evidence and the socio-historical context, I propose that the “Monkey Cup” was created in the first quarter of the fifteenth century, and the attribution should be broadened to the greater circle of the Valois courts. In this thesis, I offer a new contextualized reading of the …

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Characterizing The Nuclear Import And Functions Of Cystin, The Ciliary Protein Disrupted In The Cpk Mouse Model Of Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease, Jacob Asher Watts Jan 2015

Characterizing The Nuclear Import And Functions Of Cystin, The Ciliary Protein Disrupted In The Cpk Mouse Model Of Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease, Jacob Asher Watts

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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD; MIM 263200) is a ma-jor cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Typically, orthologous animal models are the mainstay for pathogenic studies of human diseases. However, gene-targeting of Pkhd1, the mouse ortholog of the ARPKD gene, results in mutants with little or no kidney disease. In contrast, disruption of the non-orthologous gene, Cys1, in the cpk mouse model closely phenocopies human ARPKD. We speculate that this phenotypic similarity suggests that the Pkhd1 and Cys1 genes encode proteins (FPC and cystin, respectively) that share, at least in part, common molecular pathways. Our laboratory, as well as …

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Bioavailability Of Dietary Oxalate, Mary Catherine Robertson Jan 2015

Bioavailability Of Dietary Oxalate, Mary Catherine Robertson

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Urolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is a costly and painful health problem affecting about 8.8% of Americans with prevalence on the rise. Calcium oxalate stones account for about 80% of all stones. Increased urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate is a risk factor and central feature of such stones; dietary oxalate contributes up to 50% of urinary oxalate. The purpose of our research is to determine if physical manipulation such as chewing or blending prior to ingestion may render some oxalate more accessible for absorption in spinach, a high-oxalate food. In this crossover, controlled trial we enrolled six healthy, non-stone …

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The Mechanism Of Small Molecule Viral Fusion Inhibitors, Michael Joseph Rowse Jan 2015

The Mechanism Of Small Molecule Viral Fusion Inhibitors, Michael Joseph Rowse

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All negative stranded RNA viruses (NSRV) have genomes encapsidated by oligomerized nucleoprotein (N). The N-RNA complex acts as the template for both transcription and replication. The crystal structure of the N protein from the model NSRV vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) established the structural basis for the oligomerization of N-protein and the encapsidation of RNA. To determine how the structure of N protein changes in response to specific sequences of RNA, we developed a strategy to digest the random RNA encapsidated in the recombinant N-protein and reencapsidated specific RNA sequences. Poly-rA, poly-rC, poly-rU, and poly-rG sequences were encapsidated and co-crystallized with …

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The Unfolded Protein Response And Calcium Dysregulation In Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Animal Models., Vishal Madhukar Shinde Jan 2015

The Unfolded Protein Response And Calcium Dysregulation In Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Animal Models., Vishal Madhukar Shinde

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The photoreceptor cell death in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) is associated with molecular changes that occur due to mutations in a specific gene. S334ter RHO and P23H RHO are two ADRP rat models expressing mutant rhodopsin. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response involved in the pathophysiology of several retinal disorders including P23H RHO rats. Considering our previous findings, we started our investigation by examining the status of UPR in S334ter RHO rats. As UPR tightly regulates several signaling pathways, we further studied whether UPR activation in S334ter and P23H RHO retina is accompanied by the …

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The Multifactorial Roles Of The Cytokines Il-21 And Il-22 In Mediating Host Defense Against Enteropathogenic Infection, Daniel James Silberger Jan 2015

The Multifactorial Roles Of The Cytokines Il-21 And Il-22 In Mediating Host Defense Against Enteropathogenic Infection, Daniel James Silberger

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Enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are a major public health concern, causing diarrhea and mortality particularly among infants and children in developing countries. Citrobacter rodentium is a murine intestinal pathogen that models pathogenic E. coli infection. Both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to the clearance of C. rodentium. In particular, B cells and CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells are required for protection during a primary infection with C. rodentium. In addition, T cell-dependent antibody responses are required for clearance. Th17 cells are a major CD4+ T cell population that accumulates in the large intestine during C. …

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Comparison Of Gut Microbiomes In Laboratory Cultured Sea Urchins Revealing Selective Attributes Of Microbial Composition Based Upon Their Feed And Surroundings, Joseph Antoine Hakim Jan 2015

Comparison Of Gut Microbiomes In Laboratory Cultured Sea Urchins Revealing Selective Attributes Of Microbial Composition Based Upon Their Feed And Surroundings, Joseph Antoine Hakim

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Bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal tract play important roles in digestive physiology and host health. The advent of NextGen sequencing and bioinformatics has made it possible to establish taxonomic profiles with highest coverage, and map these microbes in the gut ecosystem. Although extensively studied in the context of human health, understanding the microbial profiles associated with other organisms will elucidate the roles of the microbial inhabitants to their respective hosts and environment. The microbes of the sea urchin gut have been linked to digestion, processing, and extraction of nutrients from ingesta while within the gut, and have also been implicated …

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Obesity Weighs Down Memory: Emerging Insights Into The Epigentic Basis Of Obesity-Induced Memory Impairment In Adult Mice, Frankie Darryn Heyward Jan 2015

Obesity Weighs Down Memory: Emerging Insights Into The Epigentic Basis Of Obesity-Induced Memory Impairment In Adult Mice, Frankie Darryn Heyward

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A preponderance of evidence has established that obesity contributes to memory impairments in mid-age adults. Empirical evidence has revealed that diet-induced obesity contributes to memory impairments in adult rodents. Precisely how obesity disrupts memory remains an open question. Bourgeoning data indicate that molecular epigenetic mechanisms mediate the changes in gene transcription that are necessary for hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, stably regulate gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence. Moreover, DNA methylation of memory-related genes with in the hippocampus is indispensible for memory formation. There is recent evidence of obesity-induced aberrantions in DNA methylation both peripherally …

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Metabolic And Oxidative Regulation Of Neuronal Autophagy And Survival, Matthew Dodson Jan 2015

Metabolic And Oxidative Regulation Of Neuronal Autophagy And Survival, Matthew Dodson

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Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease are all characterized by metabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative damage to proteins and organelles, formation of proteinaceous inclusions, decreased autophagic and proteasomal function, and eventual neuronal and glial cell death. While our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie many of these pathologies is constantly growing, their exact cause, onset, interplay and progression still remain unclear. The gap between the description of disease pathologies and understanding the fundamental mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, progression and potential therapeutics to mitigate disease progression is still large. Based on the observation that altered glucose utilization, …

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The Characterization Of Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1a1: Interactions With 17Α-Ethinylestradiol, Katie Jo Glowacki Jan 2015

The Characterization Of Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1a1: Interactions With 17Α-Ethinylestradiol, Katie Jo Glowacki

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Human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a family of Phase II conjugating enzymes that facilitate the transfer of a sulfonate moiety from 3’phosphoadenosine 5’phosphosulfate (PAPS) to hydroxyl or amine groups of acceptor substrates. SULT1A1, located in many tissues throughout the human body including the liver, is important in the metabolism of many endogenous, exogenous, xenobiotic, and drug compounds. The majority of substrates for SULT1A1 are small neutral phenols including 1-naphthol and acetaminophen; however, SULT1A1 sulfates larger compounds including 17β-estradiol (E2) and raloxifene. SULT1A1 conjugates E2 with a Km of 2.3 µM and the structure of E2 is almost identical to the …

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Probing Astrocytes With Carbon Nanotubes And Assessing Their Effects On Astrocytic Structural And Functional Properties, Manoj K. Gottipati Jan 2015

Probing Astrocytes With Carbon Nanotubes And Assessing Their Effects On Astrocytic Structural And Functional Properties, Manoj K. Gottipati

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes, chemically-functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG) have been shown to modulate the morphology and proliferation characteristics of astrocytes in culture, when applied to the cells as colloidal solutes or as films upon which the cells can attach and grow. These changes were associated with a change in the immunoreactivity of the astrocyte-specific protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); the solutes and films caused an increase and a decrease in GFAP levels, respectively. To assess if these morpho-functional changes induced by the SWCNT-PEG modalities are dependent on GFAP or if the changes in GFAP levels are independent events, I …

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Emotion Regulation And Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury (Sci): Influence Of Emotional Processes On The Efficacy Of A Novel Treatment Paradigm For Sci-Related Pain, Juliette Galindo Jan 2015

Emotion Regulation And Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury (Sci): Influence Of Emotional Processes On The Efficacy Of A Novel Treatment Paradigm For Sci-Related Pain, Juliette Galindo

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While spinal cord injury (SCI) is a relatively rare in the general population, it has significant implications on functionality, independence, and quality of life for individuals who are affected by it. Common sequelae of SCI include sensorimotor dysfunction and pain symptoms that are often severe. More specifically, approximately 33% of individuals with SCI experience severe, intractable neuropathic pain. Additionally, treatments for neuropathic pain have variable efficacy and/or many side effects. While SCI-related neuropathic pain is thought to be related to cortical reorganization and nerve damage, there may be psychological factors that contribute to increased pain severity and variable treatment response. …

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Bioenergetics As A Biomarker Of Health And Disease, Philip Kramer Jan 2015

Bioenergetics As A Biomarker Of Health And Disease, Philip Kramer

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The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and many other diseases only recently associated with aberrant metabolism, have led to a de-mand for clinical assays to determine a patient’s mitochondrial health. With the rapidly growing interest in personalized medicine, such an assay would ideally be able to capture the metabolic changes associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and therapy of a patient in a swift and non-invasive manner. Short of tissue biopsies, this burgeoning field of Translational Bioenergetics has had minimal success in obtaining sufficient human cells and the means to assess them both accurately and swiftly. The purpose of …

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The Biological And Conservational Implications Of Hatchling Biology In The Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys Kempii) Sea Turtle, Amy Nicole Bonka Jan 2015

The Biological And Conservational Implications Of Hatchling Biology In The Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys Kempii) Sea Turtle, Amy Nicole Bonka

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The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is currently listed as critically endangered, and has a very limited range, often found along the Atlantic coast though primarily inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico, with the majority of all nesting occurring near Rancho Nuevo, Mexico. Historically, large numbers of turtles have been reported to nest at Rancho Nuevo; though numbers dropped due to egg take and by-catch in the fishing and shrimping industries. Extensive conservation efforts over the last several decades significantly increased the number of nests; however the recovery status of the Kemp’s ridley is still in question, and the continued research and …

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Transferring Virtual Reality Training To Real World Settings In Individuals With Low Vision And Dual-Sensory Impairments, Ellen Lambert Bowman Jan 2015

Transferring Virtual Reality Training To Real World Settings In Individuals With Low Vision And Dual-Sensory Impairments, Ellen Lambert Bowman

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TRANSFERRING VIRTUAL REALITY TRAINING TO REAL WORLD SETTINGS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH LOW VISION AND DUAL-SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS ELLEN LAMBERT BOWMAN VISION SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to determine if individuals with low vision could learn useful visual skills in Virtual Reality and could transfer these skills to the real world. To achieve this goal, one set of Orientation & Mobility (O&M) skills, using the near lane parallel traffic surge to decide the safest timing to cross a signal controlled street, was selected. Twelve participants with vision too poor to use pedestrian signals were randomly assigned to …

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The Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor Acarbose As A Calorie Restriction Mimetic To Modify Metabolic Outcomes In Mice, Rachel Ann Brewer Jan 2015

The Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor Acarbose As A Calorie Restriction Mimetic To Modify Metabolic Outcomes In Mice, Rachel Ann Brewer

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Age-related diseases continue to be a leading cause of death. One of the only replicable methods proven to decrease age-related morbidity and mortality in multiple species is calorie restriction (CR). CR is difficult for human populations to implement, and has a number of associated risks and side effects. A CR mimetic could provide the healthspan- and lifespan-extending benefits of CR without the limitations. Acarbose (ACA), an α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor approved to treat type 2 diabetes in humans, was recently identified as able to extend lifespan in healthy mice. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of …

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Assessment Of Streams And Aquatic Organisms In The Vicinity Of Birmingham, Alabama For The Presence And Biological Activity Of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Bryan Stuart Arwood Jan 2015

Assessment Of Streams And Aquatic Organisms In The Vicinity Of Birmingham, Alabama For The Presence And Biological Activity Of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Bryan Stuart Arwood

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Freshwater ecosystems play a central role in the environment. Through various processes such as nutrient recycling, groundwater recharging, and the attenuation of many pollutants these biological systems help to maintain environmental health. Unfortunately, many recent studies have identified emerging threats to these special environments and the life they sustain. One source of mounting concern is a group of compounds that interact with the endocrine systems of humans and wildlife. Known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), these natural and synthetic chemicals may mimic or interfere with the action of natural hormones—thus disrupting the endocrine system. Multiple studies have reported negative effects …

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The I507-Atc→Att Silent Codon Change Contributes To The Misfolding Of ∆F508 Cftr, Vedrana Bali Jan 2015

The I507-Atc→Att Silent Codon Change Contributes To The Misfolding Of ∆F508 Cftr, Vedrana Bali

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Synonymous codon changes (SCCs) do not alter the amino acid sequence of proteins, but may significantly change the phenotype. The frequency of synonymous codons is species- and gene-specific, described as codon usage bias (CUB). Over the past 50 years, research has shown that SCCs affect protein biogenesis, development of human disorders and the function of recombinant proteins developed for therapeutic applications. However, the molecular mechanisms by which SCCs alter the function of gene products are not completely understood. In Chapter 2 we summarize present knowledge in this field. The most common cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the deletion of …

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Modulation Of The Unfolded Protein Response To Delay Apoptosis In An Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Animal Model, Yogesh Bhootada Jan 2015

Modulation Of The Unfolded Protein Response To Delay Apoptosis In An Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Animal Model, Yogesh Bhootada

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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal degenerative diseases characterized by the loss of rod photoreceptor cells that can be followed by cone degeneration eventually culminating in total photoreceptor cell loss. This disease affects approximately 1.5 million people worldwide and can be transmitted in an autosomal dominant (ADRP) manner accounting for nearly 30% of all RP cases. Dominant rhodopsin mutations have been divided into class I and class II based on the folding of rhodopsin protein, thermal stability, and chromophore regeneration. A threonine-17-methionine (T17M) mutation in rhodopsin is a class II mutation, characterized by a thermal instability/folding defect and …

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The Effect Of Bone-Implant Contact And Elastic Modulus In The Biomechanical Stability Of Temporary Anchorage Devices, Ghada Nimeri Jan 2015

The Effect Of Bone-Implant Contact And Elastic Modulus In The Biomechanical Stability Of Temporary Anchorage Devices, Ghada Nimeri

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the microstrains of compact and trabecular bone caused by loading of different miniscrews at different healing times, and to compare these results to the limits of bone stability maintenance based on the Frost Mechanostat Theory. Materials and Methods: Theoretical calculations of microstrains of bone surrounding 10 different miniscrews were done. These miniscrews were considered under loading forces of 500 gm., and the microstains of both trabecular and compact bone were calculated separately when the thickness of the compact bone was at 1mm or 2mm. The microstrains were calculated at 4 different …

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Presence And Mobilization Of Staphylococcus Aureus Pathogenicity Islands (Sapis) Among Bovine Mastitis Isolates, Laura Kate Parker Jan 2015

Presence And Mobilization Of Staphylococcus Aureus Pathogenicity Islands (Sapis) Among Bovine Mastitis Isolates, Laura Kate Parker

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Bovine mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland that occurs in cattle, as a result of invading bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, a causative agent of bovine mastitis, produces toxins such as the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) and the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). The genes for these toxins are coded on S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs), which are mobile genetic elements associated with virulence factors. SaPIs can be mobilized by bacteriophages, resulting in the production of transducing particles that can spread virulence factors throughout a bacterial population. This research assessed the role and prevalence of SaPIs among bovine mastitis samples. In this …

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