Digital Commons Network^™

The Effect Of Preparatory Motion And Visual Vs. Audio Cues On Response Time, Katherine Bricarell, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In many sports, athletes must perceive and interpret information quickly and effectively to provide sufficient time to plan and execute subsequent movements (Filipic et al., 2009). Preparatory movements in discrete motor skills may improve such performance by enhancing processes such as the stretch-shortening response (Bernardi et al., 1998). For example, in a tennis service return, athletes have incorporated a preparatory small vertical jump (referred to as a “split step”) to reduce reaction time (Filipic et al., 2017). Such preparatory movements are now being used by baseball and softball position players in an attempt to improve their fielding response. Supporting evidence …

Effects Of A 12 Week Walking Intervention On Exercise Barriers In Obesity Using An Anti-Gravity Treadmill, Hunter W. Turnipseed, Nadeeja N. Wijayatunga, Emily J. Dhurandhar

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise barriers in people with obesity, such as low quality of life, physical activity enjoyment, and self-efficacy may contribute to an increased sedentary lifestyle. However, the use of an anti-gravity treadmill that is able to support and elevate weight during exercise to reduce these barriers has not been examined. PURPOSE: To examine how an anti-gravity treadmill during 12- weeks of aerobic exercise effects Physical activity enjoyment (PAE), physical functioning, self-efficacy, and quality of life (QOL) in people with obesity. METHODS: 26 participants (10 male, 16 female) participated in a self-directed 12 week walking program using an anti-gravity treadmill. …

Can Changes In Running Biomechanics Under Body Weight Support Conditions Lead To Improvements In Aerobic And Anaerobic Energy Capacities?, Shernice A. Thomas, Christopher J. Arellano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During the ground contact phase of running, muscles in the lower limb are required to generate force to support body weight which is the most energy-demanding task during running. We are interested in understanding how running mechanics change when we reduce the need for body weight support and how these effects determine maximal metabolic power at top speed. PURPOSE: We aim to determine the biomechanical determinants that underlie peak metabolic power during body weight (BW)-supported running. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy young adults (age 18-36, M/F, BMI < 30.0) who are experienced runners will be recruited for this study. Subjects will complete a graded exercise test to determine their peak metabolic power output at 100% BW at 75% BW. During each trial, subjects’ rates of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide, stance and leg swing times, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate will be recorded. RESULTS: Our preliminary findings show that similar peak metabolic power output values, at top speeds, …

The Effects Of Two Post-Activation Potentiation Methods On Muscular Activation, Ileana A. Jarquin, Samuel Montalvo, Daniel Conde, Gabriel Ibarra-Mejia, Sandor Dorgo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Post Activation Potentiation (PAP) is an exercise concept based on utilizing a maximal voluntary contraction of the muscles at task to potentiate a dynamic muscular contraction of the same muscles. It is well established that PAP is modulated between performance readiness and muscular fatigue. Heart Rate percentage (HR%) has been used as an indicator of performance readiness and muscular fatigue. PURPOSE: To examine different muscular activation (μV) in response to two different PAP protocols during the vertical jump exercise. METHODS: 8 participants (5 males and 3 females; mean ± SD: Age = 22.6 ± 1.76 years; Height …

Impaired Muscarinic Receptor-Mediated Vasodilation In Young, Black Men Is Not Influenced By Oxidative Stress, John D. Akins, Jordan C. Patik, Bryon Curtis, Guillermo Olvera, Jeremiah Campbell, R Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The black population (BL) presents an elevated risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease relative to other populations. While the cause is multifactorial, vascular dysfunction is indicated as a key contributing factor. Young BL men exhibit microvascular dysfunction across a variety of stimuli including local heating and muscarinic receptor-mediated dilation (MRMD) of the cutaneous circulation. Previously, our group has noted that increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) and xanthine oxidase (XO)-derived oxidative stress impairs local heating-mediated dilation in BL men. However, whether oxidative stress from these sources or from uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contributes to blunted MRMD in BL men is …

Exercise Cerebral Blood Flow Hemodynamics Differ In Hot Dry And Humid Conditions, Julianna J. Kilpatrick, Paolo Miguel Salvador, Kyleigh Allie, Eric Rivas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Passive and exercise-heat stress have been reported to cause reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF); however, it is unknown if CBF velocity is different under hot dry and humid conditions. PURPOSE: This project tested the hypothesis that upright rest and exercise-heat stress in hot dry and humid conditions result in similar CBF reductions. METHODS: Seven healthy active (7 day activity: 9887±3564 steps/day; VO₂max: 52±10 mL/kg/min) subjects (5M/2F, 24±9y, 171±6cm, 68±7kg) completed a 30 min baseline rest followed by 60 min of exercise at a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 12 (between light and somewhat hard) on a …

Similarities In Vasoconstrictor Responsiveness To Exogenous Norepinephrine In The Cutaneous Circulation Between Young Black And White Men, Rauchelle E. Richey, John Akins, Jeremiah Campbell, Guillermo Olvera, Zachary Martin, R Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Black (BL) men have an increased risk of hypertension and CVD compared to white (WH) men which is partially related to vascular dysfunction. In particular, elevated vascular resistance and increased sympathetic vascular transduction (SVT; greater constrictor and blood pressure responses for a burst of sympathetic nerve activity) may be a contributing factor. Previous reports indicate that BL men have exaggerated responses to a variety of stressors including cold pressor, orthostasis, and exercise; while also exhibiting increased SVT at rest. Additionally, rodent models indicate that oxidative stress contributes to heightened SVT. For example, hypertensive rats have elevated SVT which is attenuated …

Impact Of Time Restricted Feeding On Markers Of Cardiometabolic Health, Liliana I. Renteria, Elias Villalobos, Hunter S. Waldman, Matthew J. Mcallister

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Time restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting in which all calories are consumed within a certain amount of time (i.e. 6-8 hrs) only water is ingested for the remainder of the day. Previous research shows improvements in body composition and some markers of cardiometabolic health, but it is not clear if these results were due to the decreased eating window, or due to a decrease in caloric intake that typically occurs with fasting protocols. PURPOSE: to assess whether a caloric deficit is necessary to achieve improvements in cardiometabolic health as well as evaluate the impact TRF has …

The Effect Of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation On Metabolic Changes In A Sedentary Population: A Pilot Study, Michelle Galvan, Jasmin Jenkins, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) declared that 80% of U.S. adults do not meet exercise recommendations by ACSM. Skeletal muscle contraction has been shown to increase mitochondrial content (energy production) and glucose uptake (decreased insulin resistance). Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) utilizes electrical impulses to induce muscle contractions and can be used as an alternate strategy to induce muscle contraction in sedentary adults. However, it is not clear if NMES induced muscle contraction may improve insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two weeks of NMES on …

The Effects Of Combined Exercise Training On Flow-Mediated Dilation And C-Reactive Protein In Overweight, Postmenopausal Women, Carmen A. Cook, Andreas Kreutzer, Michael M. Levitt, Maria A. Cardenas, Gail Teagle, Kirby Thames, Dennis J. Cheek, Melody D. Phillips

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity-related inflammation, especially coupled with a decline in estrogen post menopause, leads to endothelial dysfunction where the endothelium is unable to adequately dilate in response to sheer stress. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) may cause endothelial dysfunction through superoxide production and downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase leading to decreased nitric oxide production. Exercise training improves endothelial function through adaptations to increase nitric oxide bioavailability and regulation of superoxide production. PURPOSE: To determine the influence of acute and chronic combined resistance and aerobic exercise on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and CRP in overweight to obese, postmenopausal women, as well as determining potential …

Potato Ingestion As An Effective Race Fuel Alternative To Improve Cycling Performance In Trained Cyclists, Amadeo F. Salvador M.S., Colleen F. Mckenna M.S.,R.D., Rafael A. Alamilla B.S., Ryan Cloud, Adriana Miltko, Alex R. Keeble, Alexander V. Ulanov Phd, Scott A. Paluska M.D., Elizabeth Broad Phd, Nicholas A. Burd Phd

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion is an established strategy to improve endurance performance. Race fuels should not only sustain performance, but also be readily digested and absorbed and replenish electrolytes. Potatoes are a cost-effective option that fulfills these criteria; however, their impact on endurance performance remains unexamined. PURPOSE: Compare the effects of potato purée (POT) ingestion during endurance cycling on subsequent performance versus commercial CHO gel (GEL) or a control (water, CTL). METHODS: Twelve trained cyclists (31±9y; 71±8kg; VO2max: 61±9mL/kg/min) consumed a standardized breakfast then performed a 2h cycling challenge (60-85%VO2max) followed by a time trial (6kJ/kg body mass) while …

Ua12/2/1 The Hill In Review, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Newsletter recapping the top stories of the week.

Houchens Industries - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Relating To (Sc 3333), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Manuscript Collection Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Manuscripts Small Collection 3333. Two historical sketches of Houchens Industries, an operator of grocery and convenience stores founded in Glasgow, Kentucky in 1917. One is compiled by Ruel Houchens and is current to 1988; the other is by an unknown author and is current to 1989.

Liberty Hall Association - Louisville, Kentucky (Sc 3335), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Manuscript Collection Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Manuscripts Small Collection 3335. Letter, 13 November 1936, to Bertha (Mrs. A. Edwin) Rice, Russellville, Kentucky from E. Leland Taylor, president of the Liberty Hall Association. The letter solicits subscriptions to enable the Association to exercise an option to purchase Liberty Hall in Frankfort, Kentucky and open the house to the public. The letter notes the purchase price of $30,000, a figure that includes a Gilbert Stuart portrait, and lists other historical and patriotic organizations cooperating in the effort.

Triplett, Robert, 1794-1853 (Sc 3336), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Manuscript Collection Finding Aids

Finding aid and scan (Click on "Additional Files" below) for Manuscripts Small Collection 3336. Letter, 10 February 1849, of Robert Triplett, Owensboro, Kentucky, to G. M. Green, Frankfort, Kentucky. He asks Green’s indulgence in delaying payment of a note until after a planned trip to Europe, which Triplett expects will restore his currently “deranged” finances.

Elections And Election Campaigns - Magoffin County, Kentucky (Sc 3334), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Manuscript Collection Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Manuscripts Small Collection 3334. Letter, 3 June 1993, to WKU faculty member John Parker from Jim Kelly, Flat Gap, Kentucky in reference to a recent article in a Lexington, Kentucky newspaper on the use of nicknames by political candidates. He encloses a copy of a paid political advertisement from “a few years ago,” placed in the Salyersville (Kentucky) Independent by magistrate candidate James “N----r” Howard (the racial epithet being spelled in full). Kelly also encloses a more recent clipping reporting on election fraud in Magoffin County.

Pacing Strategies In The 200 Yard Freestyle By Collegiate Men, Peter Robinson, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Examination of components of a 200 yd freestyle race may provide useful information for understanding how pacing strategy contributes to successful performance. PURPOSE: To compare 50-yd splits of a 200-yd freestyle race in higher performing and lower performing swimmers to assess if pacing strategy differs between groups. METHODS: An ex post facto design was used employed to create a dataset of 200 yd freestyle results. Split times were generated for each 50 yard segment of a 200 yd race for two performance groups of swimmers; the first and last four finalists in eight conference championships each for NCAA Division …

Effects Of Fatty Acid Composition In A High Fat Diet On Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Content, Isaac N. Gandara, Shaan Naughton, Lannie O'Keefe, Anna Simcocks, Deanne Hryciw, Michael Mathai, Andrew Mcainch, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High fat diets (HFD) have been shown to impair skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function, resulting in impaired lipid oxidation and insulin resistance. However, it is not well understood how the type of fatty acid (mixed fats, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; predominately oleic acid) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; primarily linoleic acid)) affects mitochondrial content. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of HFD, differing in the major type of fatty acids, on skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a Western-style (21% by weight; 41% total energy) HFD for …

A Family History Of Type 2 Diabetes Does Not Impact Skeletal Muscle Lipid Content, Jasmin Jenkins, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

A high intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) has been associated not only with insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes; but also in insulin sensitive endurance trained athletes – known as “athlete’s paradox”. A family history of type 2 diabetes (FH+) has been shown as a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is unclear whether a FH+ affects IMCL content and exercise induced changes in IMCL when compared to those without a family history of type 2 diabetes (FH-). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study were 1) to compare IMCL content between …

Walking With Leg Blood Flow Restriction: Wide-Rigid Cuffs Vs. Narrow-Elastic Bands, Sten Stray-Gundersen, Savannah V. Wooten, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has become a popular form of exercise in recent years. The concept is that light-load exercise with BFR elicits similar adaptations achieved with heavy-load exercise. Walking exercise in combination with pressurized wide-rigid (WR) cuffs has been shown to elicit higher cardiac workload and a vascular dysfunction due presumably to reperfusion injury to the endothelium. In contrast, narrow-elastic (NE) BFR bands may elicit different hemodynamic effects, as the limb is able to increase in diameter with increased blood flow accompanying exercise. PURPOSE: To compare two distinct forms of BFR bands during light-intensity exercise on cardiovascular …

The Influence Of Strength, Torque, And Range Of Motion On Injury Rates In Distance Runners – A Meta-Analytic Review, Angela Martin, Bryce Groshek, Joseph Hernandez, Leroy Trujillo, Frank Wyatt, Jason B. Winchester

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Running for distance is not exclusive to athletes, but inclusive to everyday individuals as a method of aerobic conditioning, and due to its convenience compared to other methods of exercise. Although there are many well established health benefits, injuries are common with participation, with estimates ranging from 6.8-59 per 1000 hours of running along with a high rate of recurrence. PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of performance variables on injury rates in distance runners. METHODS: A meta-analysis review was conducted to investigate differences in strength, torque, and range of motion in injured versus uninjured distance runners. Data over …

Attenuated Pulsatile Load During Metaboreflex Activation Is Associated With Excess Adiposity In Dynapenic Postmenopausal Women, Arun Maharaj, Salvador Jaime, Stephen Fischer, Arturo Figueroa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The age-related loss in muscle strength (dynapenia) is associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and fat mass (FM). Aortic pulse pressure (PP), rather than brachial PP, more closely relates to cardiovascular events because it represents left ventricular pulsatile load, which is particularly important in older women. Purpose: To examine the impact of dynapenia and adiposity on aortic BP responses to metaboreflex activation (post-exercise muscle ischemia, PEMI) in postmenopausal women. Methods: 71 postmenopausal women [(dynapenic, n=41, 57±1 years), (non-dynapenic, n=30, 59±1 years)] were included in this study. FM, percent body fat (BF%) and percent lean mass (LM%) were measured using Dual …

Lower Leg Lean Mass Is Associated With Reduced Pulse Pressure Amplification In Postmenopausal Women, Stephen M. Fischer, Salvador J. Jaime, Arun Maharaj, Arturo Figueroa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, has been associated with increased arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV). Lower leg muscle mass has been associated with increased brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), a measure of systemic arterial stiffness. Pulse pressure (PP) is lower in the aorta compared to the brachial artery (PP amplification, PPA), in healthy individuals. PPA decreases with aging due to increased aortic stiffening. Lower PPA is an independent predictor of cardiovascular death. It is unknown whether leg muscle mass is associated with lower PPA in postmenopausal women. Purpose: To examine relationships between leg lean mass (LegLM), PPA, and …

Muscular Contractions Facilitate Systemic Circulation Of Microrna That Impact Cancer, Chelsea G. Goodenough, Dustin A. Therrien, Branden L. Nguyen, Jessica M. Cardin, Steven E. Riechman, Kelli K. Kochan, Penny K. Riggs, James D. Fluckey

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Currently there is an evolving appreciation for exercise- combined therapies prescribed by clinicians for breast cancer patients; however there remains a of lack explanation of biological regulation of exercise on breast cancer, and the role that contracting skeletal muscle, the mechanistic machinery of exercise, has in the documented improved prognosis of exercising breast cancer patients. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs found in abundance in skeletal muscle that have been proposed as possible myokines. Exogenous miRNA have post-transcriptional abilities allowing them to act as negative gene regulators of gene expression such as those in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) …

Low Intensity Exercise Has Greater Acute Vascular Benefits For Reducing Arterial Stiffness In Hot Compared To Neutral Conditions, Kyleigh N. Allie, Julianna Kilpatrick, Paolo Salvador, Eric Rivas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Both exercise and passive heating cause acute reductions in blood pressure. It is unknown if exercise-heat stress causes likewise reductions or greater when combined. PURPOSE: This project tested the hypothesis that the resting and exercise-heat stress cause hypotension and improvements in arterial stiffness. METHODS: Seven healthy active (7 day activity: 9887±3564 steps/day; VO2max: 52±10 mL/kg/min ) subjects (5M/2F, 24±9y, 171±6cm, 68±7kg) completed a 30 min baseline rest followed by 60 min at an exercise intensity of their choice that represented their perceived exertion (RPE) of 12 (between light and somewhat hard) on a 20-point rating scale while being blinded to …

The Effects Of A Single Bout Of Endurance Exercise On Glucose Transporter-4 (Glut-4) Content, Manuel Gomez, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Glucose Transporter protein-4 (GLUT-4) is considered the predominant glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Exercise has been shown to increase glucose uptake and GLUT-4 protein content in skeletal muscle following muscle contraction. PURPOSE: To determine the acute effects of a single bout of moderate intensity endurance exercise on skeletal muscle GLUT-4 content. METHODS: 10 healthy male volunteers (age: 24.4 ± 1.3 years; BMI 23.16 ± 0.60 kg/m²) participated in a single bout of endurance exercise on a cycle ergometer at 65% maximal aerobic capacity (VO_2max) for 1.5 – 2.0 hours (650kcal). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus …

Intra-Day Variation In Lean Body Mass And Skeletal Muscle Mass Measures: A Pilot Study, Noe Deanda, Jordan B. Wainwright, Jeb F. Struder, Daniel Newmire

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Lean body mass (LBM) and its estimated measure of skeletal muscle mass (SKMM) is ~30 to ~40 % of total body weight. Measuring SKMM is an important assessment for both exercise and nutritional research. There is biological variation in dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) estimates related to subject presentation, changes in tissue hydration, as well as GI tract contents. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine how normal activities (e.g. eating, sleeping, exercise) influence LBM and SKMM measures using DXA in college students. METHODS: (Mean ± SEM; n = 42; Age: 26.9 ± 0.4 y; ht: 169.2 …

A Clinical Teaching Of Hamstring Strains, Josey Meyer, Chuck Ruot, Lindsay Edwards

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CLINICAL PRESENTATION & EXAM: A patient with a hamstring strain will have pain and tenderness on his or her posterior thigh. The patient may also complain of difficulty extending the knee and sitting comfortably. Depending on the severity of the injury, there could be bruising and swelling in the thigh area causing a loss of hamstring strength. If one of the hamstring muscles is completely torn; the patient would feel a “popping” sensation upon injury. Thus, the patient would be unable to use the injured leg. A hamstring strain typically comes from muscle overload during an eccentric contraction. A …

Exercise Leads To Increase In Smaller Lipid Droplet Morphology In Peripheral Region Of Muscle Fiber, Victoria Rosas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In a previous study, we have shown that high fat overfeeding results in decreased smaller lipid droplet density in the peripheral region of skeletal muscle fiber. This decrease was associated with high fat overfeeding induced weight gain and insulin resistance. However, it is not clear whether an acute bout of exercise (elevated fat oxidation state) affects lipid droplet size. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of a single bout of endurance exercise on skeletal muscle lipid content and lipid droplet size. METHODS: Ten healthy male volunteers (Mean ± SEM; age: 23.11 ± 0.98; BMI: 23.27 ± 0.50 kg/m²) participated …

The Impact Of Kinetic Energy Factors On Pitching Performance Of Ncaa Baseball Players, Blake George, Andrew A. Wolfe, Joe W. Priest, Randy Martin, Matt Laurent, Kayla Peak

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Kinetic energy is established by a mathematical equation involving the mass of an object and the speed at which the object travels, and is a relevant measure in regards to athletic performance due to frequent transfer of energy during sport (i.e. athlete to athlete (tackling), athlete to object (throwing), object to object (tennis/baseball hitting)). Previous research has utilized the 60-yd run-shuttle to examine kinetic energy factors (k-factor) of difference sports, recognizing significant differences in energy capability between gender, sport teams, and individual sport positions. The utilization of k-factor, pertaining to baseball, has distinguished significant positional (i.e. infielder, outfielder, catcher, pitcher) …