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Apollon’S Gift: Musical Therapy From Asklepieia To Bīmāristāns, Chihiro Larissa Tsukamoto Apr 2023

Apollon’S Gift: Musical Therapy From Asklepieia To Bīmāristāns, Chihiro Larissa Tsukamoto

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the history of music’s use for healing purposes in Antiquity and the Middle Ages and explores the contributions of Islamic medicine on historical musical therapy. It begins in ancient Greece with an examination of polytheistic ancient Greek music and medicine, moves to the role of music in Byzantine healing institutions after the Christianization of Greece, and to its role in bīmāristāns during the Abbasid, Mamluk, and Ottoman periods. Ultimately, it seeks to describe how music was used therapeutically in ancient Greek, Byzantine, and Islamic institutions of healing. Several ancient Greek philosophers believed music could affect the body, …

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Classical Sociological Theory Before The 'Fathers': The Radical Materialism Of Miss Harriet Martineau, Elexis Ellis Apr 2023

Classical Sociological Theory Before The 'Fathers': The Radical Materialism Of Miss Harriet Martineau, Elexis Ellis

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Harriet Martineau was a radical materialist in several respects. Taking the (Baconian) scientific method—avoiding confirmation bias by “bringing together an accumulation of facts previous to the formation of a theory”—to its radical conclusion by extending it to mental phenomena, her (wholly neurophysiological) anti-dualist ontology of human consciousness demolished the division between mental and natural philosophy, the special spiritual status of humans among animals, a clear distinction between thought and perception, & etc. Because it revealed humans—and the mental/physical activity thereof—to be wholly material, and therefore subject to observable laws of nature as any other physical phenomenon, it also made human/social …

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Understanding The Role Of Marital Status And Marital Stress On Health Outcomes For Young Adults After Acute Myocardial Infarction, Cenjing Zhu Apr 2023

Understanding The Role Of Marital Status And Marital Stress On Health Outcomes For Young Adults After Acute Myocardial Infarction, Cenjing Zhu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Introduction: Psychosocial factors may play important roles in the recovery of young adults (age≤55 years) after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), yet little is known about the impact of marital status and marital stress as an independent exposure. This dissertation aims to examine the relationship between marital status, marital stress, and post-AMI health outcomes, with a focus on younger adults.Methods: A systematic review was conducted to understand the association between marital/partner status and patient-reported outcomes among AMI survivors. Next, we used data from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients), an observational …

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Fusing Symbolic And Subsymbolic Approaches For Natural And Effective Human-Robot Collaboration, Jake Noah Brawer Apr 2023

Fusing Symbolic And Subsymbolic Approaches For Natural And Effective Human-Robot Collaboration, Jake Noah Brawer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Human-robot collaboration (HRC) is a field that studies how to combine the strengths of humans and robots to perform joint tasks. A crucial element of any successful collaboration is the ability for collaborators to flexibly adapt to each others' needs. In the context of HRC, this not only implies that robots can modify their behavior in-the-moment to directives issued by human users, but also that they can rapidly acquire the skills necessary for the task at hand. In turn, the knowledge acquired by a collaborative robot should be transparent and easily accessible, allowing users to adapt their behavior based on …

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Diversity And Distribution Of Herbaceous Plants Along A Tropical Rainfall Gradient In Western Ghats, India, Harikrishnan Venugopalan Nair Radhamoni Apr 2023

Diversity And Distribution Of Herbaceous Plants Along A Tropical Rainfall Gradient In Western Ghats, India, Harikrishnan Venugopalan Nair Radhamoni

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tropical forests hold most of the vascular plant life on earth. Much of our understanding on the diversity patterns and drivers of plants in tropical forests is based on studies on trees, which form only a quarter of the plant diversity in these forests. Over 40% of plant diversity in some tropical forests is comprised of understory herbaceous angiosperms (herbs). Despite such high species richness, and their critical role in the functioning of forest ecosystems, our knowledge on the diversity patterns and drivers of herbs is poor, compared to trees. This knowledge gap not only precludes any claim on a …

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Reading The Surface In Early Modern English Literature, Sophia Richardson Apr 2023

Reading The Surface In Early Modern English Literature, Sophia Richardson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“Reading the Surface” explores the interplay between the textual and the textural in the material and conceptual formation of early modern English literature. In preparing works for circulation in manuscript and print, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writers imagined their creations not only (or even primarily) as paper and ink, but as fabrications of a different sort: crystals, jewels, and glasses; colored canvases and painted faces; costumes, clothing, bundles of rags, and elaborately worked textiles. Though the labor of both printer and scribe were central to early modern literary practice, the early modern literary imagination cast its net wider, seeking material reference …

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Pulmonary Delivery Of Mrna Therapeutics, Alexandra Ahova Suberi Apr 2023

Pulmonary Delivery Of Mrna Therapeutics, Alexandra Ahova Suberi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Advances in mRNA sequence design and chemical modifications have brought us to theprecipice of translating mRNA therapeutics to treat and cure innumerable human diseases. However, targeting mRNA delivery to relevant tissues remains a major obstacle in the clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics. Topical delivery of mRNA to the respiratory mucosa is an attractive strategy for treating pulmonary disorders. Despite significant interest, there are no approved delivery vehicles capable of efficiently and safely transfecting lung cells with mRNA. In this work, we created a polymer delivery vehicle for mRNA encapsulation and airway delivery. We employed a screening approach to formulate polyplexes …

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Electronic Property Tuning And External Stimuli Control Of Two-Dimensional Materials Via Surface Functionalization, Serrae Reed-Lingenfelter Apr 2023

Electronic Property Tuning And External Stimuli Control Of Two-Dimensional Materials Via Surface Functionalization, Serrae Reed-Lingenfelter

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Two-Dimensional (2D) materials are atomically thin and encompass a wide range of material classes and functionalities. The reduced dimensionality yields unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties in the mono- and few-layer limit, attractive for a variety of device applications. However, precise control of the electronic and magnetic properties of 2D materials is a persistent barrier to their incorporation into market optoelectronic technologies. For example, traditional doping methods, though well-optimized for bulk materials, can introduce negative steric effects into 2D materials and degrade device performance. In contrast, the tuning of 2D materials through surface functionalization is a promising alternative that is …

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A Diagrammatic Method To Compute The Effective Hamiltonian Of Driven Nonlinear Oscillators, Xu Xiao Apr 2023

A Diagrammatic Method To Compute The Effective Hamiltonian Of Driven Nonlinear Oscillators, Xu Xiao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The question answered in this thesis is whether it is possible to construct a rigorous and efficient perturbation method to obtain the effective static Hamiltonian of a nonlinear oscillator driven by a time-dependent oscillatory force. We present in this dissertation such a method, based on Feynman-like diagram. The pictorial structure associated with each diagram corresponds directly to a Hamiltonian term, the prefactor of which involves a simple counting of topologically equivalent diagrams. We also leverage the algorithmic simplicity of our scheme in a readily available computer program that generates the effective Hamiltonian to arbitrary order. At the heart of our …

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Pathlength-Dependent Jet Quenching In The Quark--Gluon Plasma At Alice, Caitlin Beattie Apr 2023

Pathlength-Dependent Jet Quenching In The Quark--Gluon Plasma At Alice, Caitlin Beattie

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

At extremely high temperatures, the quarks and gluons that compose the fundamental building blocks of our universe undergo a phase transition from stable hadronic matter to become a deconfined quark--gluon plasma (QGP). One way to study this medium is through collisions of heavy ions, where extraordinarily high energy densities produce just such a deconfined state. Of particular interest are jets, collimated showers of hadrons that originate early in the collision and undergo modification as they traverse the QGP, thus probing the medium's properties and enabling the study of quantum chromodynamics at multiple scales. Notably, jets lose energy as they propagate …

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Data Analysis Tools For Terahertz Spectroscopy, Uriel Tayvah Apr 2023

Data Analysis Tools For Terahertz Spectroscopy, Uriel Tayvah

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy probes frequencies between the infrared and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A wide range of phenomena leave signatures in this region, including excitons, phonons, rotations of gas molecules, and free carriers. The last of these is of particular interest, as it allows THz spectroscopy to serve as a non-contact probe of conductivity. This can provide particularly rich information when THz spectroscopy is combined with ultrafast visible photoexcitation, to measure transient photoconductivity with sub-picosecond resolution. This is particularly useful in characterizing materials for solar energy applications. Data analysis is often a key obstacle in obtaining the insights …

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Mechanistic Insights Into Protein-Mediated Lipid Transfer, Zhouping Hong Apr 2023

Mechanistic Insights Into Protein-Mediated Lipid Transfer, Zhouping Hong

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In eukaryotes, most lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then redistributed from there to other organelles, each of which has a distinct membrane lipid composition. We have long known that lipids can be trafficked between organelles by vesicles. More recently, it has become clear that there is another major means of lipid redistribution mediated by lipid transport proteins (LTPs) that localize to so-called membrane contact sites (MCSs), where two organelles come into close apposition. LTPs have a hydrophobic cavity to solubilize the lipid fatty acyl tail. They work as either shuttles that ferry 1-2 lipid molecules at …

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Mechanistic Studies On (Salen)Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions, Conner Venn Wilson Apr 2023

Mechanistic Studies On (Salen)Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions, Conner Venn Wilson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Chapter 1 describes the field of metal-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) reactions. An overview of synthetic methods which use MHAT is discussed. Two classes of metal hydrides are defined and their properties and reactivity are contrasted. The current understanding of the mechanisms in MHAT catalysis is discussed, including the steps of metal hydride formation, hydrogen atom transfer to alkene, alkyl radical trapping, and catalyst turnover. From these discussions, a general mechanistic framework is proposed for catalytic MHAT reactions.Chapter 2 describes (salen)cobalt(III) complexes proposed to be catalytic intermediates in oxidative MHAT reactions. These complexes are shown to be rapidly reduced by …

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Integrative Analysis Of Bulk And Single Cell Rna-Seq Modalities In The C. Elegans Nervous System, Alec Barrett Apr 2023

Integrative Analysis Of Bulk And Single Cell Rna-Seq Modalities In The C. Elegans Nervous System, Alec Barrett

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nervous systems are complex networks, which requires a diverse set of neurons to detect, process, learn from, and respond to external stimuli. This neuronal diversity is directly tied to diversity of gene expression networks across the nervous system. Here I present my work, as part of the CeNGEN consortium, mapping gene expression across the entire nervous system in the hermaphroditic nematode C. elegans. I outline a strategy for sequencing RNA from individual neurons using bulk RNA-seq after cell sorting, and demonstrate a species-specific reagent for ribosomal depletion for ultra-low input RNA-seq library preparation. I describe a collaborative effort to sequence …

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Environmental Exposures From The Local To The Global: A Comparison Of The Experiences And Consequences Of Exposure Among The Qom Of Formosa, Argentina, And Residents Of New Haven, Connecticut, Carlye Chaney Apr 2023

Environmental Exposures From The Local To The Global: A Comparison Of The Experiences And Consequences Of Exposure Among The Qom Of Formosa, Argentina, And Residents Of New Haven, Connecticut, Carlye Chaney

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and other environmental contaminants is globally ubiquitous and can have adverse consequences on health throughout the lifespan. In this project, I investigated the experiences and consequences of environmental contaminant exposure for maternal and infant health in two places that differ environmentally, politically, and socioeconomically –Namqom in Formosa, Argentina, and New Haven, Connecticut. Specifically, I hypothesized that environmental contaminant exposure influences human well-being and physiology, as assessed from the human milk and urine metabolome, through changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in both infancy and adulthood.I first investigated the local context, both historical and present, that …

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Progress Towards A Measurement Of Time-Reversal Symmetry Violation In Thallium Fluoride, Oskari Matinpoika Timgren Apr 2023

Progress Towards A Measurement Of Time-Reversal Symmetry Violation In Thallium Fluoride, Oskari Matinpoika Timgren

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe is widely considered to be an indication of the existence of beyond the Standard Model time-reversal symmetry violating physics. This dissertation describes work on a new molecular beam experiment (CeNTREX) to search for T-violating physics in the hyperfine structure of the diatomic molecule thallium fluoride ($^{205}$Tl$^{19}$F). TlF is primarily sensitive to T-violating physics due to the Schiff moment of the thallium nucleus. Thus, our experimental scheme is to search for a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency of the Tl nucleus when the direction of an electric field coupled to the Schiff …

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Characterizing Reactive Uptake At The Air-Water Interface Of Sea Spray Aerosols Using Cryogenic Ion Spectroscopy, Santino James Stropoli Apr 2023

Characterizing Reactive Uptake At The Air-Water Interface Of Sea Spray Aerosols Using Cryogenic Ion Spectroscopy, Santino James Stropoli

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Sea Spray Aerosols (SSA) generated from ocean wave breaking constitute one the largest sources atmospheric particulate matter, and can exhibit enormous diversity in their chemical composition. Heterogenous reactions occurring at the air-water interface of these SSA particles are thought to play a key role in the regulation of gas-phase oxidants and greenhouse gases in the troposphere and thus have broad implications for global climate. Unfortunately, the underlying chemical physics associated with interfacial reactivity is poorly understood and large uncertainties in the mechanisms, relative product yields, and kinetics of the processes occurring on SSA surfaces remain. In this dissertation, SSA reactivity …

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Bible As Scripture: Orthodox Slavic Scripturality And Church Slavonic Bibles, John Max Mikitish Apr 2023

Bible As Scripture: Orthodox Slavic Scripturality And Church Slavonic Bibles, John Max Mikitish

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Both specialized and non-specialized works dealing with the scriptures among the medieval Orthodox Slavs tend to subsume the scriptures under the category of “Bible.” Thus, historians of “the Bible” in Slavia Orthodoxa often view the advent of the Gennadius Bible as the culmination of a centuries-long project. The author of the present work, however, argues that the Orthodox Slavs operated under a paradigm of what is here termed “scripturality”: for participants in the Orthodox Slavic tradition, “scripture” was an open category, and the scriptures were themselves open texts. Scripturality was part of the Orthodox Slavs’ Byzantine patrimony and, indeed, part …

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The Fragmented Gateway To Collective Repentance: Race, Policing, And The Black Church In America, Matthew G. T. Denney Apr 2023

The Fragmented Gateway To Collective Repentance: Race, Policing, And The Black Church In America, Matthew G. T. Denney

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the response of Black faith communities to policing and racial inequality in America. I explore the puzzle of why policing has compelled unique levels of mass mobilization for racial justice among Black faith communities, despite significant disagreement, while other areas of entrenched inequality have not received the same level of attention, despite more widespread agreement. This project draws on historical-archival research, ethnographic work based in New Haven, focus group interviews with Black faith leaders from around the country, and a large national survey to provide a holistic picture of the role of Black faith communities in conversations …

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Machine Learning For Ordinal Time Series To Understand Disease Progression, Jonathan D. Koss Apr 2023

Machine Learning For Ordinal Time Series To Understand Disease Progression, Jonathan D. Koss

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Measuring symptoms over time is an essential part of clinical research. Differencesin symptom progression are often used to better understand diseases and identify treatment targets. In clinical trials, change in symptoms is always a key finding. Many symptoms, however, are often difficult to measure empirically, particularly in neurological and psychiatric conditions. In these cases, clinical questionnaires which measure symptoms on ordinal scales are used. When longitudinal clinical studies use these questionnaires, noisy ordinal time series are created. Current approaches to the analysis of these questionnaires do not properly account for the noise or the ordinality and often all questions are …

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Observing, Controlling, And Planning Compliant Robot Manipulation, Andrew Morgan Apr 2023

Observing, Controlling, And Planning Compliant Robot Manipulation, Andrew Morgan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In-hand manipulation is a complicated process—it requires a group of individual manipulators to work in proper unison with one another, modulating forces on an object while making and breaking contact. Traditional approaches to realizing such capabilities have been through the use of overly-complex, anthropomorphic, and thus expensive, robot hands equipped with a vast array of sensors, which are often noisy and can in turn lead to task failure. Mechanically compliant end effectors, on the other hand, have shown to be beneficial to robot manipulation, particularly for grasping, as they are able to "absorb the slack” in any modeling, sensing, or …

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Essays In Financial Economics, Kaushik Vasudevan Apr 2023

Essays In Financial Economics, Kaushik Vasudevan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three essays in financial economics. The first essay, joint with Paul Schmidt-Engelbertz, is titled `Asset Pricing with Higher Order Beliefs.' Higher order beliefs -- beliefs about others' beliefs -- may be important for trading behavior and asset prices, but have received little systematic empirical examination due to challenges in measurement. We circumvent these challenges using the insight that return expectations for an asset encode higher order beliefs, as they depend on forecasts of other investors' future demand. Analyzing survey data on the beliefs of U.S. equity market and global currency market investors, we find that the …

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Large-Area Synthesis And Characterization Of 2d Telluride Thin Films, David Hynek Apr 2023

Large-Area Synthesis And Characterization Of 2d Telluride Thin Films, David Hynek

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the past decade, two-dimensional (2D) materials have exploded as a new class of nanomaterials that hold the potential to revolutionize technologies ranging from energy storage to flexible electronics. These materials are composed of stacks of atomically thin sheets which are defined by the weak van der Waals interactions between layers. This has allowed for the isolation of few- and single layers of many different compounds that exhibit emergent electrical and physical behavior at the nanoscale. While there is much excitement about the potential of these materials, the synthesis of large-area, single crystalline thin films remains an issue. In this …

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The Avant-Garde Of Feeling: Queer Love And Modernism, Michael Abraham Apr 2023

The Avant-Garde Of Feeling: Queer Love And Modernism, Michael Abraham

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation reads the lives and works of Gertrude Stein, Alice B. Toklas, H.D., Bryher, and Langston Hughes to understand love’s potential for queer flourishing for American subjects in the pre-Stonewall era. Through readings of literature that run the gamut of genre from memoirs to poetry, novels to cookbooks, it teases out what love means to each of these authors and explores their orientations toward cisheteronormative constructions of kinship in twentieth-century America and Europe, while they resist, recontextualize, and sometimes capitulate to the complex of forces that constitutes normativity. The last three decades have generated manifold theorizations of queer desire, …

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Disentangling Sequence Constraints On The Cofilin N-Terminal Phosphorylation Site, Joel Andrew Sexton Apr 2023

Disentangling Sequence Constraints On The Cofilin N-Terminal Phosphorylation Site, Joel Andrew Sexton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Eukaryotic cells require cofilin, also known as actin depolymerizing factor (ADF), to regulate the severing and rapid reorganization of actin filaments during processes such as cell division and migration. Cofilin severing activity is facilitated by a binding interaction between actin and the cofilin N-terminus. The cofilin N-terminus contains a phosphorylation site that reversibly inhibits actin severing when phosphorylated by members of the LIM kinase (LIMK) family. These two functions of the N-terminus, actin severing and phospho-regulation, converge to promote strict evolutionary conservation of a Ser-Gly-Val/Ile/Met/Thr motif, but how the N-terminal motif conforms and contributes to these two requirements has remained …

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Essays In Industrial Economics, Changhyun Kwak Apr 2023

Essays In Industrial Economics, Changhyun Kwak

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation studies a range of topics in industrial economics. Chapter 1 provides a sufficient condition under which a general screening problem can be reduced, without a loss for the principal, to one with the single crossing property. The sufficient condition requires the agent's types to be ordered in a way that two marginal rates of substitution are both increasing in the type order. The monotonicity of one marginal rate of substitution allows the optimal mechanism to use only an allocation subset. The monotonicity of the other marginal rate of substitution ensures that the agent’s preferences over the allocation subset …

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Three Essays On International Trade And Domestic Production Networks, David Gelvez Apr 2023

Three Essays On International Trade And Domestic Production Networks, David Gelvez

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation I aim to contribute to the understanding of interdependence in market economies. I do so by providing new data, computational tools, and novel trade policy episodes in the service of tackling questions of economic relevance. I do this in the three chapters that comprise this work. My hope is that this data-intensive effort informs and inspires theoretical endeavors. In the first chapter, coauthored with James Williams, we address the lack of firm-level production network data. This aligns with one of the pillars of contemporary international trade literature: the pervasive notion of firm heterogeneity. Specifically, we tackle the …

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Cold Thallium Fluoride Beam: Buffer Gas Cooling, Beam Production, And $B^3\Pi$ Excited State Hyperfine Spectra, Eustace Reginald Edwards Apr 2023

Cold Thallium Fluoride Beam: Buffer Gas Cooling, Beam Production, And $B^3\Pi$ Excited State Hyperfine Spectra, Eustace Reginald Edwards

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Since the the idea of laser cooling on thallium fluoride's (TlF) $\ket{X^1\Sigma}$ $\rightarrow$ $\ket{B^3\Pi}$ optical transition, there has been renewed interest TlF beams for both laser cooling and fundamental symmetry test. In particular, researchers were interested in the hyperfine structure in the lowest rotational energy levels of the $B$ state, and the laser cooling potential of lowest Q-branch transition. In this work, we constructed and characterized a cryogenic buffer gas beam source(CBGBS) to produce a rotationally cold TlF beam (3.6K). Using the cold beam, we recorded low temperature hyperfine spectrum, and discovered the $B$ state possesses hyperfine interaction (roughly 4 …

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The Role Of Laminin In A Model Of Maternal Antiviral Immune Activation During Early Placental Development, Emily Kay Condiff Apr 2023

The Role Of Laminin In A Model Of Maternal Antiviral Immune Activation During Early Placental Development, Emily Kay Condiff

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

During pregnancy, the maternal immune system must strike a delicate balance between immune tolerance to prevent rejection of the allogeneic fetus and immune activation to support tissue remodeling and anti-pathogen responses. From the first days of pregnancy and implantation to the development of the mature placenta, fetal trophoblasts rapidly invade the maternal uterine decidua and facilitate tissue reorganization through closely regulated mechanisms of maternal-fetal crosstalk. The extracellular matrix, and particularly the basement membrane protein laminin, is an essential mediator of this process. In this thesis, I describe a model of γδ T cells responding to viral inflammation and causing changes …

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Meaning And Meaninglessness: The Global Standup Explosion, Adam Valen Levinson Apr 2023

Meaning And Meaninglessness: The Global Standup Explosion, Adam Valen Levinson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation investigates the social and cultural significance of the global standup explosion. An unignorable social fact — viewers of more than ten standup specials jumped 60% just between 2018-19, at least half of Netflix users have watched at least one, comedy clubs are their own pandemic — the live comedy phenomenon offers a novel chance to analyze large-scale cultural attitudes and trends. The analysis explores distinct aspects (scales) of humor in three chapters. Chapter One statistically analyzes specific jokes and their reception, surveying whether they are found funny and offensive by respondents. The study reveals that individual reactions to …

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