Digital Commons Network^™

Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Deepak Mohanty, Deepak Mohanty, Salil Gupta

Documents

No abstract provided.

Fdic Board Of Directors Issues A Final Rule On Special Assessment Pursuant To Systemic Risk Determination, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Fdic)

Documents

No abstract provided.

Physical Decline Rates: Men Versus Women, Ray C. Fair

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper uses world records by age in running, swimming, and rowing to estimate a biological frontier of decline rates for both men and women. Decline rates are assumed to be linear in percent terms up to a certain age and then quadratic after that, where the transition age is estimated. For both men and women decline rates are smallest for rowing, followed by swimming and then running.

Decline rates for women are roughly the same as those for men for the short swimming events. They are slightly larger for the longer swimming events and for the rowing events. They …

Efficiency And Distributional Effects Of Federal College Subsidies During The Great Depression, Gerald Jaynes, Alexander B. Kane

Discussion Papers

We conduct the first quantitative assessment of federal college subsidies during the 1930s. Overlapping generation households invest in children’s education to maximize multigenerational utility, and the government subsidizes college to maximize enrollment subject to a budget constraint and recipients satisfying ability and income qualifications. A modelling innovation assigns children educational ability through a random regression to the population mean correlated with father’s presumed ability ranking via his percentile in fathers’ earnings distribution. Simulating the theoretical model, the equilibrium that replicates actual education distributions estimates federal college subsidies increased graduation rates of the cohort of White Americans reaching college age during …

Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Christos Gortsos, Christos Gortsos, Riva Atlas

Documents

No abstract provided.

Harnessing Haystac For Hidden Photons And Advancing Rydberg Atom-Based Axion Detection, Sumita Ghosh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

\textit{Dark matter} is the name that we give to the 85\% of matter in the universe that interacts via gravity but negligibly with any of the other known forces. One compelling model for dark matter is the \textit{axion}, as it simultaneously solves the existence of dark matter and the strong CP problem in QCD. Axions can interact with a strong magnetic field through the \textit{Primakoff effect}, wherein the axion can spontaneously convert into a photon in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The traditional experiment used for this purpose is called a \textit{haloscope}, which consists of the aforementioned strong …

New Developments In Sequential, Multicomponent C–H Functionalization, Daniel Solomon Brandes

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Sequential, multicomponent C–H bond functionalization is a powerful approach for the rapid, modular generation of molecular complexity in a single reaction. The first chapter reviews existing literature in this area. The second and third chapters describe multicomponent carboamidations of bridged bicyclic alkenes and terminal alkenes, respectively, to provide pharmaceutically relevant α-branched amine products. The fourth chapter details in progress work for the synthesis of challenging β-amino quaternary centers from C−H bond substrates, internally-substituted dienes, and formyl imine surrogates. Finally, the fifth chapter presents a concise and general method for the synthesis of N-acylsulfenamides, which have application in the preparation of …

Biopsychosocial Markers Of Social Adversity As Risk Factors For Mental Illness, Meghan Alexandra Collins

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Stress and adversity are strong predictors of poor mental health outcomes among individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Furthermore, atypical neurodevelopment during adolescence has been proposed as a biological mechanism that contributes to psychosis onset. Approximately 20% of youth who meet CHR criteria will go on to develop a psychotic disorder within two years. Thus, delineating the mechanisms linking adversity and neurodevelopment with conversion to psychosis is important for enhanced risk identification and early intervention. There is a lack of clarity in the existing literature regarding which types of adversity are most predictive of poor clinical outcomes among CHR, …

Investigating Galaxy Morphology In Large Surveys Using Novel Machine Learning Frameworks, Aritra Ghosh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The morphological features and structural parameters of galaxies serve as a cornerstone in comprehending their attributes and have played an instrumental role in our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. In this work, we develop novel machine learning frameworks that can determine the morphology of billion-galaxy samples expected over the next decade. We demonstrate that our frameworks can be applied across a wide variety of ground and space-based datasets, can be trained with minuscule amounts of real data, and can predict ~15-60% better uncertainties than existing morphology-determination tools. We use our frameworks to create one of the largest structural parameter …

The Role Of Mechanical Forces In Biological Motion And Morphology, Sorosh Amiri

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Mechanical forces are essential in many life processes. The mechanical machinery of cells \textbf{--} the cytoskeleton is a complex system of force-bearing and active force-generation components. These components dynamically interact far from equilibrium in order to perform or facilitate biological functions at the cell scale such as shape change, migration, and polarization. Collectively, cells orchestrate single-cell mechanical functions to give rise to emerging mechanics at the tissue scale, such as embryo development or collective migration. Despite a good understanding of molecular mechanisms of force generation and force bearing, it is still unclear how molecular mechanics leads to cell-scale or tissue-scale …

Neuroimaging And Genetic Studies: Toward An Understanding Of Human Psychological Traits, Shiying Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Human psychological traits involve multiple domains of individual differences in human behaviors, such as cognitive abilities, personalities, and psychiatric disorders. These psychological traits are closely linked to well-being. Therefore, studying the biological basis of psychological traits is crucial for improving the overall quality of life. Both genetics and neuroimaging are highly related to human psychological traits. Numerous studies have shown the strong genetic influence on individual differences in human psychological traits. Furthermore, neuroimaging, a non-invasive technique to examine brain structure and function, has evolved into a powerful tool for analyzing human psychological traits. The purpose of this dissertation is to …

A Multi-Modal Investigation Of The Basic Neural Processing Mechanisms Of Real Human Face Viewing, Megan Kelley

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The neural processing of real human faces during direct interaction remains unknown. Prior research has established that face simulations do not capture the full breadth of processing that occurs during real face viewing, demonstrating the need for new approaches. Here we present multimodal methodological developments which combine fNIRS with EEG and eye-tracking, as well as a novel paradigm for disrupted viewing of another real face as well as a robot control, which enables probing of the impact of time and continuity on real face specific neural processing networks. We hypothesized that the spatial and temporal complexity of information extraction from …

Data-Driven Mapping Between Functional Connectomes Using Optimal Transport, Javid Dadashkarimi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Open-source, publicly available neuroimaging datasets---whether from large-scale data collection efforts or pooled from multiple smaller studies---offer unprecedented sample sizes and promote generalization efforts. Releasing data can democratize science, increase the replicability of findings, and lead to discoveries. Due to patient privacy, computational, and data storage concerns, researchers typically release preprocessed data with the voxelwise time series parcellated into a map of predefined regions, known as an atlas. However, releasing preprocessed data also limits the choices available to the end-user. This is especially true for connectomics, as connectomes created from different atlases are not directly comparable. With the absence of gold …

Novel Methods For Identification And Inference In Public Health, Jinghao Sun

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three essays, each one tackling issues related to "identification'' in the statistical methods used in public health research. In the context of statistics, ``identification'' refers to the process of learning the values of the parameters or characteristics of a model or system after obtaining an infinite number of observations from it. In these essays, I draw attention to the limitations of current methods, which often hinge on specifying a limited set of data generating processes (DGPs). However, these DGPs may fail to correspond accurately with the intricacies of actual situations or with the pre-existing knowledge within …

Formal Verification Of Asynchronous Vlsi Design Flow, Xiang Wu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

While software bugs can be addressed through patches, hardware bugs require design changes, making their resolution more time consuming and expensive. Formal methods offer the ability to prove the absence of bugs in hardware systems, and their application has been prominent in the hardware industry. However, despite the adoption of formal methods, hardware bugs are still prevalent in commercial hardware. Many existing formal methods applied in Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) design flows are partial or only verify specific properties rather than ensuring overall functional correctness. The dissertation tackles the verification challenge specifically for asynchronous circuits, which adopts a self-timed approach …

'Force And Understanding' And Instability, Hugo William Havranek

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Critics agree that ‘Force and Understanding’ in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit is of crucial importance for understanding Hegel’s considered position; but the interpretation of the content of the chapter remains highly controversial. In this dissertation, I adopt a reading of ‘Force and Understanding’ on which Hegel is introducing his idiosyncratic notions of atemporal change and identity-in-opposition. Readings that take this approach enjoy prima facie textual support, but have up to now suffered because the views they attribute to Hegel appear obviously philosophically confused. The purpose of the dissertation, therefore, is to argue that Hegel’s use of atemporal change and identity-in-opposition …

Accelerator-Rich Computer Architectures For Brain-Computer Interfaces, Karthik Sriram

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are our means of communicating directly with the brain. BCIs implanted on brain tissue offer the highest fidelity communication with the brain and can treat debilitating neurological disorders, control digital devices and improve our understanding of the brain. Unlocking their full potential requires devices capable of processing high data rates sensed from multiple brain regions. However, current BCIs are restricted to a single region, task/treatment, and process low data rates. This is because implantable BCIs must operate within milliwatts of power and respond in real-time within milliseconds to deliver safe treatment. These constraints run counter to the …

Essays On The Political Economy Of Foreign Aid, Cleo O'Brien-Udry

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation asks and answers two questions: first, does foreign aid have distributional effects in recipient countries? And, if so, how do these distributional effects undermine donors’ attempts to influence policy? In three essays, I find that international aid targeting changes the balance of power within recipient states. In the first, I theorize the concept of “aid withdrawal” and study its application in climate aid. Using novel observational and experimental evidence, I show that beneficiaries of fossil fuel projects reject international influence after the withdrawal of international support for dirty projects. In contrast, sites of future renewables increase their support …

Computational Methods For Single-Cell Data: From Decomposition, Integration, To Label Transfer, Yuge Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made in high-throughput single-cell sequencing technologies, revolutionizing our ability to investigate cellular heterogeneity across multiple molecular levels, including gene expression measured by scRNA-seq and chromatin accessibility measured by scATAC-seq. Unlike traditional bulk sequencing approaches, single-cell sequencing techniques enable the characterization of diverse cell types or states within a sample, shedding light on complex biological processes. However, the analysis of single-cell data presents several challenges, including high dimensionality, large-scale datasets, high sparsity, and batch effects arising from both intra- and inter-modalities. Failure to address these challenges can significantly impact downstream applications, such as …

Exploring 3d Genomics And Its Regulation: Spatial Crispr Screening Reveals Regulators Of 3d Genome Architectures And Chromatin Tracing Unfolds X Chromosome Conformations In Human Pluripotent Stem Cells, Bing Yang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

3D genomics is a rapidly emerging field that seeks to understand the role of the three-dimensional organization of the genome in gene regulation, cellular function, and biological processes. Chromatin tracing has recently emerged as an image-based highly multiplexed fluorescent in-situ hybridization method to detect 3D genome architectures in various biological contexts. However, the regulation of 3D genomics remains less understood. Recent advances in CRISPR screening have enabled systematic identification of genetic perturbations critical to cellular phenotypes and diseases. Yet, the phenotype readouts provided by current CRISPR screens are limited to low content, posing challenges for detection of complex 3D genome …

Computational And Evolutionary Approaches For Translational Cancer Research, J Nic Fisk

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The progression of cancer, including the acquisition of therapeutic resistance and the mortality-inducing metastatic spread of therapy-resistant cell populations, is fundamentally an evolutionary process. To contribute to the development of effective treatments against this evolving scourge, this work leverages phylogenetics, statistics, and machine learning techniques to quantify the effects of genetic variants responsible for therapeutic resistance, resolve the timing of their occurrence, understand evolutionary trajectories, and profile the role of neoantigens in varied cancer systems. First, a bioinformatics pipeline for quantifying selection on neoantigens—tumor-specific antigens and potential targets of the immune systems—is detailed. Second, the evolutionary history of two patients …

Gradient-Free Magnetic Resonance Imaging In A Nonuniform B0, With A Novel Low-Field Magnet System, Kartiga Selvaganesan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the last 50 years Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become a mainstay of modern medicine as a noninvasive diagnostic imaging tool. Most clinical and research MR scanners have trended towards higher field strengths as a means of improving spatial resolution while minimizing scan time. However, widespread availability of these systems is limited, with 90% of people worldwide still lacking access to MRI. Much of this discrepancy comes from the high cost and complexity associated with installing, operating, and maintaining conventional MR scanners. By relaxing the hardware requirements, moving to lower field-strengths, and creating more open-bore systems, MRI can become …

Exitron Splicing Of Odor Receptors In Drosophila, Xueying Shang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Odor receptors (Ors) are the major olfactory receptors in Drosophila. They signalthe presence of food, mates, and predators. Proper expression of Ors is critical for the function of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In this study we discovered exitrons in five of the 39 Ors expressed in the adult antennae. Exitrons (exonic introns) are sequences that can be spliced from within a protein-coding exon, thereby altering the resulting protein. Exitrons have not been identified previously in Drosophila to our knowledge. We focused on Or88a, which encodes a pheromone receptor, and found that exitron splicing of Or88a is conserved across five Drosophila …

Belonging, Equality, And The Law, Danieli Evans

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is a series of three articles exploring (and critiquing) the ways in which the law sustains and legitimates social exclusion, despite a purported commitment to equal opportunity and non-discrimination. The first article, Socioeconomic Status Discrimination, begins by describing how discrimination based on socioeconomic status (SES) is prevalent and widely accepted under the law. I argue that lawmakers should prohibit SES-based discrimination for the same reasons they prohibit discrimination based on race, gender, and other protected traits. I argue that discrimination based on SES is illegitimate, and importantly, because SES-based discrimination is inextricably intertwined with racial discrimination, by accepting …

The Satellite And The Territory: Essays On Remote Sensing And The Economics Of Sustainable Development, Matthew Gordon

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The increasing availability of satellite data is creating unprecedented opportunities to study sustainable development processes at both a global scale and fine temporal and spatial resolution. Economists and environmental researchers are using satellite data products to measure land-use change, economic growth, household vulnerability, air pollution, and more. When these data products are used in research or policy-making uncritically, however, the conclusions that follow can be inappropriate. This dissertation examines the potential opportunities and the shortcomings of three different uses of satellite data to inform sustainable development policy -- targeting policy, causal inference, and measurement. The first chapter studies the question …

Integrating Genetics And Brain Connectivity: Overcoming Statistical Challenges To Uncover The Neural Basis Of Psychiatric And Behavioral Disorders, Wei Dai

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The exploration of the associations between genetic variants or single nucleotide polymor- phisms (SNPs), brain connectivity, and mental disorders is crucial for comprehending the biological origins of psychiatric and behavioral conditions. Biomedical technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), can help elu- cidate the underlying biological processes. Resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) studies have demonstrated altered functional connectivity in numerous psychiatric and behavioral disorders, which is moderately heritable and can be linked to genetic variants. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be employed to investigate the structural foundation of func- tional networks. However, challenges remain in analyzing …

Identifying Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Contributing Towards Neuronal Vulnerability In Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Kimberly Petra Luttik

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Neurodegenerative disorders are highly complex, progressive disorders often involving interactions of multiple cell types, disease-causing genes and pathways, and brain regions. For the majority of neurodegenerative disorders, no effective therapeutics are currently available to slow disease onset or progression, and the mechanisms underlying the degeneration of specific cellular populations remain largely unknown. Here, we use spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) as a model to investigate the impact of the disease-causing gene, ATAXIN-1 (ATXN1), in diverse cell types and brain regions. We identify region-specific differences in disease signatures, and investigate the mechanistic contribution of glia, specifically astrocytes, towards SCA1 pathology and …

Uncovering A Novel Role For Lsr2 In Mycobacterial Mutagenesis And Deciphering The Determinants Of Lsr2 Transcriptional Regulation, Wei Lynn Ng

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Chromosomal mutations drive the evolution of antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis. Unlike many other pathogens, M. tuberculosis has no demonstrated ability for horizontal gene transfer, a major mechanism for developing antibiotic resistance. The error-prone translesion polymerase complex DnaE2/ImuA’/ImuB is one of the primary mediators of mutagenesis and antibiotic resistance in vitro and possibly in vivo. To catalyze error-prone DNA synthesis, DnaE2/ImuA’/ImuB must be able to access the DNA by binding the β2-sliding clamp of the replisome, and potentially compete with other polymerases, including the high-fidelity replicative polymerase DnaE1. However, the mechanisms that govern polymerase switching are not well understood, especially …

Seismic And Kinematic Studies Of Subduction Zones Along The Western Margins Of North And South America, Neta Bar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Subduction zones are a fundamental part of plate tectonics yet changes in the morphology and behavior of subducting slabs with time and their relations to surface expression and deformation in the upper plate remain uncertain. The west margins of North and South America have been shaped by long periods of subduction, providing a valuable opportunity to explore the long-term evolution of subduction zones. This thesis presents three studies on subduction zones along the western margins of North and South America. The first study focuses on the Central Andes above the subducting Nazca plate in northern Bolivia and southern Peru. The …

Telescope Pointing For The Simons Observatory: Data Acquisition & Control Software, Calibration, And Modeling, Lauren Joy Saunders

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment located in the Atacama Desert in Chile, at an elevation of 5200 m. It is made up of one 6 m Large Aperture Telescope and three 0.5 m Small Aperture Telescopes, and will study the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB. SO will probe the CMB at the smallest angular scales achieved thus far, and with the highest polarization sensitivity, in search of definitive evidence for inflation in the early universe, a glimpse at the dark matter candidates that may have been abundant in the early …