Digital Commons Network^™

I Have Some Maps. Do You Want?, Ella Moran

Yale Working Papers in Grammatical Diversity

This paper investigates the distribution of the 'lonely transitive' (or LonT) construction using YGDP survey data. I analyze the distribution of this construction by interpolating acceptability judgment data to create a series of maps showing the likely acceptability of various LonT sentences for English speakers across the US. I find that the distribution of LonTs does not seem to be geographically conditioned and that a markedness hierarchy exists between the verbs want, have, and need.

Who Is Allowed To Compose Catholic Church Music? Ferdinand Hiller's Insightful Report On The Sacred-Music Competition In Louvain (1866), Jürgen Thym, Ralph P. Locke

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

In 1866, a competition was held in Louvain (Belgium) for a new setting of the Latin Mass text; the aim was that the winning piece be accessible in style and require only choir and organ. The jury included, among others, the composers Berlioz, Saint-Saëns, and Ferdinand Hiller; the lexicographer Fétis; and Joseph d’Ortigue, music critic for the Journal des débats, editor of Le Ménestrel, and a prominent advocate for the regeneration of Catholic church music.

In 1880, Hiller—longtime director of the Cologne Conservatory—published an essay describing the competition in detail. His essay, never before translated or discussed, forms …

Lessons Learned: Calvin Mitchell Iii, Mercedes Cardona

Journal of Financial Crises

Calvin Mitchell III served as executive vice president of the communications group within the executive office of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) during the Global Financial Crisis. In 2008, Mitchell was tapped by Timothy Geithner, who was then FRBNY president, to head a new group charged with expanding the communications and community affairs functions. Mitchell left the FRBNY in 2009 for the private sector and returned to government in 2021 as assistant secretary for public affairs in the US Treasury Department.

International Monetary Fund: Special Drawing Rights Allocations, 2009, Ikbal S. Ahluwalia, Owen Heaphy, Rosalind Z. Wiggins

Journal of Financial Crises

Despite efforts by the world’s major economies to address stresses in the global financial system, by early 2009, the Global Financial Crisis caused developing and lower-income countries to experience shortages of the major reserve currencies. In August 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) distributed a general allocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) of unprecedented size—totaling USD 250 billion (SDR 161.3 billion)—to all member countries in an effort to address these issues and provide liquidity to the world’s economies. In September 2009, it also distributed a special “catch-up” allocation of USD 33 billion in SDRs (SDR 21.5 billion) to eligible members …

International Monetary Fund: Short-Term Liquidity Line, 2020, Carey K. Mott, Léo Brougher

Journal of Financial Crises

As the COVID-19 pandemic spread in March 2020, global financial conditions tightened considerably. In response, global reserve currency-issuing countries extended bilateral swap lines to select countries. Strong demand for US dollar liquidity among emerging markets led the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to introduce the Short-Term Liquidity Line (SLL) on April 15, 2020. The SLL functioned as a swap lending facility. Unlike other IMF liquidity tools, the SLL was a revolving credit line that allowed countries to repeatedly draw funds and make repayments, with each repayment restoring access up to the approved limit across SLL arrangements. Its purpose was to enable …

Report Of The Parliamentary Commission Of Inquiry: Federal Authorities' Management Of The Credit Suisse Crisis, Swiss Parliament

Documents

No abstract provided.

Hella Much Variation: Intensification In Northern California English, As Seen Through The South Bay, Clara Mcmahon

Yale Working Papers in Grammatical Diversity

In this paper I present a unified syntactic analysis to account for all of the typical usages of the Northern California lexical item hella. Specifically, I focus on hella’s usage in the South Bay—a subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area which corresponds roughly to Santa Clara County. Contrary to Boboc (2016), who proposes that Bay Area speakers do not allow hella to modify silent elements, I provide evidence that hella is a degree word which can license silent elements for South Bay speakers. Using a silent MANY and a silent MUCH (Kayne 2005), all of hella’s …

Inference For Regression With Variables Generated By Ai Or Machine Learning, Laura Battaglia, Timothy Christensen, Stephen Hansen, Szymon Sacher

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

It has become common practice for researchers to use AI-powered information retrieval algorithms or other machine learning methods to estimate variables of economic interest, then use these estimates as covariates in a regression model. We show both theoretically and empirically that naively treating AI- and ML-generated variables as “data” leads to biased estimates and invalid inference. We propose two methods to correct bias and perform valid inference: (i) an explicit bias correction with bias-corrected confidence intervals, and (ii) joint maximum likelihood estimation of the regression model and the variables of interest. Through several applications, we demonstrate that the common approach …

Distributional Impacts Of The Changing Retail Landscape, Yue Cao, Judith A. Chevalier, Jessie Handbury, Hayden Parsley, Kevin R. Williams

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

A common tactic to estimate willingness-to-travel exploits variation in the relative proximity of consumers to supplier locations. The validity of these estimates relies on the exogeneity of that consumer-supplier distance. We argue that distance to suppliers is endogenous because suppliers strategically choose locations to target consumers; we introduce a novel instrument to address this form of endogeneity. Using geolocation data from millions of smartphones, we estimate consumer preferences for specific retail chains across income groups and regions. We show that accounting for distance endogeneity significantly alters willingness-to-travel measures. Contrary to the prevailing “retail apocalypse” narrative, we find that consumer surplus …

“What The Heck Am I Looking At?”: A User-Based Examination Of The Metadata Associated With Digital Archival Objects, Donald Force

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

Digital archival collections are invaluable resources for many different types of users. These collections, and the digital objects within them, allow users to remotely access primary and secondary sources that are often too difficult to view in person due to time and cost. These resources, however, are not without their limitations. One of the most significant challenges that users face in using these collections is understanding the original context of the object. Ideally, the metadata that accompanies most digital surrogates should serve as a bridge between the digital object and its physical counterpart. The project discussed in this paper examines …

Listening To Ghosts In The Appalachian Mountains: The Western North Carolina Tomorrow's Black Oral History Project As A Community Archive, Elizabeth Harper

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

This case study invites archivists to broaden our understanding of what constitutes a community archive using the Western North Carolina Tomorrow Black Oral History Project as its focus. The oral history project captured the experiences of Black elders in Western North Carolina in the 1980s and provides a unique insight into a Black community in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The leaders and participants wanted this project to increase Black representation in Appalachian history and intended the materials be distributed widely. However, university staff kept the collection closed for almost forty years, and it was only opened in 2018. Fitting definitions, …

Soft Law, European Union

Documents

No abstract provided.

Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Stijn Claessens, Stijn Claessens, Rosalind Z. Wiggins, Owen Heaphy

Documents

No abstract provided.

Factors Associated With The Implementation Of The Protocols For Native American Archival Materials: An Exploratory Study, Kimberly D. Anderson (Kliewer)

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

This study examines motivations for adopting the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials (PNAAM), the factors that might impact implementation of PNAAM in practice, and an exploration of how and why new ethical standards are accepted or rejected. The researcher conducted a survey in 2023 of archivists and/or memory workers working at non-Tribal institutions that have some materials about Indigenous people. The study was designed around the respondent’s perceptions of authority, skills, knowledge, relationships, and resources both as individuals and within their repositories. The study also incorporated Albert Bandura’s framework for moral disengagement hypothetically as a mechanism for assessing ethical …

Sacred Recitation Of The Tibetan Yungdrung Bön Tradition: The Kharnatsang Collection Of Skad And The Arrangement Of The Three Heart Mantras, Christiane Strothmann

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

The digital age has long dawned in many of the Tibetan Monasteries in exile. Thus, the inclusion of internet platforms and the usage of digital communication technologies was naturally part of my ethnomusicological collaboration with the Tibetan Bön monastic chant leader and scholar Geshé Dawa Namgyal Kharnatsang on the sacred recitation of the Yungdrung Bön tradition of Menri Monastery in Dolanji, India. In this article I will offer insights into Kharnatsang’s and my motivation to develop a hybrid collaboration and discuss the role and impact of the digital technologies on the traditional chain of transmission. I will draw on two …

“Forget The Rest ...”: Notes On Magnetic Tape And Other Antiquated Media As Archives Of Afro-Atlantic Liturgy, David Font-Navarrete

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

The virtuosic complexity of Afro-Cuban orisha music has led scholars and artists to enshrine it as a “classical” tradition, and it has become one of most iconic and closely-studied sacred music traditions of the historical Afro-Atlantic. This essay traces the legacies of several analog-era multimedia technologies in orisha music traditions: reel-to-reel and cassette tapes; limited edition and out-of-print books and phonograph discs; ephemeral texts such as album liner notes; and photographic negatives, prints, and slides. The tapes and photos — along with a vast body of informal, unpublished, and out-of-print documents of Afro-Cuban orisha liturgy — are seldom archived by …

The Voice Of Azerbaijan: Experiencing Recordings Of Hajibaba Huseynov And Post-Soviet Muslim Musical Identities, Polina Dessiatnitchenko

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

Singer and poet Hajibaba Huseynov (1919–1993), revered by some as the “voice of Azerbaijan” is one of the most popular stars featured in recordings of classical devotional ghazal poetry. Curiously enough, video or audio recordings of his recitations seem to be especially moving, often becoming the focal point for audiences of musicians and poets at public live performances, private meetings, lessons, and virtual contexts. While fans of the ghazal genre are found at every turn, I limit my analysis to the subculture of poets, musicians, experts, and especially ardent fans of traditional Azerbaijani arts. Relying on ethnographic data gathered in …

Coltrane’S A Love Supreme: Mediations Of Immediacy In Jazz Ritual And Recitation, James R. W. Crockford

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

This paper explores the ritualized performance ethic of John Coltrane’s later career, which is charged with a determined exploration of freedom and spiritual ascendance through participative and gestural immediacy. Conceiving of this music as a spiritual and political tool for embodied transformation, this paper traces this ethic at play in Coltrane’s iconic 1965 album A Love Supreme, identifying ways the work effects a mediation of immediacy. Through focus on the album’s closing “Psalm” recitation, its parallels in Coltrane’s other works, and their analogue in traditions of ecstatic liturgical and political oratory, this paper demonstrates the consistent priority Coltrane gives …

Estimation And Inference In A Possibly Multi-Cointegrated System With A Fixed Number Of Instruments, Yixiao Sun, Peter C.B. Phillips, Igor Kheifets

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This note shows that the mixed normal asymptotic limit of the trend IV estimator with a fixed number of deterministic instruments (fTIV) holds in both singular (multicointegrated) and nonsingular cointegration systems, thereby relaxing the exogeneity condition in (Phillips and Kheifets, 2024, Theorem 1(ii)). The mixed normality of the limiting distribution of fTIV allows for asymptotically pivotal F tests about the cointegration parameters and for simple efficiency comparisons of the estimators for different numbers K of instruments, as well as comparisons with the trend IV estimator when K → ∞ with the sample size.

Policy Note | Weekly Fed Report Still Drives Discount Window Stigma, Steven Kelly

Journal of Financial Crises

As banking regulators work to destigmatize the Federal Reserve’s discount window—and fervently so since the 2023 banking crisis—they’ve pointed to several potentially fruitful policy routes. These have included supervisory improvements, regulatory changes, and operational enhancements by both the banks and the Fed. Left off the menu so far have been changes to the Fed’s weekly publications that reveal up-to-date discount window borrowing data by regional geography. Reforms following the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 have made mandatory the disclosure of discount window borrowers on a two-year lag—higher transparency than previously when no disclosure was required. However, bigger banks, such as …

Latvia: Parex Bank Capital Injection, 2008, Bailey Decker

Journal of Financial Crises

Heading into the Global Financial Crisis, JSC Parex banka was Latvia’s second-largest bank in terms of assets, comprising 13.8% of total assets in the Latvian banking sector. In autumn 2008, Parex faced a capital shortfall owing to massive credit and market losses in addition to increasing liquidity problems and deposit runs of 240 million Latvian lats (LVL; USD 428.6 million). Parex’s capital adequacy ratio fell below the regulatory minimum of 8% on October 28, 2008. Parex had two senior syndicated loans maturing in February and June 2009, totaling EUR 775 million (USD 992 million). Latvian authorities doubted that Parex would …

India: Yes Bank Capital Injection, 2020, Salil Gupta

Journal of Financial Crises

In March 2020, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) helped engineer a capital injection and restructuring of Yes Bank, India’s fourth-largest private sector bank, to prevent a run on the bank and to preserve broader financial stability. On March 14, 2020, Yes Bank received a total capital injection of 100 billion Indian rupees (INR; USD 1.34 billion) in total from the State Bank of India and a group of private sector banks (HDFC, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Federal Bank, Bandhan Bank, IDFC First Bank). The government-owned SBI received a 48.2% equity stake, committing to contribute up to …

Germany: Ikb Deutsche Industriebank Capital Injection, 2008, Lakshimi Swaminathan, Rishi Vala

Journal of Financial Crises

In July 2007, investors rapidly pulled their funding from asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) programs that held US subprime mortgage-linked securities. According to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC), German bank IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG (IKB) was the “first big casualty” of that run on ABCP. It had directly and indirectly guaranteed to provide EUR 9.3 billion in liquidity to its off-balance-sheet vehicle, Rhineland Funding Capital Corporation. German authorities and the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), a state-owned German development bank, quickly took over those obligations on July 30 to keep IKB solvent and prevent it from closing. KfW also agreed to …

Wealth, Marriage, And Sex Selection, Girija Borker, Jan Eeckhout, Nancy Luke, Shantidani Minz, Kaivan Munshi, Soumya Swaminathan

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain sex selection in India: son preference in which parents desire a male heir and daughter aversion in which dowry payments make parents worse off with girls. Our model incorporates both mechanisms, providing micro-foundations, based on the organization of the marriage institution, for daughter aversion. Marital matching, sex selection, and dowries are jointly determined in the model, whose implications are tested on a representative sample of rural households. Simulations of the model indicate that existing policies targeting daughter aversion might exacerbate the problem, while identifying other policies that could be effective.

Gmm Estimation With Brownian Kernels Applied To Income Inequality Measurement, Jin Seo Cho, Peter C.B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

In GMM estimation, it is well known that if the moment dimension grows with the sample size, the asymptotics of GMM differ from the standard finite dimensional case. The present work examines the asymptotic properties of infinite dimensional GMM estimation when the weight matrix is formed by inverting Brownian motion or Brownian bridge covariance kernels. These kernels arise in econometric work such as minimum Cramer-von Mises distance estimation when testing distributional specification. The properties of GMM estimation are studied under different environments where the moment conditions converge to a smooth Gaussian or non-differentiable Gaussian process. Conditions are also developed for …

Herding With Heterogeneous Ability: An Application To Organ Transplantation, Stephanie De Mel, Kaivan Munshi, Soenje Reiche, Hamid Sabourian

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

There are many economic environments in which an object is offered sequentially to prospective buyers. It is often observed that once the object for sale is turned down by one or more agents, those that follow do the same. One explanation for this phenomenon is that agents making choices further down the line rationally ignore their own assessment of the object and herd behind their predecessors. Our research extends the canonical herding model by allowing agents to differ in their ability to assess the quality of the offered object. We develop novel tests of herding based on this ability heterogeneity …

Inference In A Stationary/Nonstationary Autoregressive Time-Varying-Parameter Model, Donald W.K. Andrews, Ming Li

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper considers nonparametric estimation and inference in first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) models with deterministically time-varying parameters. A key feature of the proposed approach is to allow for time-varying stationarity in some time periods, time-varying nonstationarity (i.e., unit root or local-to-unit root behavior) in other periods, and smooth transitions between the two. The estimation of the AR parameter at any time point is based on a local least squares regression method, where the relevant initial condition is endogenous. We obtain limit distributions for the AR parameter estimator and t-statistic at a given point τ in time when the parameter exhibits unit …

Cyclical Time Series: An Empirical Analysis Of Temperatures In Central England Over Three Centuries, Liudas Giraitis, Fulvia Marotta, Peter C.B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper builds on methodology that corrects for irregular spacing between realizations of unevenly spaced time series and provides appropriately corrected estimates of autoregressive model parameters. Using these methods for dealing with missing data, we develop time series tools for forecasting and estimation of autoregressions with cyclically varying parameters in which periodicity is assumed. To illustrate the robustness and flexibility of the methodology, an application is conducted to model daily temperature data. The approach helps to uncover cyclical (daily as well as annual) patterns in the data without imposing restrictive assumptions. Using the Central England Temperature (CET) time series (1772 …

Economic Development, Undernutrition And Diabetes, Kaivan Munshi, Swapnil Singh, Nancy Luke, Anu Mary Oommen

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This research connects two seemingly unrelated facts that have recently been documented in developing countries, with important consequences for global health: (i) the weak association between nutritional status and income, and (ii) the elevated risk of diabetes among normalweight individuals. The model that we develop to reconcile these facts is based on a set point for body size that is adapted to (low) pre-modern food supply, but subsequently fails to adjust to rapid economic change. During the process of development, some individuals thus remain at their low-BMI set point, despite the increase in their income (food consumption), while others who …

Physical Decline Rates: Men Versus Women, Ray C. Fair

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper uses world records by age in running, swimming, and rowing to estimate a biological frontier of decline rates for both men and women. Decline rates are assumed to be linear in percent terms up to a certain age and then quadratic after that, where the transition age is estimated. The use of world records avoids the possible problem of survivor bias in a sample. The decline rates are smallest for rowing, followed by swimming and then running. Decline rates for women are roughly the same as those for men for the swimming events. They are slightly larger for …