Digital Commons Network^™

The Influence Of Maternal Nutrition Intake On The Birth Weight Of Newborns In Lanzhou, China, Weiwei Zhang

Public Health Theses

Background:

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the role of maternal nutrition intake before and during pregnancy on infant birth weight. Self-reported data on intake of 94 nutrients during four time periods (one year before pregnancy and during the three trimesters of pregnancy) was collected from over 7,000 women during 2010-2012 in Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital in Lanzhou, China.

Methods:

Hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering were performed to detect any potentially influential nutrients. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimension of predictors and linear regression analysis was subsequently conducted to fit new …

The Influence Of Maternal Obesity On Adolescent Obesity In Santiago, Chile, Yunnuo Zhu

Public Health Theses

Objective: To examine the relationship between adolescent obesity and associated maternal obesity variables of interest, specifically maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and maternal obesity 10 years postpartum.

Design: Secondary data analysis of a longitudinal study in Santiago, Chile (N=786 adolescents). Variables were extracted from multiple waves of data collection. The maternal obesity variables of interest and covariates were stratified by gender and associations of interest examined using univariate logistic regression analyses and multivariate logistic regression models with missing data imputation. Covariates included were birth weight percentile, breastfeeding for 6 months, father's presence, maternal age, and maternal education.

Results: Adolescent obesity was associated …

Lymphedema In Ovarian Cancer Survivors: Assessing Diagnostic Methods And Risk Factors, Neel Subramanian Iyer

Public Health Theses

Purpose: Lymphedema is a poorly understood but significant side effect of treatment for gynecologic cancer. We sought to determine the prevalence of lower limb lymphedema (LLL) in a sample of ovarian cancer survivors via three different diagnostic methods while also evaluating the agreement between each method and assessing potential risk factors for LLL. Methods: LLL was measured via self-report questionnaire, optoelectric perometry, and evaluation by a certified lymphedema specialist in women (n = 48) who had completed treatment for their ovarian cancer and were physically inactive. Results: LLL prevalence ranged from 19-42% depending on the diagnostic method, with the self-report …

Hepatitis C Virus Infection And Prostate Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study Using The Seer-Medicare Dataset, Shan Jiang

Public Health Theses

Prostate cancer is the most common type of non-skin malignancy diagnosed among men, but the disease etiology and risk factors remain inconclusive. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection's prevalence is increasing in the US population. Studies have shown that the concentration of free serum testosterone, which may be directly associated with prostate cancer risk, was decreased among men with HCV infection. In order to evaluate the relationship between HCV infection and prostate cancer risk, we conducted a population-based case-control study using the SEER-Medicare dataset.

The study included 194,339 prostate cancer cases and 54,481 controls which were frequency-matched to the cases by …

Diaper Need And Maternal Mental Health: A Geographic Assessment In The City Of New Haven, Anna Kruse

Public Health Theses

Introduction: With the burden of poverty currently falling heavily on women and poverty as an established risk factor for poor mental health, it is important to understand the pathways by which poverty influences maternal mental health. Diaper need may represent a form of material hardship that has adverse consequences for the mental health of low income mothers. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between maternal mental health, diaper need, and neighborhood context. We hypothesized that mothers who reported diaper need would also report poor mental health and that neighborhood context would significantly impact this association. …

The Role Of Antibiotics In Microbial Interactions Of Copd, Kimberly Lay

Public Health Theses

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations caused by bacterial infections account for more than 50% of all exacerbation episodes, with Haemophilus influenzae as the most frequently isolated pathogen. The role of antibiotics in treating COPD bacterial exacerbations remains unclear.

Objective: The current analysis evaluates the interaction of H. influenzaes with other pathogens while controlling for the use of antibiotics.

Methods: Data were from a longitudinal study of COPD patients conducted at a VA medical center from 1994-2010. Analysis was restricted to sputum samples collected over the course of one year in a total of 130 patients. Presence of Moraxella …

Incidence Of Injury And Illness In Merchant Seafarers, Rafael Yitzhak Lefkowitz

Public Health Theses

This retrospective study estimates cumulative incidences of injury and illness in a seafarer cohort using data from one company providing remote medical services and claims auditing for seafarers. There were 3,526 medical events and 16,626 individual medical services in the merchant seafarers covered by these services between 2008 and 2012. The majority of medical events occurred in men, numbering 3,099 (97.5%); median age was 38.9 years (range: 18-80). The total at-risk seafarer population was estimated by utilizing standard crew size for each class of vessel, and this was used to calculate cumulative incidence for injury and illness. The four-year overall …

Mathematical Institutional Economics, Martin Shubik

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

An overview is given of the utilization of strategic market games in the development of a game theory based theory of money and financial institutions.

Pumilio Proteins Regulate Translation In Embryonic Stem Cells And Are Essential For Early Embryonic Development, Katherine Elizabeth Uyhazi

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are defined by their dual abilities to self-renew and to differentiate into any cell type in the body. This vast potential is precisely controlled by spatial and temporal gene regulation at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Recent studies have revealed several transcription factors that are essential for stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency, but the role of translational control in ES cells is poorly understood. Translational control is a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation during early development, and likely explains the discrepancies between the transcriptome and proteome profiles of stem cells and their differentiated progeny. Pumilio proteins …

Consolidated Version Of The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union, European Union

Documents

No abstract provided.

Discrete Arginine Topologies Guide Escape Of Miniature Proteins From Early Endosomes To The Cytoplasm, Jacob S. Appelbaum

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Polypeptides and peptide mimetics sample a wide chemical space with broad potential to modulate cellular function, but their application to cytoplasmic targets is limited because when added to cells their cytosolic concentration remains low. This limitation is due to a diffusion barrier (the plasma membrane) and absence of dedicated import machinery. Highly cationic peptides and proteins sometimes gain cytosolic access, but how they do so is not well understood. Using a small library of cationic miniature proteins, I probe the influence of positive charge number and orientation on the ability the miniature protein to access the cytoplasm. Using a novel …

What Is A Solution To A Matrix Game, Martin Shubik

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

These notes are provided to describe many of the problems encountered concerning both structure and behavior in specifying what is meant by the solution to a game of strategy in matrix or strategic form. In the short term in particular, it is often reasonable for the individual to accept as given, both the context in which decisions are being made and the formal structure of the rules of the game. A solution is usually considered as a complete set of equations of motion that when applied to the game at hand selects a final outcome. There are many different theories …

What Is A Solution To A Matrix Game, Martin Shubik

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

These notes are provided to describe many of the problems encountered concerning both structure and behavior in specifying what is meant by the solution to a game of strategy in matrix or strategic form. In the short term in particular, it is often reasonable for the individual to accept as given, both the context in which decisions are being made and the formal structure of the rules of the game. A solution is usually considered as a complete set of equations of motion that when applied to the game at hand selects a final outcome. There are many different theories …

A Web Gaming Facility For Research And Teaching, Martin Shubik

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This essay considers the potential for utilizing web games for research and teaching. It discusses a specific gaming facility that has been constructed and utilized. The gaming facility can be made available for use for those interested in utilizing it for teaching and/or research purposes. The goal is to have this facility be of use for both single play and repeated matrix games. Much of the discussion here is aimed at single play games as a desirable benchmark preliminary to the study of repeated games. Properties of the one stage games are discussed and instructions for the use of the …

A Web Gaming Facility For Research And Teaching, Martin Shubik

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This essay considers the potential for utilizing web games for research and teaching. It discusses a specific gaming facility that has been constructed and utilized. The gaming facility can be made available for use for those interested in utilizing it for teaching and/or research purposes. The goal is to have this facility be of use for both single play and repeated matrix games. Much of the discussion here is aimed at single play games as a desirable benchmark preliminary to the study of repeated games. Properties of the one stage games are discussed and instructions for the use of the …

Nota Bene: News From The Yale Library, Yale University Library

Nota Bene

Nota Bene is published during the academic year to acquaint the Yale community and others with the resources of the Yale Library.

Kantian Optimization, Social Ethos, And Pareto Efficiency, John E. Roemer

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Although evidence accrues in biology, anthropology and experimental economics that homo sapiens is a cooperative species, the reigning assumption in economic theory is that individuals optimize in an autarkic manner (as in Nash and Walrasian equilibrium). I here postulate an interdependent kind of optimizing behavior, called Kantian. It is shown that in simple economic models, when there are negative externalities (such as congestion effects from use of a commonly owned resource) or positive externalities (such as a social ethos reflected in individuals’ preferences), Kantian equilibria dominate Nash-Walras equilibria in terms of efficiency. While economists schooled in Nash equilibrium may view …

Kantian Optimization: An Approach To Cooperative Behavior, John E. Roemer

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Although evidence accrues in biology, anthropology and experimental economics that homo sapiens is a cooperative species, the reigning assumption in economic theory is that individuals optimize in an autarkic manner (as in Nash and Walrasian equilibrium). I here postulate a cooperative kind of optimizing behavior, called Kantian. It is shown that in simple economic models, when there are negative externalities (such as congestion effects from use of a commonly owned resource) or positive externalities (such as a social ethos reflected in individuals’ preferences), Kantian equilibria dominate Nash-Walras equilibria in terms of efficiency. While economists schooled in Nash equilibrium may view …

Economic Growth, Comparative Advantage, And Gender Differences In Schooling Outcomes: Evidence From The Birthweight Differences Of Chinese Twins, Mark Rosenzweig, Junsen Zhang

Discussion Papers

No abstract provided.

How Can Conservation Organizations Help Development Go Where It “Should”?, Bradford S. Gentry, Evan F. Ray, Gina Schrader

Yale School of the Environment Publications Series

Report of the 2011 Berkley Workshop

Held at the IslandWood Center, Bainbridge Island, Washington - July 2011

Yul Annual Report; 2011-2012, Yale University Library

Yale University Library Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

Alterations In Regional Cerebral Blood Flow With Propofol Anesthesia Compared With Sevoflurane, Tejas Manchandia

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

ALTERATIONS IN REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW WITH PROPOFOL ANESTHESIA COMPARED WITH SEVOFLURANE. Tejas Manchandia, Maolin Qiu, Margaret Rose, Todd Constable, and Ramachandran Ramani. Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Alterations in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) are a reflection of neuronal activity in the brain because of the property of flow-metabolism coupling. Our group has previously reported a non-uniformity in rCBF changes with 0.25 MAC sevoflurane. The purpose of this project was to measure the alteration in rCBF with 0.5 MAC equivalent propofol and compare the changes in rCBF with …

The Air-Sea Transformation And Residual Overturning Circulation Within The Nordic Seas, Pål Erik Isachsen, Ole Anders Nøst

Journal of Marine Research

The residual diapycnal overturning circulation through interior regions of the Nordic Seas is diagnosed. The mean flow is estimated from Ekman dynamics and from the thermal wind relation with reference level velocities deduced from observations and from simplified theory. Eddy-induced transport is estimated from a GM-type parameterization which includes top and bottom boundary layers. The contributions from the Eulerian mean and eddy-induced transport are then compared to the annual-mean air – sea density transformation over the Nordic Seas. The calculations suggest that the mean flow overturning may explain up to 25% of the observed air – sea transformation in the …

The Impact Of Ambient Stratification On Freshwater Transport In A River Plume, Yan Jia, Alexander Yankovsky

Journal of Marine Research

The influence of ambient stratification on the river plume dynamics is studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The shelf flow is thermally stratified and retains a 15-m deep upper mixed layer. A buoyant inflow into the model domain is systematically varied so that both surface-advected and bottom-advected buoyant plumes are formed. The resulting buoyant plumes are compared with the corresponding numerical solutions when the ambient shelf flow is not stratified. Surface-advected plumes spread on top of the thermocline and are not affected by the ambient stratification. Bottom-advected plumes on the other hand interact with the ambient stratification by …

Deep Circulation Within The Argentine Basin, Joseph L. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

The total transport in the South Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1) consists of an anticyclonic gyre that reaches from the equator to about 50°S, and south of 40°S two cyclonic turns from the Circumpolar Current and Weddell Sea, west and east of the anticyclonic gyre. This figure has been changed very slightly between 40°S and 50°S from the figure shown in Reid (1994)...

Long-Term Patterns Of An Estuarine Pathogen Along A Salinity Gradient, David Bushek, Susan E. Ford, Iris Burt

Journal of Marine Research

Parasitic, disease-causing pathogens can exert strong control over marine populations yet few long-term studies exist that describe these relationships. Understanding the connections to long-term large-scale processes relative to local short-term processes should facilitate better planning for disease impacts in the management of marine resources. We describe a 21-yr dataset of dermo disease (Perkinsus marinus) in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in Delaware Bay, USA. Analyses indicated (1) a strong positive association between disease and mortality that was non-linear and defined by thresholds, (2) a clear spatial gradient of increasing disease and mortality with increasing salinity, (3) an …

An Introduction To Ecology Of Infectious Diseases – Oysters And Estuaries, Eileen E. Hofmann, Susan E. Ford

Journal of Marine Research

Infectious diseases are recognized as an important factor regulating marine ecosystems (Harvell et al., 1999, 2002, 2004; Porter et al., 2001; McCallum et al., 2004; Ward and Lafferty, 2004; Stewart et al., 2008; Bienfang et al., 2011). Many of the organisms affected by marine diseases have important ecological roles in estuarine and coastal environments and some are also commercially important. Outbreaks of infectious diseases in these environments, referred to as epizootics, can produce significant population declines and extinctions, both of which threaten biodiversity, food web interactions, and ecosystem productivity (Harvell et al., 2002, 2004)...

Can Oysters Crassostrea Virginica Develop Resistance To Dermo Disease In The Field: The Impediment Posed By Climate Cycles, Eric N. Powell, John M. Klinck, Ximing Guo, Eileen E. Hofmann, Susan E. Ford, David Bushek

Journal of Marine Research

Populations of eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, are commonly limited by mortality from dermo disease. Little development of resistance to Perkinsus marinus, the dermo pathogen, has occurred, despite the high mortality rates and frequency of epizootics. Can the tendency of the parasite to exhibit cyclic epizootics limit the oyster's response to the disease despite the presence of alleles apparently conferring disease resistance? We utilize a gene-based population dynamics model to simulate the development of disease resistance in Crassostrea virginica populations exposed to cyclic mortality encompassing periodicities expected of dermo disease over the geographic range at which epizootics have been …

Circulation And Water Properties And Their Relationship To The Oyster Disease Msx In Delaware Bay, Zhiren Wang, Dale B. Haidvogel, David Bushek, Susan E. Ford, Eileen E. Hofmann, Eric N. Powell, John Wilkin

Journal of Marine Research

We apply a high-resolution hydro-dynamical model to investigate the role of physical factors influencing infection prevalence of Haplosporidium nelsoni, causative agent of MSX disease in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), in Delaware Bay, USA. Validation studies conducted for the years 2000 and 2010–2011 confirm that the model, based upon the Regional Ocean Modeling System, has significant skill in the recovery of observed water level, temperature, salinity, and velocity. Multi-year simulations are performed for periods representing temporal and spatial variations in H. nelsoni infection prevalence (1974–76, 1979–81, 1984–86, 1990–92, and 2006–09) to assess the degree to which the …

Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Disease Refuges In An Estuary: Implications For The Development Of Resistance, Susan E. Ford, Emily Scarpa, David Bushek

Journal of Marine Research

Although the concept of genetic refuge has long been employed in ecological and paleoecological context, it has only rarely been used to identify regions where organisms are protected from diseases that affect the rest of a population. The refuges harbor individuals that have not been exposed to selective mortality and remain susceptible to the disease. They represent a reservoir of susceptibility alleles that can mix with those from resistant survivors of disease and can retard the development of resistance in the population as a whole. Two water-borne protistan parasites affect oysters along the east coast of the United States: Haplosporidium …