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Targeted Nucleic Acid Delivery To The Endothelium, Melanie Reschke Apr 2022

Targeted Nucleic Acid Delivery To The Endothelium, Melanie Reschke

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The human endothelium extends throughout nearly all tissues in the body, and has an estimated total surface area of up to seven thousand square meters [1]. This expansive monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) serves as the interface between materials circulating in the bloodstream and the internal tissues of the body. Even in its quiescent state, the endothelium is actively signaling and reacting in order to support the basic functions of the vascular system – transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste. A closer look reveals that the cells that make up this endothelial lining are diverse in their phenotypes and functions, dependent …

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Somewhere Toward Freedom: Sherman's March And The History Of Emancipation, Bennett Parten Apr 2022

Somewhere Toward Freedom: Sherman's March And The History Of Emancipation, Bennett Parten

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

When William Tecumseh Sherman’s army marched through Georgia in the last full year of the American Civil War, it didn’t march alone. As many, if not more, than 20,000 freed refugees from slavery marched along at the army’s rear. This dissertation tells their story. It argues that Sherman’s fateful March to the Sea represented not just an important military campaign, but quite possibly the largest emancipation event in American history. It also follows the refugee experience on to the shores of Georgia and South Carolina, showing how the army’s arrival in Savannah and this emerging refugee crisis shaped some of …

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Essays On Discrimination And Spatial Inequality, Luca Perdoni Apr 2022

Essays On Discrimination And Spatial Inequality, Luca Perdoni

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Effects of Federal “Redlining” Maps: a Novel Estimation Strategy, with Disa M. Hynsjö Redlining, the systematic denial of credit to residents of a community, is often cited by activists and policymakers as one cause of enduring urban inequality. It is widely understood that the federal government started redlining in the 1930s. Government maps, identifying disadvantaged neighborhoods with the color red, have become a symbol of institutional discrimination. However, historians have disputed the ultimate influence of such maps on access to credit, and evidence of any causal economic impacts is scarce due to a lack of data and estimation challenges. …

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Witnessing The Evolution Of Rna, Xavier Portillo Apr 2022

Witnessing The Evolution Of Rna, Xavier Portillo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The RNA World theory postulates that at a certain point around 4 billion years ago during an RNA World period, a molecule, possibly RNA, developed the ability to self-replicate via polymerization. The theory also suggests that all extant life evolved from this initial RNA-based predecessor. No geological evidence from this RNA World period remains, and a self-replicating RNA polymerase has yet to be discovered or created. However, there is ample evidence from extant life pointing to an RNA-based predecessor. For example, the ribosome is a ribozyme, RNA functions as precursor signaling molecules, riboswitches regulate transcription and translation, and many more. …

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Phenol Exposure And Time To Pregnancy, Early Pregnancy Loss, And The Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome, Ana Katherine Rosen Vollmar Apr 2022

Phenol Exposure And Time To Pregnancy, Early Pregnancy Loss, And The Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome, Ana Katherine Rosen Vollmar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Phenols are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have been used in everyday consumer products for decades. Exposure is widespread, with detectable levels in populations worldwide. Studies suggest phenols can influence reproductive function through endocrine-disrupting mechanisms. This dissertation focuses on seven less-studied phenols: methyl paraben (MPB), propyl paraben (PPB), butyl paraben (BPB), triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP-24), and 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP-25). These chemicals are found in a range of products including foods, personal care products, cosmetics, soaps, sunscreens, herbicides, and mothballs. Despite plausible mechanisms by which phenols could impact reproductive function, there are inconsistent results across limited epidemiologic studies. Though metabolomics is a …

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Uniform Exponential Mixing Of Frame Flows For Congruence Covers Of Convex Cocompact Hyperbolic Manifolds, Pratyush Sarkar Apr 2022

Uniform Exponential Mixing Of Frame Flows For Congruence Covers Of Convex Cocompact Hyperbolic Manifolds, Pratyush Sarkar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The main objective of this thesis is to prove uniform exponential mixing of the frame flow for congruence covers of a hyperbolic manifold $\Gamma \backslash \mathbb H^n$ with respect to the Bowen--Margulis--Sullivan measures, for some convex cocompact thin subgroup $\Gamma$ of an arithmetic lattice in $\SO(n, 1)$. In order to accomplish this, we first need to prove exponential mixing of the frame flow for a single convex cocompact hyperbolic manifold $\Gamma \backslash \mathbb H^n$ as well. The former result extends the work of Oh--Winter who established the $n = 2$ case. The theorems follow from (uniform) spectral bounds for the …

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Insights Into The Allosteric Regulation And Exploitation Of The Mapk Phosphatases As Therapeutic Targets, Shanelle Rashida Shillingford Apr 2022

Insights Into The Allosteric Regulation And Exploitation Of The Mapk Phosphatases As Therapeutic Targets, Shanelle Rashida Shillingford

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), while important regulatory enzymes, have proven a challenge to elucidate their mechanisms of actions, distinct functions, as well as their potential inhibition. These enzymes, responsible for the removal of phosphate groups from tyrosine residues, share high domain and sequence homology and a charged active site. Two factors that increase the difficulty in using small molecules, either as activators or inhibitors, to investigate their functions in cells. A subclass of the PTPs is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphatases (MKPs), responsible for the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the three groups of MAPKs: ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK. …

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Critical Theory In Revolt: Angela Davis, Rudi Dutschke, Hans-Jürgen Krahl And The Frankfurt School, 1964-1972, Cecilia Sebastian Apr 2022

Critical Theory In Revolt: Angela Davis, Rudi Dutschke, Hans-Jürgen Krahl And The Frankfurt School, 1964-1972, Cecilia Sebastian

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation charts an alternative history of Frankfurt School Critical Theory through its critical reception and appropriation by students involved in anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-imperialist social movements in the United States and West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. There, many student readers of the tradition, including those named in the title, found opportunities to refine and critique their mentors’ ideas about capitalism and the state, racism and fascism, technology and mass culture, and the nexus of theory and praxis. They resisted the domestication of Critical Theory into the purely academic discourse of philosophy, sociology, and political theory, and instead …

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Measurement Of Correlations Between Neutral Pions And Charged Hadrons With Respect To The Event Plane In Heavy Ion Collisions With Alice, Michael Henry Oliver Apr 2022

Measurement Of Correlations Between Neutral Pions And Charged Hadrons With Respect To The Event Plane In Heavy Ion Collisions With Alice, Michael Henry Oliver

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion collisions, such as those done at the Large HadronCollider (LHC) and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the high energy densities create an exotic state of matter not seen since the first few microseconds past the Big Bang, a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) where quarks and gluons are not confined into hadronic bound states. The properties and evolution of this matter can be studied using a naturally existing probe: the hard QCD (Quantum Chromo-Dynamics) jets that are produced in partonic hard scatters at the beginning of the collisions. Similarly to the x-rays in medical Computed Tomography, the …

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Contact Tracing In The Era Of Covid-19: Implementation Of Traditional Strategies In Novel Contexts And Innovative Approaches To Address Existing Barriers, Tyler James Shelby Apr 2022

Contact Tracing In The Era Of Covid-19: Implementation Of Traditional Strategies In Novel Contexts And Innovative Approaches To Address Existing Barriers, Tyler James Shelby

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Background: Contact tracing is an evidence-based intervention that became a core component of many COVID-19 response plans throughout the globe. Despite its demonstrated success within other disease contexts, early studies of COVID-19 contact tracing have reported mixed results regarding the effectiveness and impact of contact tracing on ultimate pandemic objectives such as case incidence or mortality. Yet, there remains a knowledge gap regarding contextual factors that influence implementation outcomes of contact tracing that may in turn influence its ultimate impact. The primary objective of this dissertation is to address this knowledge deficit by evaluating an emergency contact tracing program developed …

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Aesthetics And Asceticism: The Paradox Of The Bodily Senses In The Catholic Reformation, Thomas Joseph Santa Maria Apr 2022

Aesthetics And Asceticism: The Paradox Of The Bodily Senses In The Catholic Reformation, Thomas Joseph Santa Maria

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

According to most accounts, following the reformations Protestant worship and tradition became asensual by emphasizing encounters with biblical texts through reading the Bible or hearing sermons. Conversely, Early Modern Catholicism became synonymous with the sensuous, meaning it exploited the senses of faithful Catholics through its incense, art, music, sacraments, and practices. This dissertation challenges these assumptions by demonstrating that there were two sides to Catholic piety that existed in a paradoxical relationship. Surely, Catholic worship appealed to the senses to teach the faith, to meditate and contemplate in prayer, and to move Catholics to greater piety by emulating the saints …

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A Dynamical Synthesis Of Planetary Systems, Malena Rice Apr 2022

A Dynamical Synthesis Of Planetary Systems, Malena Rice

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the past three decades, complementary lines of evidence have each provided tantalizing hints about the underlying mechanisms driving the diverse set of planetary system architectures. This dissertation leverages dynamics to synthesize the various components of planetary systems, including stars, planets, and minor planets. My work progresses at the intersection of subfields, drawing evidence from both solar system and exoplanet studies to advance a cohesive picture of planetary system evolution. This dissertation is fundamentally focused on interactions between the components of planetary systems. As a result, it is organized into three segments detailing the relationship between these components. A brief …

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Understanding Liberty: The Constitution’S Neoliberal Turn, Amanda Shanor Apr 2022

Understanding Liberty: The Constitution’S Neoliberal Turn, Amanda Shanor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The three major essays and two smaller pieces that form this dissertation focus on the recent deregulatory turn in U.S. constitutional law. They analyze changing, and often competing, understandings of liberty and its relationship to concepts of welfare, choice, democracy, and the purposes of the state. Over the past forty years plaintiffs have increasingly invoked the Constitution, and the free speech clause in particular, in efforts to avoid economic regulation. Areas of life that were once thought irrelevant to the Constitution have become the fodder of pitched litigation, circuit splits, top appellate practices, and United States Supreme Court review. This …

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Quilting Topological Phases Of Matter With Quantum Thread: A Luttinger Liquid Love Letter, Joseph Mccabe Ulysses Sullivan Apr 2022

Quilting Topological Phases Of Matter With Quantum Thread: A Luttinger Liquid Love Letter, Joseph Mccabe Ulysses Sullivan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Kicked off by the discovery of the quantum Hall effect in the early 1980s, the study of topological phases of matter has captured the attention of the condensed matter physics community for over four decades. With topologically ordered phases, symmetry-protected topological phases and, most recently, fracton phases, examples of states of matter beyond the Landau-Ginzburg symmetry breaking paradigm abound. One approach for constructing these novel states of matter is to employ a layered approach; 2-dimensional phases can be built by coupling together 1-dimensional "wires", 3-dimensional phases can be built by coupling together 2-dimensional "layers" and/or 1-dimensional "wires" and so on. …

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Deep Risk Prediction And Embedding Of Patient Data: Application To Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Dennis Shung Apr 2022

Deep Risk Prediction And Embedding Of Patient Data: Application To Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Dennis Shung

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common and costly condition, accounting for over 2.2 million hospital days and 19.2 billion dollars of medical charges annually. Risk stratification is a critical part of initial assessment of patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Although all national and international guidelines recommend the use of risk-assessment scoring systems, they are not commonly used in practice, have sub-optimal performance, may be applied incorrectly, and are not easily updated. With the advent of widespread electronic health record adoption, longitudinal clinical data captured during the clinical encounter is now available. However, this data is often noisy, sparse, and heterogeneous. …

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Three Essays In African Politics, Constantine Msisiri Manda Apr 2022

Three Essays In African Politics, Constantine Msisiri Manda

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation advances scholarship on identity politics in sub-Saharan Africa by showing how characteristics of ethnic groups interact with historical events to produce new identities, beliefs and behaviors. Comparisons are centered either on political hierarchy; relative size of ethnic groups; and political, economic, and geographic dimensions with relevant decisions made by pre-colonial and post-colonial African political rulers as they select the extent to which they may use religion to justify their political rule; the extent to which they may favor co-ethnics in cabinets; and the extent to which they take appropriate actions or implement appropriate policies as it relates to …

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Exploring Electrocatalytic Co2 Reduction: From Material Design To Mechanistic Understanding, Zixu Tao Apr 2022

Exploring Electrocatalytic Co2 Reduction: From Material Design To Mechanistic Understanding, Zixu Tao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction, owing to its mild and controllable working conditions and compatibility with renewable energy sources, is a promising approach to CO2 utilizations. This thesis presents studies on electrocatalytic CO2 reduction from catalyst designs to mechanistic understandings. The exploration of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts starts by studying strong interactions between two different types of metal nanoparticles, which can dramatically change their electrocatalytic properties but are underexplored. We show that interactions with Au can turn Cu, which by itself is neither selective nor active for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate, into a much improved electrocatalyst for the same reaction. Understandings …

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Essays On Information Asymmetries In Labor Markets, Sourav Sinha Apr 2022

Essays On Information Asymmetries In Labor Markets, Sourav Sinha

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

My dissertation examines the role of private information available to workers and firms in labor markets. In particular, I study three policies in the US, Austria, and Germany which either restrict or allow one side of the market to access information available to the other side. I evaluate the causal effects of these policies on different labor market outcomes, and particularly on pay disparity. In Chapter 1, I study the effects of US salary history bans which restrict employers from inquiring about job applicants' pay history during the hiring process but allow candidates to voluntarily share information. Using a difference-in-differences …

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"All Kinds Of Money": Black Women On The Moving And The Policing Of Urban Alley Workers, 1900-1935, Jub Sankofa Apr 2022

"All Kinds Of Money": Black Women On The Moving And The Policing Of Urban Alley Workers, 1900-1935, Jub Sankofa

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“All Kinds of Money”: Black Women on the Move and the Policing of Urban Alley Workers, 1900-1935 is a story about labor refusal, informal wage earning, and the rise of “criminal” identification in North America. My dissertation examines the migration, working, and carceral histories of Black women dubbed by police and press as “rollers” and “alley workers.” By the turn of the 20th century, white newspaper outlets regularly printed articles with headlines such as “Rolled by a Negress,” “Caught White Man in Alley,” and “Gang of Negresses Prey On White Men.” The racializing and labeling of rollers as a professional …

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Resonant Integrated Nonlinear Photonics For The Development Of Compact And Stable Soliton Microcombs, Joshua Brian Surya Apr 2022

Resonant Integrated Nonlinear Photonics For The Development Of Compact And Stable Soliton Microcombs, Joshua Brian Surya

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nonlinear nanophotonic devices are crucial building blocks of a fully integrated photonic system. They enable high-speed, high-throughput and customizable transfer of information, with applications ranging from biology to cutting edge quantum information technologies. A particularly important nanophotonics component is the micro-resonator. Not only do micro-resonators confine light and allow an effective increased length of interaction with a desired material platform, they are also highly compact. Through the amplification of light-matter interaction, nonlinear phenomena such as soliton comb generation, record breaking second and third harmonic generation as well as electro-optic frequency conversion have been observed on an integrated on-chip platform. The …

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Essays On Hedonic Contrast, Guy Voichek Apr 2022

Essays On Hedonic Contrast, Guy Voichek

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is about how the ways people make comparisons determine when, how intensely, and for how long they experience hedonic contrast. The first two essays show that people tend to focus more on comparisons in the negative domain than in the positive domain, such that (a) they tend to make comparisons when evaluating inherently negative outcomes, but not when evaluating inherently positive outcomes, causing pain to be more contrast-dependent than pleasure, and (b) if items are not inherently positive or negative, but rather, are made to appear positive or negative by virtue of how they compare with one another, …

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Computational Studies Of Packing And Jamming In Biological Systems, John Durkin Treado Apr 2022

Computational Studies Of Packing And Jamming In Biological Systems, John Durkin Treado

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The application of coarse-grained computational models to the study of physical systems has explodedin recent years, in part due to the relative simplicity of such models compared to the drastic complexity that can be found in the natural world. These models have been of particular use to the study of biological systems, as living things are typically highly complex and live far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In this thesis, I will present several coarse-grained computational models of different biological systems with the aim of identifying the role physical constraints, in particular those of packing and jamming, play in different biological systems. …

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Hegel’S Institutional Enlightenment: A Study Of The Political Institutions In Hegel’S Philosophy Of Right, Darren King Zhuan Nah Apr 2022

Hegel’S Institutional Enlightenment: A Study Of The Political Institutions In Hegel’S Philosophy Of Right, Darren King Zhuan Nah

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“Hegel’s Institutional Enlightenment: A Study of the Political Institutions of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” examines how Hegel responded to Prussian feudal elites who employed the ideas of “liberty” and “parliaments” to advance their interests. In contrast to other scholars who argue that Hegel sought to moderate the radical individualism of bourgeois liberalism, this work finds that he is instead better understood as responding to aristocratic liberalism. This approach frames Hegel’s political thought as a response to feudal reaction and the rise of Junker-led agrarian capitalism rather than problems of bourgeois and industrial society per se. I demonstrate how Hegel had …

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Uncovering Hidden Diversity In Plants, Xing Wu Apr 2022

Uncovering Hidden Diversity In Plants, Xing Wu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

One of the greatest challenges to human civilization in the 21st century will be to provide global food security to a growing population while reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. Despite increasing demand, the fundamental issue of limited genetic diversity in domesticated crops provides windows of opportunity for emerging pandemics and the insufficient ability of modern crops to respond to a changing global environment. The wild relatives of crop plants, with large reservoirs of untapped genetic diversity, offer great potential to improve the resilience of elite cultivars. Utilizing this diversity requires advanced technologies to comprehensively identify genetic diversity and understand …

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Searching For Dark Matter With Cosine-100, William Gray Thompson Apr 2022

Searching For Dark Matter With Cosine-100, William Gray Thompson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

For more than two decades, the DAMA collaboration has claimed a direct discovery of dark matter. This claim comes in the form of an annual modulation in the event rate of a sodium iodide-based dark matter detector that has persisted for more than two decades. Currently, this modulation is observed at a significance of 12.9σ. While such a discovery would be a milestone in physics, significant doubt has been cast on the validity of DAMA’s discovery claim, as it is in conflict with the null results reported by other direct detection experiments. Despite this tension, a direct test of DAMA’s …

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On The Evolutionary Ecology Of Microbial Metabolic Niche Construction, Jean Celestin Charles Vila Apr 2022

On The Evolutionary Ecology Of Microbial Metabolic Niche Construction, Jean Celestin Charles Vila

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

All organisms construct the shared environment in which they live. This is especially notable in micro-organisms as they secrete and uptake a diverse range of metabolites depending on their genotype and environment. Over the past few decades, systems biologists have developed computational tools to predict the nutrient uptake and secretions of microbes across environments, using metabolic networks inferred from whole-genome sequencing. These tools provide an opportunity to quantify eco-evolutionary dynamics at the genomic level, by combining genome-scale metabolic models mapping genotype to phenotype, with consumer-resource models predicting population dynamics from phenotype. By leveraging these new computational approaches and combining them …

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Jet To Event Activity Correlations In Small System Collisions At Star, David J. Stewart Apr 2022

Jet To Event Activity Correlations In Small System Collisions At Star, David J. Stewart

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

At sufficient energy densities, ultra-relativistic heavy ioncollisions produce a quark gluon plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons are deconfined into an extended medium. High energy partons in the collision scatter at short time scales, may afterward interact with the QGP media, and ultimately hadronize into a collimated spray of particles. Experimentally, these particles are algorithmically clustered into jets, which are used as proxies for the initiating partons and therefore as probes of the QGP's properties. This thesis presents jet measurements from $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$=200~GeV $p$+Au collisionsrecorded by STAR at RHIC in 2015. These are the first reported semi-inclusive jet results for …

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Custom Cell Placement Automation For Asynchronous Vlsi, Yihang Yang Apr 2022

Custom Cell Placement Automation For Asynchronous Vlsi, Yihang Yang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Asynchronous Very-Large-Scale-Integration (VLSI) integrated circuits have demonstrated many advantages over their synchronous counterparts, including low power consumption, elastic pipelining, robustness against manufacturing and temperature variations, etc. However, the lack of dedicated electronic design automation (EDA) tools, especially physical layout automation tools, largely limits the adoption of asynchronous circuits. Existing commercial placement tools are optimized for synchronous circuits, and require a standard cell library provided by semiconductor foundries to complete the physical design. The physical layouts of cells in this library have the same height to simplify the placement problem and the power distribution network. Although the standard cell methodology also …

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The Electrochemistry Of Two-Dimensional Materials And Their Heterostructures For Energy Applications, Joshua Voges Pondick Apr 2022

The Electrochemistry Of Two-Dimensional Materials And Their Heterostructures For Energy Applications, Joshua Voges Pondick

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Meeting the growing energy demands of the 21st century is one of the greatest problems facing humanity, which has led to intense research into improving energy generation, storage, and transportation. To meet this challenge, many researchers have focused on nanomaterials, which offer unique opportunities for property modulation, attractive kinetics, and increased surface area. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are a class of nanomaterial consisting of atomically thin sheets with a wide range of attractive properties and the weak interlayer van der Waals interactions in these compounds can be exploited to stack layers of different materials with an atomically smooth interface to form …

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Essays On Macro-Finance, Xiaochuan Xing Apr 2022

Essays On Macro-Finance, Xiaochuan Xing

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three essays at the intersection of macroeconomics and finance, emphasizing the effects of financial frictions on business cycles based on theoretical, quantitative, and empirical studies. In Chapter 1, I construct an infinite-horizon dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with a collateral constraint and actual default in equilibrium. Entrepreneurs borrow from households through non-recourse debt contracts backed by capital goods. By taking into account the non-linear payoffs of the collateralized debt contracts and the scarcity of collateral, borrowers and lenders adjust their bid and ask schedules, or equivalently, the credit demand and supply surfaces for debt contracts with …

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