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Put Your Two Bottom Readers In Your Top Reading Group, Patricia M. Cunningham

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

This year I have been working in three high schools attempting to help the teachers of low level English classes teach their basic students reading and writing skills. In classroom after classroom, I find ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders reading at third, fourth, and fifth grade levels. "How can it happen?" the English teachers ask me. "How can they get here? And after all those years of reading instruction in the elementary and middle grades, if they haven't learned to read any better by now, what can I possibly do about it?"

Audio-Visual Stories: Pre-Reading Activities For Bilingual Children, Oran J. Stewart

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

The children arrive at the reading lab, exclaiming in a mixture of Navajo and English, expressing their enthusiasm, when they see the filmstrip projector and the tape-player ready for use. Some of them rush to the tape-player to read the title of the story from the cassette. Others try to obtain a copy of the text for the story. Once the lights are turned off and the viewing screen pulled down, the presentation will be interrupted only by the flipping of pages as the students watch, and read along.

Helping Students Understand Complicated Sentences, Kathleen C. Stevens

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

Teachers at all grade levels are often faced with students whose word analysis and vocabulary skills are adequate, yet who have a problem reading and understanding connected text in sentence form. Problems in sentence comprehension become particularly marked when students are asked to deal with the complicated sentence structures typical of more advanced reading material. Such sentences may have multiple subjects and predicates, embedded clauses and phrases, passive voice, and/or unusual word orders.

An Analysis Of Published Informal Reading Inventories, Larry A. Harris, Jerome A. Niles

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

Believing that IRIs have genuine value in a comprehensive diagnostic program if used properly, we decided it would be useful to examine a number of the commercially prepared IRIs currently available for the purpose of comparing them and describing their unique features for teachers.

Rx For Round Robin Oral Reading, Jerry L. Johns

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

For more years than I care to count, round-robin oral reading has been a part of classroom instruction. When Dolores Durkin (1978) sought to study instruction in comprehension, one of her findings was that round-robin oral reading was common during the reading and social studies lessons. Oral reading was often poor under these circumstances-children stumbled over hard-to-pronounce terms, read in a monotone, and were often difficult to hear (1978,p.32). Round robin oral reading, for the uninitiated, is a procedure that has students in a reading group taking turns reading orally. This reading may follow silent reading or may be done …

Title I And Reading Achievement: Some Perspectives As The Hatchet Descends, Jane Warren Meeks

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

In 1965 Congress enacted the Elementary and Secondary Education Act known as ESEA. Title I of this act provided financial assistance to local school districts for the planning and operation of special programs for the educationally deprived child. ESEA was designed as a supplemental program to upgrade the educational opportunities of children from low income areas, but not to supplant the educational programs than in progress. The goal of Title I was to eradicate children's educational inequities that were due to economic and social deprivation. It is clear that economic poverty was the primary focus. This is plainly stated in …

The 'Virtues' Of Round Robin Reading, Timothy C. Standal, John C. Towner

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

The goal of education is preparation for life. The goal of literacy training is preparation for education, not just formal education but life-long education, education in the broad sense. School practices which contribute to this process of education for life should be widely accepted, even applauded. But they aren't, or at least, not all of them are.

The New Role Of All Teachers For Improving Reading Skills (How To Survive With Less Title I Reading Money), Donald C. Cushenbery

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

The three major purposes of this article are to outline briefly the results that have been achieved in past Title I reading programs, the new role for all teachers for improving reading skills, and a prediction regarding the future of Title I reading programs.

Perceptual And Perceptual-Motor Test Scores Are Not A Clue To Reading Achievement In Second Graders, Jean R. Harber

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

The research findings reviewed in this article suggest that the reason poor readers may not benefit from perceptual training programs may be that they already possess the very skills educators are attempting to develop, and do not need this training. The present study attempts to further clarify this issue by determining whether children who are achieving at various reading levels score differently on perceptual and perceptual-motor tasks.

Questions For Critical Thinking In An Individualized Reading Conference, Angela M. Raimo

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

Individualized reading conferences with children are essential for diagnosis, goal setting, and evaluation. During the conference the teacher and the pupil check the reading records which are kept by the pupil and by the teacher. They may also discuss plans for reports or other creative class presentations.

The major portion of the conference, however, is the interview about the selection which the child has read. The teacher asks several questions in order to determine if the pupil has comprehended the selection. The kinds of questions which are asked usually determine the kind of thinking the child employs in reacting to …

Reading Horizons Vol. 22, No. 3

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

Complete issue of Reading Horizons volume 22, issue 3.

Enuresis: A Case Study, Elaine Lee Phillips

Masters Theses

A 15-year-old male with a history of high rates of nocturnal enuresis was trained using the method of Azrin and Thienes (1978) and Azrin, Thienes, Hontos, and Besatel (1979). The method consisted of a 1 and 1/2-hour in-office training of the child and parents. The parents then conducted an intensive training day and subsequent procedures in the home. The procedures included reinforcement for increased urine retention and dryness, training for increased alertness to bladder cues and sensations of dryness, an over-correction procedure for wetness, and behavior rehearsals of correct toileting sequences. Using this method, the child ceased bedwetting. The Azrin …

A Study Of The Differences Between Prison College Graduates And The Total Released Inmate Population On Recidivism By Risk Category, James Jay Haviland

Dissertations

When a convicted felon is considered for parole from a correctional institution, several factors relating to his experience while incarcerated are presented before the Parole Board. One of the factors which is considered favorably by the Board and indicative of rehabilitation is an individual's participation in educational programs while serving his sentence. This implies a non-verbal quid-pro-quo exchange. Its effect is to fill classrooms even where no formal requirement compels enrollment (Bowker, 1982, 241).

The purpose of this research was to determine if the completion of a two-year post secondary program while incarcerated, resulted in a lower rate of recidivism …

A Study Of The Contemporary Struggle For Power In Iran, Reza Assadi

Masters Theses

Historically speaking, the Iranian power straggle is not new. It is, however, the contemporary contest for power which is the focus of this thesis. This study analyzes the struggle for power precipitated by the Iranian Revolution of 1979. It integrates information from a variety of sources, examines key conceptual schemes, major theories of revolution, theories about Islamic Marxism, and describes events which influenced various groups, organizations and individuals in Iran to seek power for themselves. A salient feature of the study is an examination of Iranian communism. Efforts are also made at forecasting how the Iranian power struggle is likely …

The Management Of Blood Pressure Using Progressive Muscle Relaxation Under Nonstressful And Stressful Conditions, A. Janelle Maldonado

Masters Theses

Progressive muscle relaxation was assessed as a method, for controlling "blood pressure under stressful and nonstressful conditions using a multiple Baseline across subjects design* Three borderline hypertensive subjects were trained in two experimental conditions, progressive muscle relaxation under resting conditions (PMR) and progressive muscle relaxation while performing time-limited tasks known to produce temporary increments in blood pressure (PMR + Math). Generalization of training effects to nontraining conditions was assess ed in post-training, task only, sessions and in the home environment. Measures of changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as frontalis EMG were recorded once per minute for …

A Component Analysis Of Hutchings' Low-Stress Subtraction Algorithm With Third Grade Students, Karen J. Lascurettes

Masters Theses

This study measured the effects of what was hypothesized to be the major functional component difference between the Hutchings' low-stress subtraction algorithm and the traditional algorithm: the non-alternation of regrouping and subtraction steps. A multiple baseline design was used with two groups of third grade students. Dependent measures included rate correct, rate incorrect, percent accuracy, and types of errors made. Statistical analysis of the data failed to support the position that the non-alternation of regrouping and subtracting steps in subtraction yielded superior performances with these students. Future research in this area might investigate the inclusion of zeroes in the minuends …

The Effect Of Heroin On The Sexual Behavior Of Males: A Comparison Of Addicts, Their Cohorts, And Other Drug Abusers, Kimberley A. Decker

Masters Theses

The association of heroin use with the sexual behavior of addicts was investigated in the present study. Thirty male heroin addicts at an outpatient drug abuse clinic completed a confidential questionnaire concerning their sexual behavior. Their responses during drug-free and addiction periods were compared to 30 drug-free cohorts and 30 drug-free clients who were admitted to the program for a drug abuse problem other than narcotics or cannabis. A comparison of sexual behavior during addicts' drug-free periods with their cohorts and other drug abusers revealed no significant differences in responses. However, during their addiction periods, ejaculation and erection difficulties increased, …

A Comparison Of Personality Self-Descriptions Using A Structured Personality Inventory And Open-Ended Personality Questionnaire And Critical Incident Survey, Birda Lee Walker

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study is to determine whether individuals presented with a well defined list of adjectives demonstrate suggestibility, i.e., would rate themselves differently on the Adjective Check List (ACL), versus the open-ended test such as the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ) or Critical Incident Survey (CIS).

The participants in this study were 36 adult volunteers drawn from three different populations: 12 prison inmates, 12 undergraduates from a university, and 12 outpatients of a mental health clinic. The participants were administered the three tests in individual and group sessions.

The prisoners did not fake “bad" or "good" more so on …

Training Self-Control In Food Selection Through Verbal Self-Instruction, Thomas Vincent O'Melia

Masters Theses

This project was designed to teach children self-control through verbal self-instruction and self-reinforcement procedures prior to snack time in order to determine if they would learn to choose more nutritious foods during that period. Food facts and related health information were taught by the use of fictitious stories. In the experimental classroom the children heard stories, approximately 3 to 5 minutes long, that emphasized food facts and related health effects. After the stories, the children were allowed to go to a snack bar to select from "good and bad" foods. A set of questions and information was rehearsed prior to …

Effects Of The Serotonin Depletor Parachlorophenylalanine Upon Shock-Induced Aggression And Pressing Responses In Rats, Robert G. Sewell

Masters Theses

The literature concerning the effects of d, l-parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) upon shock-induced aggression (SIA) is reviewed and found to be inconsistent. PCPA, a known serotonin depletor, has behavioral effects in a variety of other procedures which collectively suggest that PCPA should produce SIA enhancement. The present study was designed to analyze PCPA (300 mg/kg) effects upon SIA in rats restrained spatially close to an inanimate target and panel operandum. The results showed marked increases in both aggressive biting and panel pressing for several days following each PCPA treatment for each subject tested. These data were interpreted to indicate that serotonin depletion …

A Review Of An Internship With The Educational Services Department Of Bronson Methodist Hospital Kalamazoo, Michigan, Krista T. Mckay

Masters Theses

An internship is reported and analyzed with regard to the consulting skills used by the intern during her work with the personnel of a hospital training and development department.

When the intern saw problems of an educational nature in department programs, she attempted to intervene to help department personnel solve these problems. Specific incidents are reported.

The reported incidents are then analyzed in terms of the consulting stages and modes used by the intern during her interventions. The intern's problems with setting the terms of the consulting contract and selecting the appropriate consulting modes are discussed. Alternative consulting behaviors are …

Ground-Water Flow Along The Total Shoreline Of Austin Lake And Its Environmental Contribution To Pollution Of The Lake, William Thomas Williams

Dissertations

The vertical direction of ground-water flow in Austin Lake was determined by placing minipiezometers along the entire shoreline at fifty randomly selected sites. Ground-water samples were taken at each site and the specific conductivity of the water samples was determined along with the chloride and phosphate content. The data were analyzed to determine if there were any relationships among water movement, chemical content, and the presence or absence of an onshore septic tank. The minipiezometer data show that the primary direction of water movement through the sediment-water interface is downward but may become reversed at localized regions as conditions vary. …

The Effects Of Fading And Rule-Stating On The Instructed Reacquisition Of A Five-Link Behavioral Chain, Okechukwu S. Ozuzu

Dissertations

Although instructions tend to generate rapid and near errorless responding during acquisition, this efficiency in performance is not necessarily maintained in reacquisition. The present study addressed this issue of performance maintenance by utilizing procedures designed to strengthen the control function of instruction stimuli.

Five 6 to 10 year-old children, two females and three males, were trained in the repeated acquisition of a behavioral chain using monetary reinforcement. The operanda for the five-component behavioral chain consisted of fifteen plastic discs displayed on an intelligence pad. For each session the subjects’ task was to leam or relearn a new sequential order by …

The Behavioral And Resource Needs Assessment Of The Hispanic Community In Kalamazoo County, Roberto Flachier

Dissertations

This research was set out to assess in depth the behavioral and resource needs of the Hispanic Community in order to create a data base from which tactics of action could be developed and responsive and necessary services could be planned and initiated. Following are four of the basic assumptions that guided this research. One, Behavioral Health (BH) is directly related to the behavioral and resource base in areas necessary for living. Two, in order to plan responsive and necessary services, it is necessary to know the target community's behavioral and resource base and needs; e.g., in economics, employment, education, …

Design And Implementation Of Computer Assisted Instruction In Money Concepts For Elementary Students, Jack H. Bender

Masters Theses

The internship with Hartley Courseware, Inc. culminated with the creation of nine money concept programs. The programs were designed for a 48K Apple II microcomputer (trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.) with Applesoft in ROM and one disk drive. Text size was expanded through use of the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium's high resolution text subroutines.

A placement program tests students' abilities and recommends the appropriate starting point. Six programs introduce information on coin values and numerous money concepts. The later programs develop sequences of actions in the purchasing process. The practice test and test programs progress through the complete purchase procedure. …

Closed Water Systems On Paper And Board Machines Using The Dysco Simulation Program, Stephen Robert Tremont

Masters Theses

This study was conducted to determine the accuracy of the DYSCO simulation program in simulating the open and closed water system on the pilot fourdrinier paper machine located in the Department of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University. The pilot machine was run at a maximum speed of 76 meters (250 feet) per minute without the press and drier sections, as well as slower speeds of 61 and 46 meters per minute. Retention data were obtained for fiber, titanium dioxide, and water at the three speeds. Upon entering these data along with stream inputs into the DYSCO simulator, …

Determining The Skill And Training Needs Of Community Education Directors: An Inquiry Into Methods, Duane Douglas Gates

Dissertations

The primary purpose of this study was to examine different methods of assessing the training needs of community education directors.

Twelve major skill areas used by community education directors were synthesized from the literature and served as a basis for developing the survey instrument. This instrument was used to measure the perceptions of the 12 skill areas by each of the four groups in the study.

Each group was polled on a different dimension of how the training needs of a community education director might be determined: Group 1 (Community Education Directors): Perceived amount of time each of the 12 …

The Attitudes Of Illinois Petroleum Jobbers About The Marketing Of Propane, Dale E. Houston

Honors Theses

The study considers several hypotheses: the percentage of Illinois petroleum jobbers marketing propane will increase due to the fact that propane sales increase profitability, the Illinois propane market is expanding because it is less expensive than gasoline, fuel oil sales are decreasing because propane furnace installation is cheaper than oil furnaces, and propane furnaces are less expensive to maintain and operate.

Glycosaminoglycans Of Normal And Diabetic Human Plasma, Gloria Badiner

Masters Theses

Diabetic complications in nnn-insulin dependent tissues have led < researchers to investigate causitive parameters at the biochemical level. The purpose of this project was to measure glycosaminoglycans in diabetic and normal human plasma and to investigate any changes in glycosaminoglycan content for possible roles in diabetic complications.

Glycosaminoglycan content was measured by three methods; the alcian blue assay, protein-bound hexosamine, and total glycosaminoglycan isolate methods. Results show IDDM plasma to have significantly increased levels of glycosaminoglycans as assayed by the alcian blue test and protein-bound hexosamine. The total glycosaminoglycan isolate method did not correlate with either of the two other methods. No difference was demonstrated between normal and NIDDM plasma glycosamino glycan content.

The protein-bound hexosamine and the alcian blue assays correlate with age and type of diabetes. No differences between the sexes were demonstrated. Of particular interest are …

Exercise As Antecedent Control Of Various Inappropriate Behaviors, Jan E. Bachman

Masters Theses

The effects of several levels of exercise on inappropriate behaviors of four trainable mentally impaired subjects were observed in a school setting. Treatment conditions, which occurred as the first daily activity, included (a) Phase I, daily alternating conditions of warm-up exercises and jogging at a moderate rate for a short distance; (b) Phase II, daily alternating conditions of no exercise and jogging at a vigorous rate for a moderate distance; and (c) Phase III, jogging at a vigorous rate for a moderate distance on consecutive days. For one subject two additional conditions, (a) Phase IV, jogging on consecutive days at …