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On Dynamic Stability Of Zonal Currents, Jörgen Holmboe Jan 1948

On Dynamic Stability Of Zonal Currents, Jörgen Holmboe

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of the dynamic stability of atmospheric currents has been investigated by many authors during the past 20 years. The present paper deals with certain aspects of this problem which was first treated by Solberg [1], Høiland [2], and Kleinschmidt [3], and more recently by Van Mieghem [4], and Fjørtoft [5].

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An Analysis Of The Stirring And Mixing Processes In Incompressible Fluids, Carl Eckart Jan 1948

An Analysis Of The Stirring And Mixing Processes In Incompressible Fluids, Carl Eckart

Journal of Marine Research

In the laboratory, the phenomena accompanying the mixture of two fluids are so commonplace that they do not seem to merit investigation. In the ocean and atmosphere, the phenomena are presumably very similar, but the lack of a good theory on which to base calculations complicates the problem much more than in the laboratory.

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Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline, Walter H. Munk, Ernest R. Anderson Jan 1948

Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline, Walter H. Munk, Ernest R. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

The very large number of bathythermograms which have been taken during the last few years have established the essential features of the temperature structure in the upper layers of the ocean….

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Streamlines From A Discrete Vector Field: With Application To Ocean Currents, Donald W. Pritchard Jan 1948

Streamlines From A Discrete Vector Field: With Application To Ocean Currents, Donald W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of presenting a scalar field on the surface of the earth or sea can be solved by drawing the contour lines or isopleths of the field. If the values of the scalar are measured at points of a grid, it is necessary to interpolate between the points in constructing the contours. The resulting curves are therefore somewhat subjective; however, if the data are reasonably accurate and closely spaced, experienced workers can reduce this subjectiveness to a minimum.

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Some Recent Developments In The Study Of The Gulf Stream, C. O'D. Iselin, Frederick C. Fuglister Jan 1948

Some Recent Developments In The Study Of The Gulf Stream, C. O'D. Iselin, Frederick C. Fuglister

Journal of Marine Research

At Cape Hatteras the Gulf Stream leaves the Continental Slope, so that as far as the deep current is concerned its course is no longer confined. The current again approaches the Continental Shelf off Georges Bank and off the Grand Banks, hut in neither area does it flow normally along the Continental Slope as a river pressing against its bank. The band of water which separates the Gulf Stream from the Continental Shelf in the sector between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks is usually called "slope water." The great body of water to the south and east of the …

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Sound Scatterers In The Sea, Russell W. Raitt Jan 1948

Sound Scatterers In The Sea, Russell W. Raitt

Journal of Marine Research

When sound pulses of ultrasonic frequency are transmitted into the sea, many echoes are returned to the source from scatterers distributed throughout the sea. Under the usual conditions of observation with echo-sounding and echo-ranging apparatus, the echoes merge indistinguishably. The resulting irregularly decaying sound is called reverberation (Eyring, et al., 1948) by analogy with the reverberation observed in rooms.

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Sound As A Tool In Marine Ecology, From Data On Biological Noises And The Deep Scattering Layer, Martin W. Johnson Jan 1948

Sound As A Tool In Marine Ecology, From Data On Biological Noises And The Deep Scattering Layer, Martin W. Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

In studies of specific populations or communities of different animals, the investigator is concerned largely with relative concentrations of individuals and with their feeding and breeding behavior, migratory habits, etc., as individuals or as groups. Information on these aspects is fundamental to an analysis and understanding of the faciors that operate as controls within the population.

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Physical Characteristics Of The Inshore Environment, R. H. Fleming Jan 1948

Physical Characteristics Of The Inshore Environment, R. H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

Oceanography, especially in the United States, has advanced very rapidly during the last two decades. This is true not only of the amount of data collected but also in the development of theories, the improvement of instrumentation, and in the training of investigators. At the same time there has been a tremendous increase of interest in the possible applications of oceanography to other fields of science and to various economic and military problems....

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Water Tables In Marine Beaches, K. O. Emery, J. F. Foster Jan 1948

Water Tables In Marine Beaches, K. O. Emery, J. F. Foster

Journal of Marine Research

Beach slopes, sand movements, and sand composition have been studied by a number of organizations and individuals, but the interstitial water and the possible interrelations between beach characteristics and changing water levels within the beach seem to have received little attention....

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Influence Of The Water Table On Beach Aggradation And Degradation, U. S. Grant Jan 1948

Influence Of The Water Table On Beach Aggradation And Degradation, U. S. Grant

Journal of Marine Research

Observations for many years of the fluctuation in the width and slope of beaches in southern California have demonstrated that the position of the water table under the beach surface has an important bearing on deposition and on erosion of the foreshore and backshore. During winter storms, in the vicinity of Santa Monica and north along the Malibu Coast, a very rapid destruction of the beaches sometimes results....

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Evidence Of World-Wide Submergence, Francis P. Shepard Jan 1948

Evidence Of World-Wide Submergence, Francis P. Shepard

Journal of Marine Research

At the beginning of the century geologists were discussing the idea that the glacial period was the result of enormous vertical movements of the continents. Uplifts were said to have cooled the climates, bringing on glaciation, and subsequent subm~rgence caused the glaciers to melt. This hypothesis was supported by the finding of deep canyons on the sea floor which indicated the former elevated condition of the continents....

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Estimates Of Water Transport Produced By Wave Action, Victor P. Starr Jan 1948

Estimates Of Water Transport Produced By Wave Action, Victor P. Starr

Journal of Marine Research

The writer has received requests on several occasions to give estimates in concise form of the intensity of the transport of water caused by surface waves. It is hoped that the following discussion will be helpful in answering such questions, although it should be pointed out from the beginning that the actual conditions in the oceans depart very significantly from the ideal circumstances presupposed in the theory of the subje'ct, so that great caution must be exercised in applying the theoretical results to practical problems in oceanography, pending comparison with observational data.

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Deep Sea Photography, E. Newton Harvey, Edward R. Baylor Jan 1948

Deep Sea Photography, E. Newton Harvey, Edward R. Baylor

Journal of Marine Research

Interest of the senior author in deep sea photography stems from a desire to obtain photographs of deep sea luminous fish-not by their own light, but in their natural environment, using artificial illumination. The abundance of deep sea forms observed by Beebe (1934) from his bathysphere suggests that success might be achieved, especiaJly if a lure could be found that would attract deep sea fish to the front of the camera.

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Unusual Phosphorus Concentrations In The Florida "Red Tide" Sea Water, Bostwick H. Ketchum, Jean Keen Jan 1948

Unusual Phosphorus Concentrations In The Florida "Red Tide" Sea Water, Bostwick H. Ketchum, Jean Keen

Journal of Marine Research

Beginning in late November 1946, and continuing at sporadic intervals until July 1947, a flowering of Gymnodinium sp. caused discolored water off the west coast of Florida. Millions of fish were killed along the coastline and this mortality was always directly associated with the presence of Gymnodinium (Gunter, Smith and Williams, 1947). The phenomenon has been popularly called the "Red Tide."

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A Posse Ad Esse, Daniel Merriman Jan 1948

A Posse Ad Esse, Daniel Merriman

Journal of Marine Research

"From possibility to reality" seems an appropriate phrase to describe the development of oceanography in the pa.st three-quarters of a century. It is of little more than academic interest to pick a particular date or event as marking the birth of a field of endeavor; however, for oceanography, the late 1860's and the early 1870's unquestionably mark the period which gave the greatest impetus to research on the chemistry, physics a.nd biology of the sea....

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The Dynamics Of Large Horizontal Eddies (Axes Vertical) In The Ocean Off Southern California, George F. Mcewen Jan 1948

The Dynamics Of Large Horizontal Eddies (Axes Vertical) In The Ocean Off Southern California, George F. Mcewen

Journal of Marine Research

A striking feature shown on charts of horizontal circulation of the ocean in the southern California region, Lat. 32° to 34.5° N., is a large counterclockwise eddy between a northward inshore current and a southward offshore current. Charts arranged in time order from spring, at intervals of about two weeks, show a decrease in velocity and an increase in size of the eddy....

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The Exchange Of Oxygen Across The Sea Surface, Alfred C. Redfield Jan 1948

The Exchange Of Oxygen Across The Sea Surface, Alfred C. Redfield

Journal of Marine Research

In temperate latitudes the oxygen content of sea water near the surface varies with the season. This results because the solubility of oxygen in the water changes with its temperature and because of the unequal production and utilization of oxygen by organisms at different seasons. Both factors cause an exchange of oxygen across the sea's surface. The present paper is an attempt to determine the magnitude of this exchange as it occurs in the Gulf of Maine and to evaluate the factors responsible.

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Some Seasonal Chemical Changes In The Open Ocean, Norris W. Rakestraw, Dayton E. Carritt Jan 1948

Some Seasonal Chemical Changes In The Open Ocean, Norris W. Rakestraw, Dayton E. Carritt

Journal of Marine Research

Several studies have been made of the seasonal changes in th, chemical composition of sea water, especially of the so-called "nutrient substances." But most of these have been in localities relatively near shore and in the temperate zones where climatic fluctuations are relatively great. During the years 1937 and 1938 an opportunity arose to study such changes in the open ocean in connection with an investigation of the variations of the Gulf Stream (Iselin, 1940).

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Changes In The Fish Fauna Of Western North America Correlated With Changes In Ocean Temperature, Carl L. Hubbs Jan 1948

Changes In The Fish Fauna Of Western North America Correlated With Changes In Ocean Temperature, Carl L. Hubbs

Journal of Marine Research

Many lines of evidence support the conclusion that temperature is a factor of prime importance in the distribution of marine fishes along the Pacific Coast of North America. The correlation between water temperature and the type of fish found is so definite that I feGl justified in drawing inferences, from the known data of fish distribution, regarding ocean temperatures of the past and regarding the temperatures of regions for which the physical data are inadequate....

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Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria In Marine Sediments, Claude E. Zobell, Sydney C. Rittenberg Jan 1948

Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria In Marine Sediments, Claude E. Zobell, Sydney C. Rittenberg

Journal of Marine Research

The occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in the waters of certain seas, fjords, and basins, as well as the presence of black or "blue" stinking sediments, can hardly escape the notice of any marine scientist. It is not surprising, therefore, that the eminent oceanographer Murray (Murray and Irvine, 1895) concerned himself with the nature of these materials and postulated their bacterial origin even before bacteriologists had described the specific organisms involved.

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Methods For Estimating Dynamic Slopes And Currents In Shallow Waters, Pier Groen Jan 1948

Methods For Estimating Dynamic Slopes And Currents In Shallow Waters, Pier Groen

Journal of Marine Research

In computing relative currents in the sea from the mass distribution, a well known difficulty is encountered when a section extends into relatively shallow water; then a mass of land becomes part of the section.

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Note On The Use Of The T-S Correlation For Dynamic Height Anomaly Computations, Henry Stommel Jan 1947

Note On The Use Of The T-S Correlation For Dynamic Height Anomaly Computations, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

1. The convenience of the bathythermograph for making rapid detailed surveys of the thermal structure in vertical sections of the ocean is leading to an accumulation of data on ocean temperatures far exceeding that on the corresponding salinities….

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Notes On The Distribution Of Energy Frequency In Surface Waves, C. G. Rossby Jan 1947

Notes On The Distribution Of Energy Frequency In Surface Waves, C. G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

The behavior of irrotational surface waves of small amplitude in deep water has been thoroughly investigated through theoretical studies extending over a period of more than one hundred years. Waves of this type are therefore particularly well suited for demonstration of the characteristics of energy and frequency distribution and propagation in dispersive media. In the present note a few comments will be made on the distribution of energy with respect to frequency in such waves.

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Momentum And Energy Integrals For Gravity Waves Of Finite Height, Victor P. Starr Jan 1947

Momentum And Energy Integrals For Gravity Waves Of Finite Height, Victor P. Starr

Journal of Marine Research

1. Introduction. The analytical study of gravity waves of finite height which are periodic and move without change in shape in an ideal irrotational fluid is a subject which has occupied the attention of physicists and mathematicians ever since Stokes (9) published his classic paper entitled "On the Theory of Oscillatory Waves" in 1847. However, it was not until 1925 that an existence proof for such waves in the case of a basin of infinite depth was published by Levi-Civita (4). The corresponding proof for the case of limited depth was presented by Struik (10) in 1926.

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A Salinometer For Use In Brackish Water, William S. Von Arx Jan 1947

A Salinometer For Use In Brackish Water, William S. Von Arx

Journal of Marine Research

In principal this salinometer is a "battery" composed of a pair of dissimilar metals immersed in the brackish water of the field as an electrolyte. Between these dissimilar metals there exists a potential difference which is practically independent of the concentration of salts in the electrolyte over a very wide range. However, the salt concentration has a marked effect upon the conductivity of the electrolyte. If the measuring circuit has constant resistance, the only change of resistance in the total circuit is that due to the change of conductivity of the water in which the cell is immersed. Since the …

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A Fish Farming Experiment In Scottish Sea Lochs, J. E.G. Raymont Jan 1947

A Fish Farming Experiment In Scottish Sea Lochs, J. E.G. Raymont

Journal of Marine Research

The practice of stimulating dense growths of marine phytoplankton in laboratory cultures by the addition of nitrate and phosphate is now well established. Since in the sea the food chain leading ultimately to fish begins with inorganic nutrient salts, and passes through plankton and bottom fauna, it seemed feasible to attempt to stimulate the food cycle by the addition of artificial fertilizers to seawater areas. Nitrate and phosphate alone were considered since these are the nutrients in short supply in the sea.

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Environmental Characteristics Of A River Estuary, Carroll Blue Nash Jan 1947

Environmental Characteristics Of A River Estuary, Carroll Blue Nash

Journal of Marine Research

The Patuxent River is one of the larger tributaries of the Chesapeak~ Bay. It has its origin in the north-central part of Maryland at an. altitude of about 800 feet and empties into the. western side of the bay at a point about halfway between the mouth and upper limits of the bay. Its basin is a hilly, rolling country without lakes and is characterized by low shores that rise gently toward the interior. The soil consists of sand and clay and contains some limestone in local areas. The drainage area of the river is about 960 square miles, and …

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The Partition Of Energy In Periodic Irrotational Waves Of The Surface Of Deep Water, George W. Platzman Jan 1947

The Partition Of Energy In Periodic Irrotational Waves Of The Surface Of Deep Water, George W. Platzman

Journal of Marine Research

Introduction. In the theory of long waves, and also for infinitesimal "surface" waves, the total wave energy is half kinetic and half potential to a first order of approximation. 1 It was pointed out by Rayleigh (1911), in proceeding by successive approximations to the solution of the problem of oscillatory permanent waves on the surface of deep water, that the kinetic energy exceeds the potential by an amount proportional to a quantity of the fourth order, when quantities of order higher than the fourth are neglected.

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The Pond Fisheries Of The Philippines, David G. Frey Jan 1947

The Pond Fisheries Of The Philippines, David G. Frey

Journal of Marine Research

Of the various fishes commonly grown or encouraged to grow in ponds and lakes, the milkfish, or "bangos" as it is known in the Philippines, is distinctive for its very low trophic level; in confinement it feeds mainly on the blue-green or filamentous green algae of the bottom and to a lesser extent ori the submerged portions of hydrophytic spermatophytes....

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Measurements Of Production In Fertilized Salt-Water, W. T. Edmondson, Yvette H. Edmondson Jan 1947

Measurements Of Production In Fertilized Salt-Water, W. T. Edmondson, Yvette H. Edmondson

Journal of Marine Research

The present paper describes some results of several exploratory experiments made at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in connection with a proposed study of organic production in salt waters. An attempt is made to relate the viewpoint of the present paper to the more outstanding aims of fertilization work. Aside from practical matters of aquiculture, addition of nutrients to water is a valuable tool for studying what has been called food-chain dynamics. Briefly stated, the object of the described experiments was to determine immediate effects of fertilization upon the vital activities of the phytoplankton.

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