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Characterization Of Spinal Cord Injury And Spinal Cord Injury Induced Neuropathic Pain, Amanda Mohaimany-Aponte Jan 2017

Characterization Of Spinal Cord Injury And Spinal Cord Injury Induced Neuropathic Pain, Amanda Mohaimany-Aponte

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects between 40 and 80 million people globally. Within the United States over 400,000 individuals live with SCI, and annually over 17,000 individu-als are added to this population. SCI patients are afflicted with a myriad of issues, one of which being SCI induced neuropathic pain (SCI-NP). Up to 80% of SCI patients go on to develop SCI-NP, which has been shown to last chronically and present itself as evoked pain, spontaneous pain, or a combination of both. SCI-NP is a top concern for SCI pa-tients, often listed before functional recovery. SCI-NP has been shown to greatly …

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N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine-Reactive Natural Antibodies: Roles In Suppression Of Autoimmune Diabetes And Environmental Factors Influencing Their Development, James Stewart New Jan 2017

N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine-Reactive Natural Antibodies: Roles In Suppression Of Autoimmune Diabetes And Environmental Factors Influencing Their Development, James Stewart New

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Type 1 Diabetes suppression in diabetes prone mice following immunization with Group A Streptococcus correlates with the B lymphocyte response to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) present in the Group A Carbohydrate cell wall polysaccharide. GlcNAc-specific B cells recognize cryptic GlcNAc-epitopes in beta cells. Following exposure of GlcNAc-modified antigens on beta cells during cellular apoptosis, GlcNAc-specific IgM antibodies opsonize these epitopes and mediate classical complement pathway activation. In vitro, opsonization of apoptotic beta cells with GlcNAc-specific IgM increases their uptake by dendritic cells, while suppressing the subsequent presentation of beta cell-derived antigens to diabetogenic T lymphocytes. Passive administration of Group A Streptococcus antisera …

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Identification Of The Microrna Mir-101a And Its Target Ezh2 As Contributors To Rodent Anxiety-Like Behavior, Joshua Cohen Jan 2017

Identification Of The Microrna Mir-101a And Its Target Ezh2 As Contributors To Rodent Anxiety-Like Behavior, Joshua Cohen

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Anxiety disorders are the most commonly diagnosed mental illness in the United States. Yet current treatment options are of limited efficacy, resulting in chronic disability for many patients. A greater mechanistic understanding of the neural states that cause anxiety behavior is necessary to develop better treatments for anxiety disorders. Since rodent models provide greater opportunity for investigating cellular and molecular under-pinnings of anxiety-like behavior, the present studies utilized rats bred for High Response to novelty (High Responders, HRs) and Low Response to novelty (Low Responders, LRs) which naturally exhibit low and high levels of anxiety respectively. Because the HR/LR anxiety …

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Bullying Is Not Just For The Playground: Teacher Experiences With Administrator Mistreatment In The Workplace And Its Impact On Instruction, Tiffany Nicole Russell Thomas Jan 2017

Bullying Is Not Just For The Playground: Teacher Experiences With Administrator Mistreatment In The Workplace And Its Impact On Instruction, Tiffany Nicole Russell Thomas

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The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of early childhood teachers in Central Alabama who have reportedly been bullied in school settings by their administrators. The study was guided by two central research questions: (1) What is the lived experience of early childhood teachers who have been bullied in the workplace by their school administrators? (2) In what ways do early childhood teachers describe the connections between workplace bullying and its perceived effects on teaching and learning? The theoretical foundation used to conduct this study was Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system’s theory. Five early childhood teachers participated in this …

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Cd8+ T Lymphocyte Responses To Persistent Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Of The Central Nervous System, Kristine Valenteros Jan 2017

Cd8+ T Lymphocyte Responses To Persistent Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Of The Central Nervous System, Kristine Valenteros

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital brain abnormalities and can lead to lifelong neurological sequalae. Although the brain is a major target in congenital CMV infection, little is known about the long-term effects of infection of the central nervous system (CNS) following acute infection and the resulting neuroimmune responses involved. Due to species-specificity of HCMV, we use a mouse model to study the pathogenesis of HCMV infection of the developing CNS. Newborn mice peripherally infected with murine CMV (MCMV) develop high levels of viremia and subsequent productive infection in the brain parenchyma. CD8+ T lymphocytes are essential …

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The Functional Role Of Toll-Like Receptor 4 In The Renal Microcirculation., Justin Pieter Van Beusecum Jan 2017

The Functional Role Of Toll-Like Receptor 4 In The Renal Microcirculation., Justin Pieter Van Beusecum

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Renal autoregulation is an intrinsic property of afferent arterioles that maintains a stable RBF, glomerular capillary pressure, and GFR, while protecting the glomeruli against fluctuations in arterial pressure. Recently it has been reported that immune system activation and inflammation have been linked to impairment of renal autoregulatory behavior. Evidence suggests that activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the progression of AKI and CKD. The contributions of innate immune system activation, TLR4 and renal autoregulatory dysfunction remain unknown. This dissertation explores the novel concept that both acute and chronic TLR4 activation leads to the attenuation of …

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Characterization Of Molecular Pathways Involved In The Production Of Class-Switched Antibodies, Arthur James Vanvalkenburg Jan 2017

Characterization Of Molecular Pathways Involved In The Production Of Class-Switched Antibodies, Arthur James Vanvalkenburg

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This dissertation research describes two independent characterizations of molecular pathways involved in the manufacture of class-switched antibodies and differentiation of B cells involving the adaptor protein Hematopoietic SRC Homology 2 Domain-containing protein (HSH2) and the surface molecule CD19. HSH2 is dynamically expressed in different subsets of B cells, showing high expression in B1 and MZ B cells and low expression in GC B cells. Experiments involving HSH2 transgenic mice have determined that HSH2 may act as a rheostat regulating the production of class-switched antibodies. Various factors that stimulate B cell activation and differentiation induce HSH2 expression, although regulation of HSH2 …

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The Role Of Ribosomal Protein S25 In Non-Canonical Translation Initiation, Beth Angela Walters Jan 2017

The Role Of Ribosomal Protein S25 In Non-Canonical Translation Initiation, Beth Angela Walters

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Most messenger RNA (mRNA) are translated in a cap-dependent manner, requir-ing the recognition of a 5’ cap structure by a set of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) in-cluding the 40S ribosomal subunit. The subunit scans the mRNA until the start codon is recognized, triggering the release of eIFs and recruitment of the 60S subunit. Cellular stress and viral infection down-regulate cap-dependent translation, therefore, cellular and viral messages rely on a cap-independent mechanism. One mechanism requires an inter-nal ribosome entry site (IRES). Viral IRESs were discovered over 25 years ago, with cellular IRESs to follow. The study of viral IRESs has brought …

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Blackbird In Flight, Holly Watson Jan 2017

Blackbird In Flight, Holly Watson

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Set in the fictional town of Raynham, Alabama in the Tennessee Valley region, Blackbird in Flight opens with the voice of Fenton Knox as he reminisces about the day four-year-old Molly Sutherland drowned at the drip hole where he and his family were picnicking with the Sutherlands. Fenton, who was fifteen at the time, sees a snake in the water and inaccurately assumes it is a cottonmouth. In an attempt to catch and kill the snake, Fenton is bitten. As the remaining adults attend to Fenton’s wound and successfully eliminate the snake, Molly wanders out into the water unsupervised and …

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Kinetic Mechanisms Of Atp-Dependent Disaggregating Motors Escherichia Coli Clpb And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Hsp104, Clarissa Lynn Weaver Jan 2017

Kinetic Mechanisms Of Atp-Dependent Disaggregating Motors Escherichia Coli Clpb And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Hsp104, Clarissa Lynn Weaver

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E. coli ClpB and S. cerevisiae Hsp104 help cells survive and adapt to environmental stress. Extreme stress denatures proteins, causing toxic aggregates to form. ClpB/Hsp104 resolve aggregates, returning damaged proteins to their proper fold and function or releas-ing them for degradation. This function, broadly defined as protein remodeling, is com-mon to AAA+ proteins. This superfamily also shares common structural elements includ-ing Walker A and Walker B motifs in the nucleotide binding domain(s). ClpB/Hsp104 have two NBDs, similar to ClpA. ClpB/Hsp104 also have a middle (M) domain, unique to the disaggregases. Because disaggregases do not covalently modify their substrates, monitoring the …

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The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (Gper) Mediates Estrogen-Induced Regulation Of Heart Rate By Modulating Thyroid Hormone Levels In Zebrafish Embryos, Shannon Nicole Romano Jan 2017

The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (Gper) Mediates Estrogen-Induced Regulation Of Heart Rate By Modulating Thyroid Hormone Levels In Zebrafish Embryos, Shannon Nicole Romano

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Estrogens regulate cell signaling and gene expression by binding to nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta (ERα, ERβ), ligand-dependent transcription factors. Estrogens also activate the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), however the function of GPER in vivo is less well understood. In the cardiovascular system, estrogens regulate vessel pressure and exert cardioprotective effects on the vasculature. However, whether estrogens act directly to modulate heart function, and the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. Therefore, the overall goals of this dissertation were to (1) determine if estrogen receptor ligands modulate heart rate and to (2) determine the …

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Beam Study In Orthodontic Patients, Benjamin Samuelson Jan 2017

Beam Study In Orthodontic Patients, Benjamin Samuelson

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Introduction: One of the most challenging tasks of the orthodontic team is to motivate patients to maintain proper oral hygiene. In order to improve compliance, clinicians are utilizing mobile applications. The goals of this study are to determine the efficacy of an application-based approach in increasing orthodontic patient’s oral hygiene compliance, as well as measure the correlation between the reported compliance and clinical parameters of gingival health. Materials & Methods: The Beam® toothbrush and its application software (app) were selected for evaluation. Three prospective groups of 15 patients undergoing routine orthodontic treatment were evaluated as part of this research protocol …

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An Examination Of The Neuropsychological Construct Executive Function And How It May Be Impacted By Cognitive And Exercise Interventions, Erica Schmidt Jan 2017

An Examination Of The Neuropsychological Construct Executive Function And How It May Be Impacted By Cognitive And Exercise Interventions, Erica Schmidt

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Background: There is a growing body of literature supporting the beneficial effects of cognitive training and exercise training on executive function (EF) in older adults. More recently, evidence is amassing that interventions which combine cognitive and physical activity, for example, exergames, may confer even greater cognitive benefits. Comparison of EF interventions for older adults requires more investigation and would benefit from improved operationalization of the EF construct and better understanding of factors which predict baseline EF in older adults. Methods and Results: Fifty-seven sedentary, non-gamer, community dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups (computerized cognitive …

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Mathematical Modeling Of Brain Tumors Advances Patient Care, Oncogenesis, And The Use Of In Silico Clinical Trials, Elizabeth Yates Scribner Jan 2017

Mathematical Modeling Of Brain Tumors Advances Patient Care, Oncogenesis, And The Use Of In Silico Clinical Trials, Elizabeth Yates Scribner

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a uniformly fatal form of brain cancer that can exhibit unpredictable responses to dierent rate-reducing therapies. Here, we construct a mathematical model of brain tumor growth and utilize in silico clinical trials to investigate the unusual behavior of GBM. We also use the model to study the progression of grade 2 and grade 3 tumors to higher grades like GBM. Simulations in Chapter 1 lead to the identication of a previously unknown pattern of progression under anti-angiogenic (AA) therapy, which we call \Expanding FLAIR + Necrosis." Model analysis predicts that clinical features of this growth would …

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Object Detection And Path Detection System For Autonomous Terrain Vehicles, Avinash Kumar Singh Jan 2017

Object Detection And Path Detection System For Autonomous Terrain Vehicles, Avinash Kumar Singh

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Every year’s thousands of people died in road accidents worldwide. The autonomous vehicles provide a better solution for this kind of situations. The autonomous vehicles move freely in an outer environment and perform different types of tasks according to the condition. The moving object detection in real time and perform the action are always considering important part in autonomous vehicles. To demonstrate the concept of the autonomous vehicle, we design an autonomous all-terrain vehicle model. In this thesis, we used the two types of distance measurement sensors i.e. Ultrasonic and Sharp Infrared sensors. These sensors are connected to the Arduino …

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Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2 Beta-Derived Lipid Signals And Osteogenesis, William Hancock Jan 2017

Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2 Beta-Derived Lipid Signals And Osteogenesis, William Hancock

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Bone modeling can be modulated by lipid signals and arachidonic acid (AA); its cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2) metabolite, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is an important mediator of optimal bone formation. Hydrolysis of AA from membrane glycerophospholipids is catalyzed by phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). We reported that mice deficient in the Ca2+-independent PLA2beta (iPLA2β), encoded by PLA2G6, have decreased bone formation, relative to wild type (WT) mouse bones. Here, we examined at the mechanistic and molecular levels the role of iPLA2β in bone formation using bone marrow stromal cells and calvarial osteoblasts from WT and iPLA2β-deficient mice and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast precursor cell line. Our …

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Neural Correlates Of Social Perception In Children With Autism: Local Versus Global Preferences, Abbey Jane Herringshaw Jan 2017

Neural Correlates Of Social Perception In Children With Autism: Local Versus Global Preferences, Abbey Jane Herringshaw

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The Weak Central Coherence (WCC) account of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD; Frith, 1989) posits that people with ASD utilize a detail-oriented information processing bias. Consequently, in social cognition tasks where coherence is required, people with autism falter, whereas in visual search tasks this is advantageous. Atypical brain response patterns may underlie this cognitive profile. The present study examined the neural correlates of WCC in ASD during visual and social processing. ASD (N=15) and Typically Developing (TD) (N=16) children/adolescents completed an information processing task in a Siemens 3.0 Tesla fMRI scanner. The task consisted of human characters, composed of geometrical shapes, …

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A Delicate Balancing Act: Curing Humanized Mouse Models Of Cooley’S Anemia By Reducing The Globin Chain Imbalance, Suean D. Fontenard Jan 2017

A Delicate Balancing Act: Curing Humanized Mouse Models Of Cooley’S Anemia By Reducing The Globin Chain Imbalance, Suean D. Fontenard

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Cooley’s Anemia (CA) is a hereditary disease which occurs when an individual inherits two null β-globin alleles. CA presents during the latter part of the first year of life due to the high levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in the circulating red blood cells (RBCs) at birth. The absence of β-globin chains, to dimerize with α-globin chains in the newly formed bone marrow derived erythroblasts, results in premature destruction of the erythroid cells in the marrow and ineffective erythropoiesis. I hypothesized that increas-ing the amount of β-like globin chains for hemoglobin assembly in erythroblasts would lessen disease severity or even …

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Phenotypic Characteristics And Dietary Treatment Of Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Shima Dowla Jan 2017

Phenotypic Characteristics And Dietary Treatment Of Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Shima Dowla

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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder among children in the developed world and can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Objectives: The primary objectives of this dissertation were to (1) review advances in the field of pediatric NAFLD, (2) describe the demographic, anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of children with NAFLD and evaluate whether differences existed based on ethnicity and diagnostic method, and (3) compare the effect of a carbohydrate restricted diet vs fat reduced diet on improvement in hepatic steatosis over an 8-week period among overweight and obese children diagnosed with NAFLD. …

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A Tissue Engineering Approach To The Development Of A 3d Breast Carcinoma Surrogate, Kayla Goliwas Jan 2017

A Tissue Engineering Approach To The Development Of A 3d Breast Carcinoma Surrogate, Kayla Goliwas

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Tumors are three dimensional tissues consisting of malignant cells and various stromal cell populations within a volume of extracellular matrix. These components form an intricate network that influences many facets of tumor biology. Paracrine interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment can alter drug response and impact therapeutic efficacy in vivo, yet most current in vitro models do not accurately recapitulate the stromal microenvironment or associated dimensionality of human tumors. In vitro models that are more representative of the human tumor microenvironment, including a more recapitulative dimensionality and cellular composition, have broad utility in the evaluation of mechanisms driving …

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Linking Residual Language Capacity, Structural Damage, And Surviving Network Function In Chronic Post-Stroke Aphasia With Multi-Modal Mri, Joseph Griffis Jan 2017

Linking Residual Language Capacity, Structural Damage, And Surviving Network Function In Chronic Post-Stroke Aphasia With Multi-Modal Mri, Joseph Griffis

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The advent of advanced neuroimaging techniques has enabled unprecedented insights into the neurobiology of language recovery after stroke. Current theories of language recovery after stroke, however, are limited by their dependence on the results of small imaging studies that have typically focused on only single imaging modalities. This likely contributes to discrepancies in the literature regarding critical topics such as how each hemisphere contributes to residual language abilities, whether different compensatory mechanisms are engaged by patients with different amounts of left hemispheric damage, whether poor long-term outcomes are primarily due to a loss of local cortical function or result from …

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Development And Assessment Of Nonsense Suppression Therapies To Ameliorate Disease Progression In A Nonsense Mouse Model Of Mps I Hurler Syndrome, Gwendolyn G. Gunn Jan 2017

Development And Assessment Of Nonsense Suppression Therapies To Ameliorate Disease Progression In A Nonsense Mouse Model Of Mps I Hurler Syndrome, Gwendolyn G. Gunn

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Nonsense mutations introduce a premature termination codon (PTC) into the open reading frame of an mRNA resulting in premature translation termination, loss of functional protein, and rapid degradation of the mutant mRNA. Approximately 11% of human genetic disorders are attributable to a nonsense mutation. Several small molecules have been identified as potential nonsense suppression compounds. These compounds increase the frequency of PTC recognition by near-cognate aminoacyl tRNAs resulting in PTC “readthrough” and restored protein production. Mucopolysaccharidosis type I-Hurler (MPS IH) is the severe form of the autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the iduronidase (IDUA) gene. 60-80% …

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Ci Therapy And Neuroplasticity After Brain Injury: Repurposing Brain Structures, Michelle Haddad Jan 2017

Ci Therapy And Neuroplasticity After Brain Injury: Repurposing Brain Structures, Michelle Haddad

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assumption of homoskedastic errors is violated, the statistical model is incorrectly

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Phenomic And Metabolomic Analysis Of Chronological Aging In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Haley Albright Jan 2017

Phenomic And Metabolomic Analysis Of Chronological Aging In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Haley Albright

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Systematic investigation of chronological lifespan (CLS) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast gene knockout and knockdown (YKO/KD) strains reveals genes, path-ways, and interactions of potential relevance for aging of all eukaryotic cell types. Growth curves obtained by quantitative high-throughput cell array phenotyping (Q-HTCP) of the entire YKO/KD strain collection provide comprehensive snapshots of the influence of each individual gene on CLS. Yeast CLS is also influenced by media com-position, auxotrophic background, and media buffering. We used Q-HTCP to analyze CLS of the YKO/KD libraries, focusing on the interaction between gene networks and media buffering, with respect to their influence on CLS. …

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Reciprocal Regulation Of The Α2a Adrenergic Receptor And The Amyloid Precursor Protein, Mary Alana Gannon Jan 2017

Reciprocal Regulation Of The Α2a Adrenergic Receptor And The Amyloid Precursor Protein, Mary Alana Gannon

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Through widespread efferent projections, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NA) system supplies the cerebral cortex with norepinephrine, a key modulator of cognition. Neurodegeneration of the LC is an early hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but despite this profound neuronal loss, there are several studies that show that NE levels actually remain stable or even elevated, especially at early stages of the disease. This indicates that the overall integrity of the NA system, rather than a loss of NE, is likely contributing to AD pathogenesis. We previously showed that activation of the α2A adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) increases amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein …

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Advances In The Creation And Use Of Genetically Modified Rodent Models, Laura Lambert Jan 2017

Advances In The Creation And Use Of Genetically Modified Rodent Models, Laura Lambert

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Rodents have been the model of choice for decades in biomedical research due to their relatively high physiological similarity to humans and amenability to genomic modification. While transgenic constructs were first used in mouse blastocysts in 1974 and the first mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell line created in 1981, the lack of reliable methods to produce ES cells or culture embryos from the rat led to the limitation of its use in spite of several advantages such as larger size and higher genetic homology with humans. Use of genetic modification has recently expanded due to the advent of tailored nucleases …

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Activation Of Ampk To Diminish Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury, Nathaniel Bone Jan 2017

Activation Of Ampk To Diminish Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury, Nathaniel Bone

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Sepsis is the most frequent cause of death of hospitalized patients in modern ICUs. Severe infection, trauma, hemorrhage, burns, and surgery are significant causes of multi-organ injury and immune dysfunction that in turn primes for a high risk of secondary lung infections. In addition to detrimental inflammation, sepsis is linked to loss of metabolic plasticity due to mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells and lung tissue. In particular, mitochondrial failure in lungs of critically ill septic patients is correlated with high mortality rates. We proposed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, a major bioenergetic sensor and metabolic regulator, is a plausible …

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The Impact Of Mitochondrial Genetic Background On Development Of Complex Multifactorial Diseases, Alexander Wendell Bray Jan 2017

The Impact Of Mitochondrial Genetic Background On Development Of Complex Multifactorial Diseases, Alexander Wendell Bray

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Complex multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are a pervasive and inescapable component of modern society. However, the genetic elements that modulate individual susceptibility to these diseases remain poorly defined. Excessive mitochondrial oxidant production has been implicated in the initiation and progression of both CVD and cancer. Moreover, polymorphisms inherited on the mitochondria genome appear to influence mammalian mitochondrial function and oxidant generation. In the present study, mitochondrial-nuclear-eXchange (MNX) mice were used to directly assess the contribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms to atherosclerosis in the apoE deficient (apoE-/-) mouse model of hypercholesterolemia induced atherogenesis. ApoE-/- mice …

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Extrasynaptic Signaling To Interneuron Networks, Angela Nietz Jan 2017

Extrasynaptic Signaling To Interneuron Networks, Angela Nietz

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In recent years, a form of extrasynaptic signaling through fast neurotransmitters, termed spillover, has been shown in multiple brain regions. This discovery suggests that spillover is more ubiquitous than previously thought. The circuitry within the cerebellar cortex has been well mapped. However, glutamate from cerebellar climbing fibers (CF) has been shown to spill over to nearby interneurons and alter their tonic activity. Cerebellar Golgi cells are spontaneously active interneurons at the input stage to the cerebellar cortex re-sponsible for regulating influx of cortical information. Previous research has shown an in vivo connection between CFs and Golgi cells (GoC), with CF …

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The Effects Of Pain Catastrophizing And Hiv-Related Stigma On Pain Sensitivity In Persons Living With Hiv (Plwh), Michael Alexander Owens Jan 2017

The Effects Of Pain Catastrophizing And Hiv-Related Stigma On Pain Sensitivity In Persons Living With Hiv (Plwh), Michael Alexander Owens

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Due to medical advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV has transitioned from a terminal illness to a chronic condition requiring long-term management. Despite substantial improvements in life expectancy in the modern treatment era, PLWH still face significant medical comorbidities and threats to their health-related quality of life. HIV appears to sensitize the peripheral nervous system and facilitate sensitivity to a painful stimulus. A growing body of evidence derived from animal models has shown a specific biological basis linking HIV to pain sensitivity. HIV is likely not the only factor contributing to greater pain sensitivity; there are also important psychosocial factors …

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