Digital Commons Network^™

Quick Or Cheap? Breaking Points In Dynamic Markets, Panayotis Mertikopoulos, Heinrich H. Nax, Bary S.R. Pradelski

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We examine two-sided markets where players arrive stochastically over time and are drawn from a continuum of types. The cost of matching a client and provider varies, so a social planner is faced with two contending objectives: a) to reduce players’ waiting time before getting matched; and b) to form efficient pairs in order to reduce matching costs. We show that such markets are characterized by a quick or cheap dilemma: Under a large class of distributional assumptions, there is no `free lunch’, i.e., there exists no clearing schedule that is simultaneously optimal along both objectives. We further identify a …

Spatial Distribution Of Supply And The Role Of Market Thickness: Theory And Evidence From Ride Sharing, Soheil Ghili, Vineet Kumar

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper develops a strategy with simple implementation and limited data requirements to identify spatial distortion of supply from demand -or, equivalently, unequal access to supply among regions- in transportation markets. We apply our method to ride-level, multi-platform data from New York City (NYC) and show that for smaller rideshare platforms, supply tends to be disproportionately concentrated in more densely populated areas. We also develop a theoretical model to argue that a smaller platform size, all else being equal, distorts the supply of drivers toward more densely populated areas due to network effects. Motivated by this, we estimate a minimum …

What Is Socialism Today? Conceptions Of A Cooperative Economy, John E. Roemer

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Socialism is back on the political agenda in the United States. Politicians and some economists who identify as socialists, however, do not discuss property relations, a topic that was central in the intellectual history of socialism, but rather limit themselves to advocacy of economic reforms, funded through taxation, that would tilt the income distribution in favor of the disadvantaged in society. In the absence of a more precise discussion of property relations, the presumption must be that ownership of firms would remain private or corporate with privately owned shares. This formula is identified with the Nordic and other western European …

The Welfare Effects Of Long-Term Health Insurance Contracts, Soheil Ghili, Ben Handel, Igal Hendel, Michael D. Whinston

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Reclassification risk is a major concern in health insurance where contracts are typically one year in length but health shocks often persist for much longer. We use rich individual-level medical information from the Utah all-payer claims database to empirically study one possible solution: long-term insurance contracts. We characterize optimal long-term contracts with one-sided commitment theoretically, derive the contracts that are optimal for consumers in Utah, and assess the welfare level that a full implementation of these contracts could achieve relative to several key benchmarks. We find that dynamic contracts perform very well for the majority of the population, for example, …

Household Portfolios And Financial Preparedness For Retirement, Rowena Crawford, Cormac O'Dea

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Using a lifecycle model of consumption, saving and portfolio choice combined with linked survey and administrative data on wealth and lifetime earnings we evaluate measures of retirement preparedness. We estimate heterogeneous discount factors for households and compare the estimates of their patience to their replacement rates { the simple measure of- ten used to evaluate the adequacy of retirement savings. We find first that the specification of the model’s asset structure matters quantitatively for preference parameter estimates { households appear to be much more patient when they are assumed to have access only to a risk-free asset compared to when …

Decline In Medication Affordability Despite Closure Of The Medicare Part D Coverage Gap, Matthew Jordan Klebanoff

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The original Medicare Part D benefit included a gap in coverage, commonly known as the “doughnut hole,” where beneficiaries were responsible for 100% of drug costs. The Affordable Care Act included provisions to gradually close this gap, beginning in 2011, in order to reduce the financial burden of drug spending for Part D enrollees. Using a nationally representative survey of Medicare beneficiaries, we examined the effect of this policy on out-of-pocket drug spending and medication affordability. We found that the policy was associated with a decrease in out-of-pocket spending. However, this trend was limited to relatively healthy enrollees in stand-alone …

Hair Cortisol As A Retrospective Biomarker Of Stress Among Minorities And Immigrants During The First Year Of The Trump Administration, Dennis Wang

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Cortisol is an important part of the body’s physiological response to stress. Chronic exposure to race-based discrimination and stress is thought to explain, in part, minority health disparities. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used as an objective proxy of a participant’s chronic stress prior to recruitment. It has not to our knowledge been used to investigate stress following an unexpected political event. President Trump issued in his first week in office multiple Executive Orders targeting minorities and immigrants. The Gallup-Sharecare Well-Being Index also showed significant declines in Democrats but not in Republicans, and in women but not in men, …

Differential Diagnosis Documentation In Emergency Medicine, Ruochen Zhang

Public Health Theses

Diagnosis is a central aspect of emergency medicine. Coming to the correct diagnosis impacts patient morbidity and mortality and also the healthcare expenditures. Medical decision making is driven by the path of figuring out the differential diagnosis. Once a decent Natural Language Processing (NLP) system is developed including general characterization of differential diagnose, associated with downstream testing, diagnostic error, etc., we could be able to automatically extract differential diagnoses within clinical notes, which would have a large impact on healthcare. The main purpose of our investigative study is the characterization of differential diagnosis documentation within emergency provider notes and the …

The Freshair Wristband: Comparison Of Personal Exposure Measured Using Different Wearable Form Factors, Elizabeth Ziying Lin

Public Health Theses

Organic air pollutants are widely used in building materials, personal care and household products. Studies have been linking the exposure to these organic air pollutants with adverse health outcomes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, neurobehavioral outcomes, and cancer. Techniques to measure personal exposure to organic air pollutants include backpacks containing filters/pumps, and a set of single pollutant monitors. These techniques usually involve solvent extraction of filters. They are expensive, time-consuming, and inefficient which are not suitable for large scale, longitudinal exposome studies. The FreshAir samplers were developed to capture a wide range of compounds simultaneously throughout the exposure, its high degree of …

A Feel For The Space: Engagement With The Built Environment Of Treatment Spaces Among Individuals In Recovery, James Richey

Public Health Theses

Background

Treatment spaces for substance use disorders (SUD) are diverse with respect to treatment modality and population served. However, there is a lack of literature describing the design of treatment spaces and treatment engagement. This project aims to identify how the built environment of SUD treatment spaces play a role in treatment acceptability, retention, and outcomes.

Methods

We conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with individuals in outpatient SUD treatment in southern Connecticut. These interviews explored individuals’ experience with the built environment of treatment spaces and facilities, including architectural and design-related features (e.g., functionality, spatial arrangement), and how space influences adherence to …

Gross Domestic Product (Gdp), Federal Reserve System: Federal Reserve Bank Of St. Louis

Documents

No abstract provided.

Guidance For Accounting Firms In Determining Talf Collateral Eligibility For Non-Mortgage-Backed Abs, Federal Reserve System: Federal Reserve Bank Of New York

Documents

No abstract provided.

Ally Financial Inc., Credit Ratings History From Moody's, Moody's Investor Service

Documents

No abstract provided.

Frob Annual Accounts, Spain: Fondo De Reestructuracion Ordenada Bancaria (Frob)/ Fund For Orderly Bank Restructuring

Documents

No abstract provided.

Annual Report 2019 (Sfpi), Société Fédérale De Participations Et D’Investissement (Sfpi)

Documents

No abstract provided.

Study Of Financial Crises And Stability Across Selected Asian Countries, Anurag Agnihotri

Documents

No abstract provided.

Annual Report 2019, Dexia Group N.V./S.A.

Documents

No abstract provided.

Articles Of Agreement Of The International Monetary Fund, International Monetary Fund (Imf)

Documents

No abstract provided.

Bulletin Of Yale University School Of Nursing 2020-2021, Yale School Of Nursing

Yale School of Nursing Bulletins and Catalogues

Series 116, Number 15

September 5, 2020

Informing Drug Policy: Antimalarial Drug Resistance Molecular Marker Surveillance In Tanzania, Pooja Praful Rana

Public Health Theses

This study aimed to use molecular markers to do surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance and inform drug policy. The focus was on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine drug resistance since that was the first-line treatment in Tanzania for an uncomplicated malaria infection of Plasmodium falciparum. There are five mutations across two genes that are associated with this drug. On the dhfr gene, mutations at the 51 (N51I), 59 (C59R), and 108 (S108N) position are associated with pyrimethamine drug resistance. On the dhps gene, mutations at the 437 (A437G) and 540 (K540E) positions are associated with sulfadoxine drug resistance. Samples were collected from Tanzania in …

Molecular Epidemiology Of Hookworm Infection In The Ashanti Region, Ghana., Emma Allen

Public Health Theses

INTRODUCTION: Parasitic helminth infections have persisted in resource-limited settings around the world, leading to greater numbers of people experiencing sequelae including malnutrition, anemia, and impaired growth and cognitive function among children. Despite periodic deworming efforts, a high burden of disease remains in sub-Saharan Africa. Establishing baseline prevalence of these infections can inform local and national deworming campaign objectives as well as tailor additional interventions accordingly. Here we describe our efforts to determine baseline prevalence and analyze potential risk factors for infection in Ashanti Region, Ghana.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to characterize the molecular epidemiology of hookworm …

The V Metric, Menopausal Hormone Therapy, And Breast Cancer Risk, Kevin Casey

Public Health Theses

Background and Aims. Long-term use of menopausal hormone therapy, typically in the form of estrogen or estrogen + progesterone, can increase the amount of dense breast tissue in women, which is associated with breast cancer. These changes are commonly measured using mammograms to calculate percent density; higher percent density is also associated with breast cancer. Newer methods of mammogram analysis look at spatial texture feature variation; these approaches are more sensitive than percent density, however the association between texture features and hormone therapy use is not well-documented. This study aims to analyze a specific texture feature, the V metric, which …

The Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Childhood Vaccination Rates, 2010-2018, Chandra K. Couzens

Public Health Theses

Background

The relationship between coverage expansions and vaccination coverage is not well characterized, through previous work as linked coverage expansions with insurance rates and insurance rates with vaccination completion. We examined whether Medicaid expansions implemented by the end of 2015 in 29 states and D.C. were associated with changes in MMR vaccination and 7-series vaccination completion among low income children from 2010-2018.

Methods

Changes in mean vaccination coverage were compared between the four years before expansion (2010-2013) and the four years post expansion (2015-2018), using data from the 2010-2018 National Immunization Child Survey. The final study sample (N=36,591) included children …

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis In Connecticut, 2014-2019: An Analysis Of Surveillance Data And Future Recommendations, Taylor Eisenstein

Public Health Theses

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tickborne zoonosis caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum and first became a nationally notifiable human disease in 1999. In 2008, the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CT DPH) added it to the list of reportable diseases for the state. In 2019, there was a three-fold increase in case counts compared to previous years. To understand trends in anaplasmosis and generate hypotheses regarding this increase, descriptive analyses were performed on confirmed cases reported to the CT DPH from 2014 to 2019. Percentage of cases by gender, age, county, and month were calculated for each year, and …

Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Pharmacologic Treatment For Emotional Distress Among Older Adults With Cancer, Saranya Govindaraju

Public Health Theses

Abstract

Objective: Disparities in self-reported emotional distress and subsequent pharmacologic treatment for emotional distress are not well understood among older adults with cancer. The main objective of this study is to understand racial and ethnic disparities in emotional distress medication and the relationship between self-reported levels of emotional distress. We hypothesize that as self-reported levels of emotional distress increase in severity, the race and ethnic disparities in emotional distress medication will diminish or decrease. Our secondary aim was to understand the role of socioeconomic factors on racial and ethnic disparities in medication use.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we …

Fungal Community Characterization And Machine Learning Classification Of Building Mold Status Between Pre- And Post-Remediation, Truc T. Ly

Public Health Theses

As part of a larger sampling campaign with mold inspectors across the US, samples (dust and direct mold) from 11 New York homes during pre- and post-remediation were analyzed by sequencing the interspaced transcribed region of extracted DNA and bioinformatic methods. Overarching findings from this study include: 1) pre/post- remediation fungal communities exhibit subtle differences and 2) larger degrees of fungal community differences exist between direct mold and settled dust. Mainly known as environmentally derived fungal species, Cladosporium ramotenellum and Rhodosporidium diobovatum were the two main taxa to be abundant among post-remediation samples. The thermophilic fungi, Thielavia terrestris, was higher …

Patterns Of Care And Outcomes Of Patients With Myelofibrosis: A Population-Based Study, Shelby Heath Meckstroth

Public Health Theses

Background: Current treatments for Myelofibrosis (MF) are largely palliative, with ruxolitinib being the breakthrough treatment approved for higher-risk patients by the Food and Drug Administration in November of 2011. Little is known about the “real-world” patterns of care and outcomes of MF patients since the introduction of ruxolitinib. Patients and Methods: The SEER-Medicare database was used to identify older patients diagnosed with MF from 2007 through 2015. Treatment patterns were assessed using Medicare part B and D claims, and multivariate cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the effect of ruxolitinib use on survival in MF patients. Results: …

Racial/Ethnic And Sociodemographic Disparities In Lipid Screening And Risk Factor Awareness Among Pregnant Women Receiving Prenatal Care, Reed Mszar

Public Health Theses

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with younger women being disproportionately affected by traditional risk factors including dyslipidemia. Despite recommendations for lipid screening in early adulthood, many younger women currently do not undergo screening. Prenatal and early pregnancy care represent underutilized opportunities for lipid screening and ASCVD risk assessment. We aimed to assess the prevalence and variations in pregnant women reporting a prior lipid screening and an awareness of high cholesterol as a risk factor for ASCVD.

METHODS: We administered a survey to 234 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at one of the …

Contraception And Sexual Health Counseling In Adolescent And Young Adult Female Cancer Patients, Sarah Hadassah Abelman

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Introduction:

Adolescent and young adult women undergoing cancer treatment face unique reproductive health risks. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of sexual health counseling and contraception use in the oncology setting, and to identify factors associated with these outcomes.

Methods:

After institutional review board approval, a retrospective chart review was conducted of female patients ages 15-25 receiving cancer treatment at Yale New Haven Hospital from 2013-2018. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between patient variables and the outcomes of counseling and contraception use. Additionally, with institutional review board approval, a cross-sectional survey …

Approaches To Fracture Healing Under Inflammatory Conditions: Infection And Diabetes, Sean Vincent Cahill

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Non-union is a devastating complication of fracture and can be precipitated by abnormal

inflammatory states including infection and diabetes.

This thesis focuses on four related research problems that are addressed through original

scientific investigation and literature review. In addressing these questions, this dissertation

presents evidence for the following conclusions through in vivo animal models and using methods

including bacterial cell culture and counting, histology, radiography, and micro-computed

tomography:

1. Rifampin-loaded hydrogels decrease bacterial load and improve fracture healing in

a MRSA-infected open fracture model.

2. MRSA-infected nonunion is characterized by impaired chondrocyte maturation and

is associated with IL-1 and NF-KB …