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High-Throughput Experimental Strategies: The Highway To New Complex Alloys And Understanding Complex Phenomena, Sebastian Alexander Kube Apr 2021

High-Throughput Experimental Strategies: The Highway To New Complex Alloys And Understanding Complex Phenomena, Sebastian Alexander Kube

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Metallurgical research is struggling to build a satisfactory understanding of various complex alloy classes and phenomena. For many of these problems, such as glass formation, single phase solid solution formation, or supercooled melt viscosities, computational approaches are overwhelmed. Experiments, by contrast, can directly evaluate real materials systems to generate valuable data. Unfortunately, experiments remain costly and time consuming, severely restricting the progress of materials discovery. This dissertation pushes to overcome this obstacle through a comprehensive high-throughput research strategy: The experimental approach is centered around combinatorial co-sputtering and rapid characterization, investigating hundreds of alloys at a time while maintaining highest sample …

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Building Mouse Models For Tumor Immunology: Ninja In Kras-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma, Brittany Fitzgerald Apr 2021

Building Mouse Models For Tumor Immunology: Ninja In Kras-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma, Brittany Fitzgerald

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Genetically engineered mouse models of tumor immunology frequently require the addition of exogenous neoantigens to trigger immune responses, often within lentiviral vectors that introduce confounding variables. Mouse models with inducible neoantigens avoid some of these problems but have been historically difficult to generate because of leaky expression of antigens in the thymus, resulting in central tolerance in developing CD8 and CD4 T cells. We developed the iNversion INducible Joined neoAntigen (NINJA) mouse model that uses RNA splicing, DNA recombination, and three levels of regulation to prevent neoantigen leakiness and bypass central and peripheral tolerance. We describe the development of these …

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Making The Invisible Visible: Ageism As A Social Determinant Of Elder Abuse, E-Shien Chang Apr 2021

Making The Invisible Visible: Ageism As A Social Determinant Of Elder Abuse, E-Shien Chang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Background: Elder abuse affects one in six community-dwelling older adults globally every year and can lead to great bodily and psychological harm and death. Despite elder abuse has been recognized as a global health problem, there are several knowledge gaps that have impeded the development of elder abuse prevention science. At the structural level, evidence regarding the effects of broader societal attitudes, laws and policies in enabling abusive acts toward older persons is lacking but critical for tailored preventions. At the individual level, existent research has disproportionately focused on victims rather than abusers, a problematic trend given abuser characteristics can …

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Investigations Of Novel Mechanisms Of Epigenetic Regulation On Chromatin, William J. Lu-Culligan Apr 2021

Investigations Of Novel Mechanisms Of Epigenetic Regulation On Chromatin, William J. Lu-Culligan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The epigenetic regulation of gene expression, mediated by chromatin, is a critical component of eukaryotic cellular function. Chromatin regulates gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including histone post-translational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and recruitment of non-coding RNAs. Together, the chromatin states enable cells to organize the genome and efficiently carry out cellular functions. Given the implications of chromatin regulation in normal, developmental, and disease states, an understanding of the mechanisms of chromatin regulation is of critical importance. In this dissertation, I describe three projects towards furthering the field’s understanding of the mechanisms of chromatin regulation.First, I propose Kacme, a novel …

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Biogeochemical Controls On Greenhouse Gas Dynamics In Streams And Rivers, Kelly S. Aho Apr 2021

Biogeochemical Controls On Greenhouse Gas Dynamics In Streams And Rivers, Kelly S. Aho

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Streams and rivers are biogeochemical “hot spots”, simultaneously processing and transporting both terrestrially and locally fixed carbon and nitrogen. The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are (by)products of some of these biogeochemical processes, making streams and rivers significant natural sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions from streams and rivers is highly uncertain, in part, because of the numerous controls on greenhouse gas production and export across spatial and temporal scales. This dissertation examines biological, physical, and chemical controls on greenhouse gas dynamics in nested streams and rivers, …

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Front Lines And The Home Front: Three Papers On Women’S Contributions To Non-State Armed Groups And The Gender Dynamics Of Conflict, Hilary Amanda Matfess Apr 2021

Front Lines And The Home Front: Three Papers On Women’S Contributions To Non-State Armed Groups And The Gender Dynamics Of Conflict, Hilary Amanda Matfess

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Women have always contributed to conflict dynamics, both through their active support to armed groups and as the targets of violence by these groups. In recent years, efforts to chronicle women’s participation as combatants in non-state armed groups and to systematically document the violence that women and girls face in war have enabled a much richer understanding of women’s experiences in violent contexts. Through three papers on the gender dynamics of conflict, this dissertation contributes to the study of women and war. In the first paper, I use new data on political violence targeting women to consider variation in rebel …

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Allyl-Palladium Catalyzed Dehydrogenation Of Carbonyl Compounds And Total Synthesis Of (+)-Granatumine A And Clovan-2,9-Dione, Yizhou Zhao Apr 2021

Allyl-Palladium Catalyzed Dehydrogenation Of Carbonyl Compounds And Total Synthesis Of (+)-Granatumine A And Clovan-2,9-Dione, Yizhou Zhao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Methodology development was motivated by the synthesis of natural products and various biologically active compounds. The direct dehydrogenation of ketones and carboxylic acids are particularly attractive because the corresponding unsaturated products are highly versatile intermediates in organic synthesis and the step-economic approaches may find broad utility in drug discovery. In addition to advance methodologies, computational tools such as DFT calculation and machine learning techniques are also incorporated in retrosynthetic analysis to accelerate the small molecule synthesis process. This thesis herein describes two dehydrogenation methodologies that can be readily applied to the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds, and two natural product …

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Development Of Mechanically Complex Dna Nanodevices And A Diverse Dna Origami Toolkit For Cryo-Em Imaging, John Taylor Powell Apr 2021

Development Of Mechanically Complex Dna Nanodevices And A Diverse Dna Origami Toolkit For Cryo-Em Imaging, John Taylor Powell

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Mechanically interlocked supramolecular assemblies are appealing building blocks for creating functional nanodevices. Here we describe the multi-step assembly of massive DNA origami rotaxanes that are capable of programmable structural switching. We validated the topology and structural integrity of these rotaxanes by analyzing the intermediate and final products of various assembly routes using electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Additionally, we explore the use of various other DNA origami nanodevices as support structures for improved cryoEM imaging of proteins of interest. Namely, we demonstrate progress toward several DNA nanodevice-based solutions to artifacts stemming from air-water interface interactions and other freezing effects.

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Photonic Signal Processing Using Nonlocal Brillouin Interactions, Shai Gertler Apr 2021

Photonic Signal Processing Using Nonlocal Brillouin Interactions, Shai Gertler

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation, we explore the possibilities offered by the unique properties of Brillouin scattering to implement signal-processing operations in photonic devices. Brillouin scattering |the coupling of light and sound waves| enables access to long-lived acoustic modes directly from the optical domain and results in processes very different compared with other optical systems. Furthermore, when utilized to process microwave signals, Brillouin-active photonic systems are compelling for their ability to bridge the vastly different frequency scales of microwave and optical signals.We analyze the dynamics of forward Brillouin scattering, showing how they can give rise to a nonlocal effect, in stark contrast …

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Blurred Boundaries: Iberian Representations Of The Spanish Civil War, Sarah Glenski Apr 2021

Blurred Boundaries: Iberian Representations Of The Spanish Civil War, Sarah Glenski

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In my dissertation, “Blurred Boundaries: Iberian Representations of the Spanish Civil War,” I reconceptualize the Spanish Civil War, which has been understood to have national and international significance, as an Iberian conflict of multicultural importance. To understand the war as Iberian, I work with 20th-century narrative and film from the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and Portugal that portray the time before, during, and/or after Spain’s war. With “blurred boundaries,” I refer to how I remap the ways in which the war has traditionally been viewed. In doing so, I bring the question of region to the forefront of my analysis, …

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Appropriate Transgressions: Parody And Decorum In Ancient Greece And Rome, Niek Janssen Apr 2021

Appropriate Transgressions: Parody And Decorum In Ancient Greece And Rome, Niek Janssen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Through the close analysis of Greek and Roman parodies and writings about parody, this dissertation seeks to defamiliarize the process by which readers identify one text (or genre, image, action, body, and so on) as a parody of another. Parody differs from other modes of adaptation in that it introduces an incongruity that was not present in the original. To read a text as parody, then, is to claim that the parodying text lacks the decorous integrity, the appropriate fitting-together as a whole, possessed by its model. At the same time, however, parodies are not simply failed, incongruous imitations. The …

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Contending With Social Positions And Social Inequality, Jun Won Park Apr 2021

Contending With Social Positions And Social Inequality, Jun Won Park

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Social categories are a fundamental organizing feature of social life and determine how we respond to and affiliate with other people. Marking individuals with not only a label but also a position in a social hierarchy, these categories correspond to societal inequities in important life outcomes. The individual and structural dynamics undergirding the relationship between social positions and social inequalities motivate my dissertation research. Specifically, my dissertation addresses two questions: (1) How do people’s experiences of social positions maintain inequalities in important life outcomes? (2) How do social positions create barriers when people challenge societal structures that give rise to …

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Biophysical Characterization Of Somatosensory Responses In Drosophila Class Iv Dendritic Arborization Neurons, Rajshekhar Basak Apr 2021

Biophysical Characterization Of Somatosensory Responses In Drosophila Class Iv Dendritic Arborization Neurons, Rajshekhar Basak

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Drosophila Class IV neurons are polymodal nociceptors that detect noxious mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical stimuli. Escape behaviors in response to attacks by parasitoid wasps are dependent on Class IV cells, whose highly branched dendritic arbors form a fine meshwork that is thought to enable detection of the wasp’s needle-like ovipositor barb. To study how mechanical stimuli trigger cellular responses, we developed a novel, tunable, focused 405-nm laser to create highly localized lesions to probe the conditions needed to evoke responses in Class IV neurons. Chapter 2 describes the development of the assay, physical properties of the stimulus, and its …

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The Mirror Of Merit: Divine Grace In Origen Of Alexandria And Ephrem Of Nisibis, Charles Augustine Rivera Apr 2021

The Mirror Of Merit: Divine Grace In Origen Of Alexandria And Ephrem Of Nisibis, Charles Augustine Rivera

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation I argue for a new understanding of grace in Origen of Alexandria and Ephrem of Nisibis. Despite being major figures in early Christianity, neither Origen’s nor Ephrem’s theology of grace has been the subject of a large-scale scholarly study since the mid-twentieth century. This dissertation fills this lacuna in the scholarship, while also showing how grace in Origen and Ephrem has been misunderstood because western scholarship has viewed the topic through the distorting lens of later western theologies. My introduction makes the case for these twin scholarly interventions and establishes a philological foundation for the study by …

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Pathway To Independence: Local, National, And International Dynamics Of Civil War And Secession, Mayesha Alam Apr 2021

Pathway To Independence: Local, National, And International Dynamics Of Civil War And Secession, Mayesha Alam

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Secessionism is prevalent across much of the globe, but achieving independence is rare. Often, secessionist and counter-secessionist mobilization can escalate to violent confrontation, including protracted civil wars that are deadly, destabilizing, and difficult to mediate. Under what conditions do secessionist civil wars result in the creation and recognition of independent states? Why do some secessionist conflicts end in independence while others do not? How do local, national, and international dynamics of secessionist and counter-secessionist mobilization shape the outcome of those processes? These questions are undertheorized in extant literature and motivate this dissertation. Building on insights from comparative politics, international relations, …

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A Comparative Approach To Studying Rna Biochemistry Using Timelapse Chemistry And Labeling In Cell Culture (Tilac), Meaghan Christina Sullivan Apr 2021

A Comparative Approach To Studying Rna Biochemistry Using Timelapse Chemistry And Labeling In Cell Culture (Tilac), Meaghan Christina Sullivan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

RNA sequencing is a sensitive, transcriptome-wide analysis of RNA levels, valuable for assessing changes in gene expression, or measuring RNA enrichment after immunoprecipitation or cellular fractionation. However, accurate quantification of reads in RNA sequencing datasets is challenging due to variance from variable handling during RNA purification, and biases introduced in downstream processing, like shearing and amplification. To address these challenges, I developed TimeLapse Chemistry Labeling in Cell Culture (TILAC), an internally controlled and normalized approach to compare RNA content between samples using RNA metabolic labeling that is analogous to the SILAC method from protein biochemistry. TILAC utilizes the metabolic labels …

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Mechanisms And Implications For Evolution Via Sexual Conflict Over Mate Choice, Samuel Spencer Snow Apr 2021

Mechanisms And Implications For Evolution Via Sexual Conflict Over Mate Choice, Samuel Spencer Snow

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation, drawing inspiration from natural systems, I 1) establish the plausibility of the evolution of female resistance via sexual conflict over indirect benefits (wherein females evolve resistance in order to retain the genetic benefits of mating with males they prefer), 2) elucidate the complex mechanisms by which this may occur, and 3) reveal and explore new possibilities and outcomes for systems with conflict between males and females over mate choice. In Chapter 1, I present a new quantitative theoretical model that integrates concepts from both sexual selection and sexual conflict traditions, and demonstrate that any trait that hinders …

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Insights Into The Regulation And Mechanism Of 26s Proteasome Base Assembly In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Chin Leng Cheng Apr 2021

Insights Into The Regulation And Mechanism Of 26s Proteasome Base Assembly In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Chin Leng Cheng

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In eukaryotes, the 19S proteasome base contains a heterohexameric ring that is made up of six distinct AAA+ ATPase proteins called Rpt1-Rpt6. In contrast, the archaeal proteasome base is composed of only a single type AAA+ ATPase protein called the proteasome-activating nucleotidase (PAN) that forms a homohexameric ring. A crystal structure of the N-terminal part of PAN in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii a trimer-of-dimers arrangement that is dependent on the alternating cis-trans configuration of the peptide bond preceding a conserved proline residue (P91) located between the coiled coil (CC) and oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) domains. This proline is also found in Rpt1(P96), Rpt2(P103), Rpt3(P93), …

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Regulation Of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches, Runfeng Miao Apr 2021

Regulation Of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches, Runfeng Miao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In adult mammals, Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) depend on specialized bone marrow (BM) HSC niches for quiescence, proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. HSC niches are predominantly composed of non-hematopoietic cells, including perivascular mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Although historically defined as HSC niches, more recent studies demonstrated that these niches are also critical for the development and maintenance of hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated hematopoietic cells. Importantly, some terminally differentiated hematopoietic cells such as macrophages, megakaryocytes, and regulatory T cells can in turn relay signals back to the HSC or alter the HSC niche, and control the …

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Mechanistic Investigations Of Iron Pincer Catalysts For The Hydrogenation And Dehydrogenation Of Polar Substrates, Nicholas Smith Apr 2021

Mechanistic Investigations Of Iron Pincer Catalysts For The Hydrogenation And Dehydrogenation Of Polar Substrates, Nicholas Smith

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This thesis summarizes findings related to understanding of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of polar substrates by a pincer-supported iron catalyst, (iPrPNHP)Fe(H)2(CO) (iPrPNHP =N(CH2CH2PiPr2)2), including both mechanisms of key elementary reaction steps as well as insight into catalyst decomposition. Chapter 1 gives a brief overview of catalysts that make use of metal-ligand cooperativity (MLC), particularly Noyori-type catalysts supported by the secondary-amine pincer scaffold iPrPNHP. Chapter 2 discusses the synthesis of a second-generation of iron catalysts based on the iPrPNHP ligand with isonitrile ancillary ligands. Chapter 3 discusses the impacts of “proton shuttles” on the reversible activation of H2 by complexes which take …

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Structural And Functional Characterization Of Lipid-Derived Molecules From The Human Microbiome, Woo Young Cho Apr 2021

Structural And Functional Characterization Of Lipid-Derived Molecules From The Human Microbiome, Woo Young Cho

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Scientific evidence for the contribution of the human microbiome to the promotion of human health and disease has been rapidly accumulating. With advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, more specific correlations can be made between certain bacterial strains and/or their genes to specific disease phenotypes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria are able to influence human health remains largely elusive. Bacteria are known to interact with their environment by production and modulation of small molecules. Bacterially-produced lipid-derived molecules play important signaling roles and modulate eukaryotic cellular responses through the activation of various receptors.

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Kinetic Modeling, Parameter Estimation And Model Comparison In Pet: Functional Images Of Neurotransmitter Dynamics And Drug Affinity, Heather Liu Apr 2021

Kinetic Modeling, Parameter Estimation And Model Comparison In Pet: Functional Images Of Neurotransmitter Dynamics And Drug Affinity, Heather Liu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) makes it possible to image molecular targets, in vivo, with high specificity. Kinetic models are used to fit PET data to quantify pertinent physiological properties of the target and to describe tracer-target dynamics. Traditional models estimate time-invariant parameters that reflect steady-state characteristics of binding of the tracer at the target. However, advances in modeling techniques have made it possible to detect transient time-varying interactions of the tracer and target. Our group has developed a suite of ‘ntPET’ models specifically tailored to detect and characterize brief drug-induced dopamine (DA) release (on the order of minutes), which has …

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High Rise: Poverty, Policing, And Crisis In American Public Housing, Philip V. Mcharris Apr 2021

High Rise: Poverty, Policing, And Crisis In American Public Housing, Philip V. Mcharris

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

High Rise: Poverty, Policing, and Crisis in American Public Housing focuses on the Carter Houses, a high-rise public housing development in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. Employing ethnographic methods, High Rise explores the everyday experiences of residents as they navigate concerns surrounding safety, deteriorating building conditions, policing and incarceration, and cycles of poverty. High Rise argues that the social and built dimensions of particular housing contexts are central to understanding experiences of poverty and disadvantage and shape the social life of residents and their communities. The project begins with an overview and a descriptive picture of the Carter …

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The Role Of Microvascular Signaling In The Neurogenic Niche, Rita Matta Apr 2021

The Role Of Microvascular Signaling In The Neurogenic Niche, Rita Matta

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, partly due to the lack of effective therapies to facilitate the recovery of damaged brain tissue. Stem cell therapies used to treat neurological diseases are promising, owing to their innate ability to enhance endogenous repair mechanisms and promote functional recovery. However, the maintenance of stem cells in a quiescent state throughout delivery remains a significant challenge. This challenge only exacerbates the difficulty of therapeutic strategies attributed to the low survival rate of engrafted cells within the inflamed, cytotoxic brain. Tissue engineering provides the opportunity to develop cell delivery strategies …

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Sharing The Sharing Economy: Policy Design For Social Good, Scott Rodilitz Apr 2021

Sharing The Sharing Economy: Policy Design For Social Good, Scott Rodilitz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The sharing economy has transformed society and enabled unprecedented growth by private sector technology giants such as Google, Amazon, and Lyft. However, harnessing its power in the context of public and civic sector operations often requires new approaches due to different objectives and constraints. Unfortunately, despite the outsized importance of governmental and nonprofit organizations in promoting social good, they frequently lack the resources to innovatively take advantage of online platforms. This dissertation sheds light on how such organizations can implement policies which improve their efficiency and growth, with a particular focus on the utilization of crowdsourcing and platform-based markets. For …

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Policing And The Illusion Of Public Input, Tony Cheng Apr 2021

Policing And The Illusion Of Public Input, Tony Cheng

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Decades of scholarly, policy, and financial investment in police-community reform have coalesced around fulfilling the elusive promise of increasing public input in policing. And yet, policing in America today is currently undergoing a crisis in public legitimacy. By continuing to understand the gaps between the promise and practice of community initiatives as revealing police’s operational shortcomings rather than organizational priorities, we fail to sufficiently theorize and account for the core problem of police-community relations. This book argues that the core problem is an enduring illusion of public input in policing. The illusion exists because police shape the very channels through …

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Development Of A Bioartificial Vascular Pancreas For Type 1 Diabetes Treatment, Edward Xu Han Apr 2021

Development Of A Bioartificial Vascular Pancreas For Type 1 Diabetes Treatment, Edward Xu Han

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets and is a growing and chronic health problem. Although exogenous insulin injections can help T1D patients manage their blood glucose levels, constant patient vigilance and compliance is required. Less than 40% of diabetic patients can maintain their therapeutic targets. As a result, around 30% of patients older than 40 years of age have diabetes related complications. Transplantation of pancreatic islets has been shown to be effective, in some patients, for the long-term treatment of type I diabetes. However, transplantation of islets into either the portal vein or the …

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Essays On Decision-Making Authority In The Courtroom, Grant Alexander Nunn Apr 2021

Essays On Decision-Making Authority In The Courtroom, Grant Alexander Nunn

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

My dissertation explores how practice, procedure, and the allocation of decision-making authority in the courtroom affect decisional accuracy, efficiency, and legitimacy. It includes a set of theoretical and empirical projects that propose normatively desirable solutions to the problems caused by relying on an entrenched—and, in many ways, antiquated—adjudicatory regime to resolve modern issues of evidence and courtroom epistemology. The first essay, Law, Fact, and Procedural Justice, embarks from a recognition that the distinction between questions of law and questions of fact is deceptively complex. Although any first-year law student could properly classify those issues that fall at the polar ends …

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Genomic Analysis Of Rare Human Diseases, Weilai Dong Apr 2021

Genomic Analysis Of Rare Human Diseases, Weilai Dong

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Many rare human diseases have a strong genetic basis. Rare germline and somatic mutations exert risks to Mendelian diseases and cancer, respectively. The development of next-generation sequencing and genomic analysis approaches facilitate the characterization of rare causal variants to human diseases. This thesis describes the genomic approaches to identify underlying genetic factors in three rare human diseases focusing on analysis of three distinct genetic mechanisms: congenital heart disease caused by recessive genotypes, congenital hydrocephalus caused by dominant genotypes, and uterus leiomyosarcoma, caused by somatic mutations. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a structural malformation of the heart and great vessels present …

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Clinical And Translational Cancer Research By Genomics And Transcriptomics Data Analysis, Xiaotong Li Apr 2021

Clinical And Translational Cancer Research By Genomics And Transcriptomics Data Analysis, Xiaotong Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

As the second most-frequent cause of death worldwide, cancer comprises a collection of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell division and spread into surrounding tissues. Diagnosis and treatment of cancer are very challenging due to its huge heterogeneity and rapid progression. Leveraging remarkable achievements in biomedical experimental procedures and techniques, more comprehensive knowledge and deeper understanding of cancer biology have been discovered and applied to interpret the molecular intricacy and variations of cancer at multiple levels, spanning genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, enormous amount of data from each level (i.e. omics data) has …

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